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Operator
Thank you for standing by. This is the conference operator. Welcome to the Ballard Power Systems fourth quarter and full year 2022 results conference call. As a reminder, all participants are in listen-only mode and the conference is being recorded. After the presentation, there will be an opportunity to ask questions. To join the question queue, you may press star then 1 on your telephone keypad. Should you need assistance during the conference call, you may signal an operator by pressing star and zero. I would now like to turn the conference over to Kate Charlton, Vice President, Investor Relations. Please go ahead.
Kate Charlton
Thank you, Operator, and good morning. Welcome to Ballard's fourth quarter and year-end 2022 Financial and Operating Results Conference Call. With us on today's call are Randy McEwen, Ballard's CEO, and Paul Dobson, Chief Financial Officer. We will be making forward-looking statements that are based on management's current expectations, beliefs, and assumptions concerning future events. Actual results could be materially different. Please refer to our most recent annual information form and other public filings for our complete disclaimer and related information. Before we discuss the quarter, I would like to provide an update on our Capital Markets Day. We are pleased to announce that our Capital Markets Day is scheduled for June 13th, 2023 in Vancouver and will also be viewable online. We will be providing additional information over the coming months. I'll now turn the call over to Randy.
Ballard
Thank you, Kate, and welcome everyone to today's conference call. With an increasingly constructive policy landscape for hydrogen globally, we're excited by the growing end customer interest to decarbonize mobility and stationary power applications with fuel cells. 2022 proved to be an important year of progress for Ballard as we achieved key customer platform wins across our verticals of bus, truck, rail and marine, along with early traction in select stationary power applications. This progress is starting to show up in our order backlog. In Q4, we secured new orders totaling $52.2 million. This activity improved our total order backlog, bringing it to approximately $133 million at the end of Q4. And as we start 2023, we're seeing continued momentum on customer order intake. We expect to see further growth in our order backlog at the end of Q1. This strength in our order backlog, as well as a growing sales pipeline, reflect progress across all of our verticals. And as a reminder, our strategies develop PEM fuel cell technologies and products that can be applied across multiple market applications where our fuel cell technology provides the strongest value proposition and where the barriers to hydrogen refueling are lowest. These markets include bus, truck, rail, and marine, as well as select stationary power generation and off-road markets. We'll provide a brief update on these applications. Our bus vertical continues to see important progress in Europe and the U.S. In 2022, we received purchase orders for approximately 250 modules for fuel cell buses, including about 100 in Q4. This represents a roughly 25% year-over-year increase in new bus module orders in these markets. These orders included sales from nine European bus customers, of which four are repeat bus customers and five are now new bus OEM relationships. These 250 hydrogen fuel cell powered buses are planned to be deployed across 11 countries over the coming 24 months. This will effectively double the number of fuel cell buses operating in Europe and the U.S., taking the install base from the current 250 buses in operation to about 500. As we look forward, we expect to see this order momentum continue over the coming year. Through 2022 and into early March 2023, there have been announcements by transit operators in European cities with expected tendering activity for an additional 1,000 fuel cell buses to be deployed in Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the UK. We're also seeing a strengthening of our bus sales pipeline in North America. In 2022, Foothill Transit in the LA area progressed on its procurement of 31 fuel cell buses, representing approximately 10% of its fleet, with new flyers supplying the fuel cell buses powered by Ballard. And now, for the first time in U.S. history, an American city has indicated plans to deploy more than 100 fuel cell buses. So this is very, very exciting. We believe we're well-positioned to participate in supporting the rollout of larger fleet deployments of fuel cell buses. Now take a look at the truck market. In September of last year, we announced a deeper strategic partnership with Quantron, a global electric vehicle integrator and an emerging specialty OEM, to accelerate fuel cell truck adoption. Ballard will serve as exclusive fuel cell supplier to Quantron for their 44-ton fuