AST SpaceMobile, Inc.

Good day and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the AST SpaceMobile second quarter 2025 business update call. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your host today, Scott Wisniewski, president of AST SpaceMobile. Please go ahead.

Thank you and good afternoon, everyone. Today, I'm also joined by chairman and CEO, Abel Avalon, and our chief financial officer, Andy Johnson. Let me refer you to slide two of the presentation, which contains our safe harbor disclaimer. During today's call, we may make certain forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions, and as a result, are subject to risks and uncertainties. Many factors could cause actual events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements on this call. For more information about these risks and uncertainties, please refer to the risk factors section of AST Space Mobile's annual report on Form 10-K for the year that ended December 31st, 2024, Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 12th, 2025, and Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 11th, 2025, all with the Securities and Exchange Commission and other documents filed by AST Space Mobile with the SEC from time to time. Also, after our initial remarks, we will be starting our Q&A section with questions submitted in advance by our shareholders. For those of you who may be new to our company and mission, there are over 5 billion mobile phones in use today around the world, but many of us still experience gaps in coverage as we live, work, and travel. Additionally, there are billions of people without cellular broadband and who remain unconnected to the global economy. The markets we are pursuing are massive, and the problem we are solving is important and touches nearly all of us. In this backdrop, ASD Space Mobile is building the first and only global cellular broadband network in space to operate directly with everyday, unmodified mobile devices and supported by our extensive IP and patent portfolio. It is my pleasure to now pass over to Chairman and CEO, Abel Avalon, who will go through our activities since our last public update.

Sanjay Scott, the second quarter was one of our most productive quarters ever for AST SpaceMobile. We know our progress to date across many important areas, including manufacturing, regulatory, commercial, and government efforts, capital raising, and readiness for intermittent nationwide service in the United States by the end of this year. Just three months ago, I highlighted that the company had reached an inflection point as we progressed towards scale commercialization of our network. Since our first quarter conference call, we have made significant advances in our commercialization initiative, while continuing to secure highly valuable spectrum, creating a further barrier of entry when combined with our portfolio of over 3,700 patents and patent-pending companies. claims. This progress comes as we continue to improve our manufacturing program, including the chipping of the largest satellites ever created for low-death orbits. I am increasingly confident in our direction, strategy, and position in the growing direct-to-device cellular broadband market that we created. I want to cover several updates, including highlights of the past few months, before Scott and Andy discuss the details. As of today, we have completed the assembly of microns and phase arrays for eight Block II Bluebird satellites, in addition to six we currently have in operation. And expected to complete assembly of approximately 40 satellite equivalents of microns and phase arrays by early 2026. Our differentiated approach to satellite manufacturing with 95% vertical integration, remains on track to reach a manufacturing cadence of six satellites per month during 2025. And now globally, we will soon have a manufacturing footprint with over 400,000 square feet of manufacturing space, supported by a great team of over 1,200 global workforce. We currently anticipate at least five orbital launches by the end of Q1 2026, with orbital launches occurring every one to two months on average to reach our goal of 45 to 60 satellite launches during 25 and 26, which will drive continuous coverage in key markets such as the United States, Europe, Japan, U.S., and other strategic markets like the U.S. government. Regarding our orbital launch campaign, FM1, our first next-generation Block II Bluebird satellite, will be ready to chip in August. We're working with our launch provider on determining the earliest possible launch date. A detailed cadence of our 2025 and 2026 deployment plan is now shown in the accompanying quarterly presentation found on our IR website. Our Block II Bluebirds are approximately three and a half times larger with 10 times capacity as compared to our Block 1 Bluebirds. We previously held the record for the largest ever commercially deployed communication satellite ever put in loaded orbits. This means our phased array or antenna has much larger surface area than before, enabling our satellites to digitally form more cells over air surface with pinpoint precision and reduced interference. As a result, we need far less satellites to achieve our goal of connecting the unconnected. Approximately 45 to 60 satellites for continuous coverage in key markets and approximately 90 satellites for continuous global coverage. This compared with other systems that need tens of thousands of satellites, and even then, we believe our superior technology, deep partner checks, access to low-band and premium-band spectrum and commercialization strategy will enable a better experience and deliver greater value to customers. For AST SpaceMobile, providing native cellular broadband capability at scale is a function of the number of Bluebird satellites in orbit. As we have laid out a strong launch cadence to match our connectivity goals, our satellites provide native cellular broadband capability directly to modified satellites mobile devices, including voice, text, data, and video. As consumers, this means broader cellular coverage, lower latency, and better signal quality as you leave work and travel. These capabilities have been proven multiple times in partnership with our MNO partners. Simultaneously, we are continuing to bring together a network of MNO partners that is second to none. Our commercial ecosystem, which includes agreements and understanding with over 50 MNO partners with nearly 3 billion subscribers globally, represents a robust network of potential space mobile service consumers. As our commercialization and manufacturing initiatives advance, we're laying the groundwork for commercial services with activations in key partner markets. We're preparing to deploy nationwide in terms of service in the United States by the end of this year with our U.S. M&O partners AT&T and Verizon, followed by the United Kingdom, Japan, and Canada in Q1 2026. We also completed key milestones from our U.S. Army Contract Awards and continued strong regulatory progress on spectrum-related topics. Of note, we demonstrated the first tactical non-terrestrial network or NTN connectivity over standard mobile devices with participation from multiple branches of the U.S. Armed Forces. Our cellular spectrum study has also been significantly enhanced. We recently announced an agreement to acquire 60 megahertz of global S-band spectrum priority rights held under the International Telecommunication Union. These spectrum priority rights provide us with paths to offer services in the spectrum band around the world, subject to country-level regulatory approvals. Access to S-band spectrum rights complement our Plan L spectrum strategy in the U.S. and Canada and enhance our core 3GPP spectrum strategy that we deploy globally. Together with our network operator partners, we are in a position to expand subscriber capacity by offering the vast majority of countries around the world the full AST space mobile network capabilities, enabling a true broadband experience directly from space to everyday smartphone. Premium spectrum is both limited, valuable, and gaining factor in achieving commercial scalability. Our strategy to work with MNOs and utilize their existing low-band spectrum while maintaining this capacity with our own spectrum create a durable competitive advantage around our business. Lastly, we're better capitalized than ever before, with over $1.5 billion in cash on the balance sheet, pro forma for our recent convertible node and ATM facility. Through a series of differentiated transactions, we have fortified our balance sheet to build our network and manage our capital structure in a responsible way while we cultivate long-term shareholder value. The first half of 2025 have been keenly focused in advancing satellite production and manufacturing. Our pace of innovation is reflected on the dedicated work, strategic planning, and unrivaled focus driven by our talented team of over 1,200 global workforce. With the achievement of our first Block II Bluebirds, Soon, a subsequent start of our orbital launch campaign, we're moving with precision to scale the number of Blue Bird satellites in loaded orbits and expand our global zero broadband network. This is an exciting time for AST SpaceMobile, and I thank you for your continued support. Let me now turn the call over to Scott to provide more detail on progress and initiative.

Thank you, Abel. The past few months have been extremely active for AST SpaceMobile. Let me elaborate on our recent accomplishments, what they mean for the company's overall progress, and what that means for the rest of our year. Our recent agreement with Vodafone Idea in India shows the continued and growing demand for space mobile service across both consumer and enterprise use cases. Additionally, we continue to engage in conversations with players in several other key strategic markets and expect to announce updates on this front soon. In Europe, Our jointly owned distribution entity with Vodafone is progressing on plan. We recently chose Luxembourg as our headquarters. The country's strong digital credentials and strategic location make it an ideal place for SatCo to distribute AST SpaceMobile's broadband satellite services to European mobile network operators under a single turnkey arrangement. The demand signals so far for a sovereign integrated direct-to-device satellite service are increasingly evident with expressions of interest from 21 of 27 EU member states, as well as in other European markets. Moving to gateways, in Q2, we delivered gateway equipment bookings of 14.9 million, a sequential increase primarily driven by the accelerated deployment of our global network infrastructure. The pace of bookings in the quarter is a promising indicator of demand ahead of rollout of our space mobile service. We continue to expect quarterly bookings of approximately 10 million on average during the second half of 2025 as we begin to recognize revenue as and when gateways are installed and milestones are met. Furthermore, Gateway sales and government contract awards, which I will speak to momentarily, provide us with reassurance that we remain on track with expected revenue in the second half of the year of $50 to $75 million. Now to the US government business. Our dual-use satellite technology continues to garner interest from US defense and government entities. In Q2, we recognized revenue on four milestones related to contract awards with the US government. We also won two additional early-stage contracts in the quarter, bringing the total to eight contracts to date with the U.S. government as an end customer, showing broad-based interest across the DoD for use cases uniquely available with our satellite technology. And we fully expect to participate in processes for large contracts going forward. We expect revenue from our U.S. government business to ramp significantly in the coming quarters as we continue to achieve milestones tied to our current contract awards in addition to winning net new contract awards. Our government pipeline remains robust as the opportunities for collaboration become clearer. As a commitment to our promising government business, we are significantly expanding our organizational capabilities to serve the U.S. government. Organizationally, this will streamline objectives, refine strategies, and better align resources in an effort to grow our government business to substantial revenue streams. We have strong conviction of our opportunities across government and defense use cases, driven by our unique and differentiated satellite technology, paired with the growing demand for both communications and noncommunications applications that we've seen. The achievements of this quarter serve as important signals of our continued positive momentum. We are proud of our progress to date and are energized by the opportunity to remain firmly in the driver's seat of what has already been an incredible journey to date. And we're really excited about the additional commercial progress ahead of us. I will now pass the room over to Andy to walk through our financial update.

Thanks, Scott, and good afternoon, everyone. Our performance during the second quarter of 2025 reflects our continuing evolution to a full-fledged operating company, executing at scale to facilitate our bold manufacturing and launch objectives during 2025 and 2026. All of this hard work is in support of our near-term revenue ramp for both commercial and US government opportunities that I first discussed with you last quarter. The progress on manufacturing the next 40 Bluebird Block II satellites continued throughout the second quarter. One of the most significant highlights from Q2 was our work on the financial front in support of these operational efforts, which I'll discuss in more detail. We continued our focus on moving quickly and responsibly to bring our stakeholders space-based broadband connectivity direct to their unmodified smartphones. From a financial perspective, this meant increased spending on both operating expenses and capital expenditures to support our rapid growth. I'm happy to provide the specifics and context for our overall spend in the second quarter. We are spending to execute on our objectives to bring space mobile service to market as soon as possible, and our financial performance reflects this. Moving to the operating and capital metrics slide, let's review the key operating metrics for the second quarter of 2025. On the first chart, for the second quarter, we incurred non-GAAP adjusted operating expenses of $51.7 million versus $44.9 million in the first quarter. As a reminder, non-GAAP adjusted operating expenses exclude certain non-cash operating costs, which include depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation. This quarter-over-quarter increase of $6.8 million resulted from a $5.5 million increase in adjusted general and administrative costs and a $2.1 million increase in adjusted engineering services costs, partially offset by an approximately $800,000 reduction in R&D costs. This increase in adjusted OPEX and Q2 was above the guidance I provided in our last earnings call, mainly due to large transaction expenses, including completion of the Legato L-band spectrum transaction and the related non-recourse senior secured delayed draw term loan facility, as well as significant work on our joint venture with Vodafone that we launched at the end of the quarter, as Scott discussed. If you further adjust for these transaction expenses, our adjusted operating expense, we're closer to $46.5 million, largely consistent with the guidance I provided in May after Q1. Turning towards the second chart in this slide, our capital expenditures for the second quarter of 2025 were approximately $323 million versus $124 million for the first quarter of 2025. This figure was made up of approximately $298 million of capitalized direct materials, labor for our Block 2 Bluebird satellites, and payments made in connection with multiple launch contracts with the balance relating to facility and production equipment expenditures. This amount was above the high end of the guidance of $270 million that I provided during our last earnings call, primarily driven by two capital spending decisions. First, in support of our manufacturing ramp and scaling activities, we procured satellite materials above previous plans and ahead of an increasingly volatile tariff environment. And second, we decided to make a $25 million launch payment at the end of Q2 rather than in early Q3 as contracted in support of our evolving relationship with a strategic launch provider. Based on our adjusted operating expenses for the second quarter of 2025, we estimate that our adjusted operating expenses for the third quarter will come in at a similar level of approximately $50 million adjusted for any transaction expense as we continue to onboard employees in support of our operating plan and augment our R&D efforts for mid-man development to support our L and S-band spectrum rights. We do expect our capital expenditures to decrease in Q3 as compared to second quarter, to a range between $225 and $300 million due to the timing of certain launch payments, which vary from quarter to quarter. We continue to estimate that the average capital costs, including direct materials and launch costs for our constellation of over 90 Block II Bluebird satellites, will fall in the range of $21 million to $23 million per satellite. This is the same range of per satellite costs that I provided last quarter. Our cost per satellite estimates are subject to fluctuations based on dynamic geopolitical factors which impact our costs. And we reiterate our belief that the operation of a constellation of 25 Bluebird satellites should enable us to potentially generate cash flows from operating activities to further support the buildup of the remaining constellation. The timing of the changes in our adjusted operating expenditures and capital expenditures, as I have just described, could be delayed or may not be realized due to a variety of factors. Last quarter, I began to talk about revenue opportunities for the second half of 2025. As a reminder, our revenue opportunity is intimately linked to the number of deployed satellites. As we've previously stated, we believe we can enable continuous space mobile service across key markets such as the United States, Europe, Japan, and other strategic markets with the launch and operation of approximately 45 to 60 Bluebird satellites. We also plan to achieve non-continuous space mobile service in selected targeted geographical markets with the launch of a total of 25 Bluebird satellites. And additionally, we will continue to support U.S. government applications currently ongoing and accelerating as we launch additional satellites. We are reiterating our belief that we have a revenue opportunity in the second half of 2025 in the range of 50 to $75 million. The achievement of our revenue plan remains subject to several contingencies, including the successful launch and deployment of block two Bluebird satellites related to the US government applications, contractual milestone achievements. critical gateway equipment sales to our M&O partners in support of their anticipated commercialization efforts of our space mobile service, and service revenues in connection with the activation of our commercial service provided by our existing and planned deployed and operational satellites. There could be no assurances that we'll achieve any or all of these objectives and our actual revenue results will vary based on a multitude of factors. Finally, on the final chart in the slide, on a pro forma basis, taking into account the cash raised in July via the convertible notes with an effective strike price of approximately $120 per share, and funds raised in connection with our fully utilized and now terminated ATM, our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of June 30th, 2025 was over $1.5 billion. Drivers for this cash increase include approximately 397 million net proceeds raised from the 2024 and 2025 at the market or ATM facilities that not only funded operations in the quarter, but allowed us to accelerate our capital investments in Q2. We also received $25 million in the quarter from the Trinity Capital Equipment Loan, $100 million non-dilutive funding source to directly support our manufacturing expansion through financed equipment. In addition to the work we did to raise additional capital via convertible notes, we also took actions during Q2 and in the month following to reduce our outstanding debt related to the January 2025 convertible notes due in 2032. Between two equitization transactions, we converted $360 million of the outstanding $460 million of convertible notes into 15.2 million Class A shares reducing the outstanding debt related to our January convertible offering to just $100 million of outstanding notes, which are due in 2032. And finally, we continue to make progress on non-dilutive financing from quasi-governmental sources of capital in the United States. Following the completion of initial clearances for funding, we are progressing towards diligence and documentation for over half a billion dollars in potential non-dilutive capital from multiple U.S. and international agencies. We will provide updates as appropriate and we will be working with the partner banks and our advisors to refine our alternatives. AST SpaceMobile remains well-positioned to fund our near-term operational plans. We will continue to leverage our balance sheet to quickly bring our SpaceMobile service to market. Through the second quarter of 2025, we remain on target to execute against our operational plans for this year and next. And with that, this completes the presentation component of our business update call, and I'll pass it back to Scott.

Thank you, Andy. Before we go to the queue of analyst questions, we'd like to address a few of the questions submitted by our investors. Operator, could you please start us off with the first question?

Rupert from Zurich asks, given the current launch cadence and near-term goals, is your current funding runway sufficient to reach initial commercial revenue, or do you foresee additional capital needs?

I'll take this. This is Andy Rupert. Thank you for the question. The short answer is yes, we do feel like our balance sheet combined with the opportunities we currently have for both government and commercial inflows in the near term, enable us to achieve a strategy that, again, set out originally with five satellites for key thresholds, 25 for positive operational cash flow, and ultimately 45 to 60 satellites for continuous service in strategic markets around the world. Given our pro forma challenges, balance sheet at the end of Q2 of over $1.5 billion. We do believe that we are fully funded now to reach the 45 to 60 satellite level. And as part of that, our capital strategy going forward will be one focused not on threshold business delivery needs, but rather more commercial and strategic development. an optimal capital structure with additional financial support as appropriate. Of course, focusing on de-risking the business, but not as the primary inflows for the business. Those will quickly convert to those government and commercial opportunities which are starting to commence.

Amit from Washington asks, investors are confused about the recent achievement of a first ever native voice call V-O-L-T-E, and text, SMS. How does this differ between the voice, video, text achievements that you achieved in the past?

Thank you, Amit, for the question. As you know, from last year, when we did the first voice, the first video, the first text, every different space, and the first 5G connection directly from our network of satellites directly to unmodified phones. That was done using partner spectrums and our core and our technology. What are you starting to see now? We are focusing on delivering nationwide service intermittent by the end of the year with our partners in the U.S., Europe, Japan, and soon Canada, we are starting to do the full integration to the core infrastructure. So what you saw was our ability to actually do native calling directly from the dialer of the phone into space using the operator core and operator infrastructure. So we have demonstrated multiple times our ability to do broadband directly from space to any phone of any manufacturer without doing any changes into the phone, without any modification to the phone. And this was just another milestone on how to do that natively in the phone directly from the dialer of the phone without requiring any app or requiring any over the top application.

Scott from New York asks, any further barriers to the Legato transaction formally closing?

Thanks, Scott, for the question. Andy here. Since our last public update, the court did formally approve the definitive documents that were signed alongside the 80-year long-lived L-ban usage rights, which was a huge milestone in this transaction, and that closed the transaction for us as a starting point. uh separately we did close the long-term non-recourse spv level financing it's in the form of a delayed draw facility that we can use when we receive formal fcc approval and in parallel we're working to put in place bridge financing ahead of the fcc approval based on our receipt of a sponsor backstop commitment So finally, we do feel good about the FCC and the LBAN. It's already authorized for usage from space for geostationary orbits. And we expect that to be a 2026 event for us. So look for initial filings on this front in the coming months. That's the next stage in the Legato transaction.

What we are achieving with these bands is we have the LBAN for U.S. and Canada. As you know, we recently also acquired rights to seek landing rights on a country-by-country basis for the S-BAN. So that, in essence, will allow us to have direct access to a spectrum globally using either a combination of L, S, and the low-band spectrum from our telco partners. So with this, we have the most effective network possible, the low-band, which will be the band that we will use for penetration and performance, the mid-band for more capacity, and combining that in a global basis, we think that is very strong.

Kevin from Vancouver asks, what is your current monthly production rate for block two satellites, micron, phase, arrays, and control stats? And what will it take to ramp up to six satellites per month? For example, is it a labor issue, supply chain issue, or other issue?

Thank you, Kevin, for the question. In the next week or so, we will be on nine satellites, in addition, obviously, of the five that we have already in orbit built. With that, we also have the capability now to basically get to six per month in terms of phase array production. And we feel that we will have around 40 phased arrays built by the end of the year, very early in 2026. And at the rate of six satellites per month, we want launch every 45 to 60 days. So we are at rate of the phased array. We will think that we will be rate of the full satellite later in the year, this year, for support our launch campaign of one launch every 45 to 60 days with six satellites per launch in average. So six to eight satellites per launch in average. So that's what we have achieved at this point. We also have, you know, we now have close to 400,000 square feet of manufacturing facility. So a space would not be an issue. We also had ramp out significantly with our production capacity. We have now over 1200 people working on the program. And we have had also secure the launches. We see launches already secure in the manifest of our partners. Following in 26, we launch every 45 days with six to eight satellites per launch. So we are there. We're getting very, very close to basically hit our target to 45 to 60 satellites. As Andy answered before, we're fully funded for that. It's a lot of hard work, but we think that we are getting closer and closer to our goals.

And with that, I'd like to thank our shareholders for submitting those questions. Operator, let's open the call to analyst questions now.

Thank you. We will now be conducting our analyst question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star one on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star two to remove yourself from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up the handset before pressing the star keys. One moment, please, while we poll for questions. Our first question comes from the line of Griffin Boss with B Riley Securities. Please proceed with your question.

Hi, good afternoon. Thanks for taking my question. So just want to start off first, generally, can you comment further on the revenue share agreements and the economics there with the M&L partners that you have, obviously, that Historically, it's been predicated on a 50-50 revenue share, but seemingly, I would assume perhaps that changes now depending on how much of their spectrum you access versus what you bring to the table yourself with the new S-band agreement as well as the potential Legato acquisition. So any updated color you could give us there would be helpful.

Hey Griffin, it's Scott here. I think as you know, from the very founding of the company, can you hear me? Yeah, I can, yeah. Even from the very founding of the company, we've, you know, the 50-50 revenue share was sacrosanct, right? You know, we bring the network the operator partner brings the spectrum and the user, the customer. So that's a very important principle and our contracts stay to that very closely. That's important as part of all of the agreements we have with the over 50 operators today. And how that plays out over time, you know, I think we're most focused on growing the business, obviously. But now that our MSS spectrum strategy is an enhancement to the cellular spectrum is becoming clear, I think over time, you know, we can talk more about how that value, we capture it. But it's very, I mean, spectrum is a rare thing. It's valuable to have. And bringing that to the party is something that's really important that we want to be able to do. But to date, I would say, you know, that 50-50 rev share with the spectrum brought by others is how we've contracted.

Okay, fair enough. Yeah, thanks, Scott, for the color there. And along the same lines, just with the addition of the spectrum, is there any way you can further translate the 120 megabits per second peak data rate, you know, for sale that you've mentioned in the past to some real-world examples of, You know, perhaps how many concurrent users in a location will be able to access the network to make calls, video calls, et cetera, and how that changes with the addition of the spectrum that you're acquiring, if at all?

Yeah, Griffin. I mean, the way to think about it, a satellite has, depending on the event, between 2,500 to 10,000 cells. 10,000 cells, obviously, is possible with the new ASIC system. And what we do is that 120 megabits per second, it is the peak data rate that you can achieve for each of those cells. Within those 120 megabits, within approximately 12 kilometers radius, you basically share data. that capacity among the users in that area. So the users in that area, they can use voice, text, video, video conference, FaceTime, WhatsApp, basically email, basically do whatever they do normally when they're connected to towers. But in this case, they can do it regardless of where they are, regardless of what the phone that they have in their pocket. Demo number of users per cell, that depends on the density of the cell. We basically manage that capacity dynamically and that change as per we add more satellites. But as we explained earlier, our strategy is to combine the low band spectrum from operators for penetration and access to significant amount of devices in a global basis, while enhancing at the same time with our own spectrum on top of that. So it's a combination of the two things that deliver the 120 megabits per second capacity, which is a capability that actually we can achieve on the satellite that we have today, but in low band.

Okay, great. Thanks, Sibel. And if I can just squeeze another one in, Just regarding the launch cadence, it's great to see the rapid pace of expected launches in the future. But in terms of ISRO, the chairman there recently stated that the launch with a communication satellite, I assume would be ASTS, would be within a couple months. So I'm just curious if there's anything you guys could say as to what the chances are that we could possibly see a batch launch of Bluebird 2 satellites ahead of the ISRO launch in the next couple months?

That is not the plan. I mean, the satellite, it is ready to chip during this month. We are in discussion with them for the exact date of the actual launch. But as you can see in our launch campaign, we have six launches and they're independent with multiple vendors, with multiple launch partners.

Okay, got it. Thanks for taking my questions.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Chris Sol with UBS. Please proceed with your questions.

Great. Thank you. You cited the incremental wins in the government space. I appreciate some of this might be sensitive, but can you just help us better understand the types of use cases you're targeting and the advantages your tech offers maybe versus others servicing the government sector? And given the announcements we've been seeing out of Washington, can you just update us on how you're thinking about the potential U.S. government TAM now relative to several months ago? Thank you.

Well, we were very bullish about the government use cases. Multiple branches of the U.S. Army have tested and used, and they are currently using our operational satellites. So we are on the contract. with eight different programs. And it is sensitive, you said, but I can say the brought-off applications from the government are both communications and non-communications applications, which both are in use already today in our current satellite. So we continue to be very, very bullish about the government application and also the amount of budget that had been approved in appropriation, and the actual usage that they are having today. So we reaffirm our plans and our growth opportunity in the government sector.

And the way to think about the TAM, I think over the last year, year and a half, we've articulated that a little bit. What you're building for through these early contracts is a program of record. And program of records, if you look in this sector, tend to be north of $100 million or several hundred million dollars. So that's really what you're playing for. And I think of the use cases that can be done with a large phased array in orbit delivered very cheaply relative to historical standards. There's multiple program of record opportunities that we feel really good about. And how has that changed, you know, really in the last couple of months or since the new administration? We think that, you know, there's more of those types of opportunities and they're potentially bigger.

Great, thank you. And I can just follow up on the spectrum with one more question. Now that you have global coverage, should we view this spectrum as being all that you need, or could we see you purchase other licenses here going forward?

Well, we believe, I mean, listen, These are large blocks of spectrum. They are MSS. And they are sufficient to provide 120 megabits per second, which is our mark target data rates for offering to consumers on a global basis. So we never discard opportunities, but that is important. while we plan it and with that we can get to the database that we're intending and we're promising to our users. Okay, great. Thank you very much.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Brian Craft with Deutsche Bank. Please proceed with your question.

Hi, good afternoon. I had two if I could. is the timing of the FM1 launch on the critical path for other launches? In other words, is there a period of time you need before you would do the next launch because you want to test FM1 extensively before the next group go up? And if there does need to be some time in between FM1 and the next launch, what could that time frame look like? How much time would you need? And then I had a question about the service launch plans. What would a nationwide intermittent service look like? What type of product would it be? Would you charge for it or would you use it maybe as an early promotion vehicle to build interest in the full service when it ultimately launches? Thank you.

Yeah, we refer to the first question. The answer is no. And the other satellites are basically at the same few weeks after the launch. the FM1. So we are treating them separately. We're not conditioning any of the launches to any specific launch. And as regards of the way that we're deploying the service, first we start with initial non-continuous service nationwide in the countries that we and anti-service. So starting with U.S., Europe, Japan, and some strategic markets that we're working on. And then we do that. Then as we add satellites, we basically want to change the persistence. So the persistence of how much is available a day, it will rapidly change if we have more satellites. In case of the U.S., when we get to around 45, you get very close to a service that you can offer. And then as you get to 60, you are in full continuous service. And as you get to 90, you are in full global continuous service. And the plan basically called for a launch of 628 every 45 to 60 days.

Thank you. Could you comment at all on, you know, how you plan to use that intermittent service as a, you know, segue to the full 24-hour service? You know, are you thinking about maybe using it as a promotional tool to build that interest, or is it something that you would charge to and kind of focus on, you know, earning revenue for it?

Well, we will coordinate that. We are in coordination. We had a plan with our telco partners. We prefer to comment on on that jointly with them, but I will say the government is already using these satellites on an intermittent basis.

Yeah, okay.

Thanks, Evel. Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Colin Canfield with Cantor Fitzgerald. Please proceed with your question.

Hey, thank you for the question. Maybe focusing back on Spectrum, if you can maybe talk about how we should think about tech teaming partnerships, essentially kind of affecting both the kind of support of the types of Spectrum that you'd be going after, as well as the sort of kind of pricing effects, and like specifically on the latter, like how we should think about kind of ASD's ability to get Spectrum cheaper because you have the tech partners to use it better. If we can kind of talk to those two dynamics.

Yes, I mean, you obviously 60 megahertz of global spectrum, if it were purely terrestrial, it will be a number that nobody can afford. So, yes, I mean, we have the ability with the flexibility of our technology to basically tune to any spectrum in the low band, 700 to 950, or in the mid band, 1700 to 2600 megahertz. And the ability to basically connect that to regular cell phones that by itself create a lot of value in converting satellite type of spectrum in basically dual use satellite terrestrial spectrum. So, so, so we, we see it like that. So enabling spectrum is like beachfront property, but it is only a beachfront property. If you had a house to build on it, and we believe that, that, that, that, um, that our ability to reuse satellite and terrestrial spectrum, given the size of our arrays and the ability to share spectrum between the two applications is what creates this massive opportunity of converting satellite spectrum into spectrum that becomes much more valuable when it's used in our network.

Got it. And then if we go back to the government question, it looks like, uh, the program books that dropped today suggest something like a $2 billion Delta of kind of incremental opportunity. So just kind of tying that back to the programs of record opportunities that you talked about, Scott, can you maybe kind of think about, you know, what, what sort of timeline we should consider getting through that competence, competitive process, and then maybe kind of like you discussed agility, um, and price. Are there any other kind of variables or factors that are being cited as reasons for ASD being able to win?

Sure. Well, as you noted, the opportunities are dynamic, right? And they're dynamic and up and to the right at the moment. So all these new pieces of information seem to be very positive for the applications for what we can uniquely offer, right? And so As we're evaluating all these and positioning ourselves around them, I think what I said before still holds true. Specific timing of awards could be even this year. Probably, we won't speak to scale relative to the end case, but this year is a good timeframe to start seeing more direction on that. But like you said, the budget keeps growing. I think the demand is there, the desire is there, and what we're offering is quite unique across, you know, five to 10 different types of use cases.

Yeah. And we solve a very real and tangible problem that the government needs to solve. Where size of the satellites matters a lot, power of the satellite matters a lot. And at the cost, at the cadence that we're building the largest satellites ever launched, basically nobody else is nowhere even close to it. So those are factors that here play into the usability of our technology for both commercial and government.

And then maybe one more on just kind of that go-to-market strategy. I think as we kind of like shape the court of players in the satellite communication space, AFD probably, you know, still has opportunities to team with folks that are kind of focused on this. So how do you kind of think about, you know, maybe shaping your strategy to kind of the neoprimes, you know, folks like Andrew that focus on not just the defense hardware side, but also kind of the consumer electronics trends that play into that? Thank you.

Yeah, no, absolutely. I mean, with our technology, first of all, you can get, basically, as you don't have devices and you can get, call it 120 megabits per second into something of the size of a few square inches. You can place it in drums, you can place it in carts, you can place it, obviously, in the most difficult application, which is actually cell phones, and allow the vehicle's connectivity with all the information that is behind that. So we said the government opportunities are not only on the communications space, which obviously is very sizable, large and growing, but also non-communication applications in the multiple domains for the FEN. Got it. Thank you for the question.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Caleb Henry with Quilty Space. Please proceed with your question.

Hi. Thanks, guys. A question about the S-band. Is that – you've obtained it at the ITU level. Is that licensed anywhere nationally, or is that a project that's going to start effectively now, going state by state?

It is a project that starts now. Basically – We had a bring to use from around 2016. With that, we basically go administration by administration according to the priorities that we set with our partners, telco partners, in order to complement the L, the low band, the L band, and the S band on a country by country basis.

Okay, and then on the launch payment that you mentioned was pulled forward, can you provide any more color on why that was done? I'm guessing it was to offset delays with New Glenn.

Hey, Caleb, this is Scott. No, it was not related to anything like that. This is just I think it speaks to a little bit of flexibility we have, nothing more, and the fact that, you know, quarter to quarter, it's not always apples to apples. But, no, it was not related to anything like that.

Okay. And then just the last one, I know this may be a bit forward-looking, but satellites are called Block 2, and AST has talked about them up to 45 to 60 satellites. Is the plan to continue Block 2 all through the 90-ish satellites, or is there an idea of transitioning to a Block 3 before you get to that completion of the constellation?

Well, provided the right market conditions, our plan is to actually produce 72 satellites per year and then split them between low-band and mid-band with our own spectrum.

So it would be two different types of satellites then?

Yes, for commercial.

So does that mean we're looking at kind of two constellations of similar size, like a 72 each or 90 each for somewhere between 144 to 180.

Caleb, I'd say, you know, you're thinking a little bit like how, you know, people put out business plans on Leo rather than how people actually build it, right? And I think the smart way. where some parties have been successful is this is really like a mesh we're building, right? Once we are in with our initial constellation that we've talked about, the 45 to 60 satellites that we're so focused on, we have great flexibility with fantastic marginal economics to, really expand not only the size of the constellation and the services that come off it so it's a little too prescriptive but based on the strength of a demand profile we have a lot of we have a lot of flexibility so it's really think of it as you know once you have this base constellation there's a lot of opportunities to flexibly build that based on demand particularly when you're vertically integrated right totally understand thanks guys

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Tim Warren with Oppenheimer and Company. Please proceed with your question.

Thanks, guys. On the latest purchase of the S-band spectrum, can you give a little more color what it's being used for now? And I know you used the term priority rights. I guess any more color on your degree of confidence in being able to utilize that spectrum? Thank you.

Yeah. Obviously, we're very confident that we will be using it. That spectrum have been bring to use. And the next plan for us is country by country, getting access to it as a combination to our low band, L band, and then on a country by country, turn it on also on the S. Sorry, so is it being used right now? The satellites, they both have the capability to have 3GPP spectrum, LVAN, and S. So the satellites just support dynamically being able to tune to any of those spectrum bands.

Right, but is that spectrum being used now? I guess what's the history of it? How did it come to be in the MSS? being able to be used on a country by country basis. And is it also being used terrestrially in any locations, you know, at this point?

Yeah, no, I mean, that's one of the great opportunities of S-band. I think, you know, there's some history of usage in the United States and Europe, but in other markets around the world, it has limited use and it's reserved for space usage. And we have a network that can really offer a lot of value to regulators and operators country by country getting citizens extra connectivity, getting operators extra flexibility, more services, more capacity in places where they don't have towers. So we really like the opportunity set because outside of a few markets around the world, certainly big markets, but as you go farther out, there's a lot of markets where it's not being used at all.

And just one clarification on the revenue share, you know, obviously T-Mobile's bundling in a bunch of services for free. You know, Verizon has said they're not going to charge for texting. I mean... It seems like a revenue share is a little bit complicated. What else do you do if it's being bundled in for free?

Well, we see anything that is just text as a commodity. We don't reference. Our service is a full broadband. Basically, you can do anything that you can do in your phone. And that's the model that we have, and that we have over 50 telcos around the globe that are subscribing to it.

Thank you.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Scott Searle with Roth Capital. Please proceed with your question.

Hey, good afternoon. Thanks for taking my questions. Hey, maybe to follow up on the S-band side of the equation, it's very exciting to see you guys now having a multi-band offering to provide the broadband capabilities. But I'm wondering if you could provide a little bit more color in terms of the regulatory approval and timelines. It sounds like you're going to start that on a country by country basis now. But just what is the timeline that you would expect to be associated with it? And I guess if there are any geographies in particular that you're focused on, I would assume it's some more of the developed markets. And second, in terms of the support for existing, you know, 5 billion plus devices out there today, what sort of support is there today in the installed base for S-band, and kind of how do you see, you know, the silicon support syncing up with that at the device level over the next couple of years? And then I had a follow-up.

Yeah, I mean, and that's why we deployed our network in tranches, and obviously we start with the low band, Existing 3GPP bands that are terrestrial. So they are in every single phone. And that's, you know, 5 billion plus phones available market. Both the L and the S, 3GPP, are in the plans for future chipsets. And they are in line, the becoming availability of those bands, it is in line actually with our deployment plan. We start with low band where basically every phone support the band. And as we deploy and get closer to the S band, to the L and the S band, we keep adding into the capability.

Thanks. Very helpful. And to follow up on the non-continuous front, a lot of dialogue about that today. When I think of non-continuous, I think of applications like IoT and But I haven't heard that coming up in terms of the conversation today. So I'm wondering where IoT fits into the carrier partner timeline and landscape. Is that part of their near-term deployment plans and focus, or is that something that you expect to come later, you know, post full commercial launches of more traditional broadband services? Thanks.

I mean, the gap between continuous and non-continuous is relatively short on a – We will be opening up for usage of consumers in coordination with our telco partners. But as I said before, the early applications are actually governmental applications. IoT is something that we can serve. It's a relatively... a small market compared with the broadband cellular market directly to regular handsets and the government opportunity, but it's something that we would plan to enable in addition to the consumer broadband capabilities that we're enabling to the telco partners.

Great. Thanks so much.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Greg Appendi with ClearStreet. Please proceed with your question.

Hey, thanks for taking my question. Just one quick one. On the transaction of Legato, did I hear you guys correctly that when we think about pro forma liquidity right now, that the cost of that transaction will be primarily asset backed or financing when the outflow is? And can you just remind us, is it roughly $500 million?

Yeah, absolutely. You have that right. The primary outflow is just north of $500 million, and we have SPV financing that's non-recourse, meaning the only rights are held in the special purpose entity and relate to the spectrum usage rights. As noted, when we completed that transaction and the mediation settlement was approved. That starts in October at the end of October of this year with the bulk of it paid in October. $420 million and another $100 million in March of 2026. So we're working on that bridge financing right now that gets us from that point in October until we have FCC approval. But this is all financed separate and apart from ordinary course operations. We will have usage fees that will incur when we... start utilizing the spectrum and so forth. And those will start up a little bit later this year. That will become an ongoing part of our operating model. We're not there yet, but the bulk of that is that what's called a deferred usage obligation in the transaction docs. And that's been financed separate and apart from our core operating company.

Okay, great. That's very helpful. Thanks a lot.

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Chris Quilty with Quilty Space. Please proceed with your question.

Thanks, guys. I got dropped, so forgive me if this was asked, but on the government capability, are the government requirements for orbit and inclination complementary to what you're doing commercially, or is there a need to inject satellites in different orbits specifically for the government?

Hey Chris, we do not have the ability to comment on that because that will imply where the usage is. But I will say a big interest is actually to have a dual usage of our satellites.

Understand. And, you know, the current contracts with the U.S. government, is there anything that would preclude you from, you know, negotiating with other Five Eyes countries perhaps for the same capability?

No, there is no any exclusion. But at the moment, our focus is with the U.S. government.

Okay. And I think you said something earlier in your statement that led me to believe that you know, perhaps to the degree that government business grows and supports it, there might be a block X that you might develop with specific capabilities, you know, for government customers. And as part of that question, when the original block two were designed, were some of the government capabilities originally designed in? Were there things that you were adding after the fact and different things you would like to add to the satellite capabilities?

Yes, I mean, actually, the capability for the governments are already on the current satellites in operation. They're actually using the satellites today.

But were they major modifications from the original design? You know, because I think at the point you were doing the original design, I don't know that, well, maybe the government was a perceived customer at that point in time.

Yes, I mean, the Block 1, it did require additional modifications. design features, but they were already incorporated a year and a half ago.

And Chris, the short answer is kind of yes to all your questions, right? And it's the beauty of the constellation because you can, once you have the constellation, the ability to evolve the technology, provide extra tweaks to it. It's not the classic add a transponder, add a payload. It's more tweaking the outsized capability of the large phased array. And the ability to evolve that over time is one that As long as we have a constellation, we'll possess that ability to do it in a really attractive way from a financial perspective.

Very good. Looking forward to it. Thanks, guys.

Thank you. And we have reached the end of the question and answer session. And therefore, I will turn the call back over to Scott Wisniewski for closing remarks.

Thank you, Operator. We want to thank all our shareholders and the research analysts for joining the call. Can't wait to give you more updates in the near term, and please stay tuned. Thank you.

Thank you. This concludes today's teleconference, and you may disconnect your lines at this time. We thank you for your participation.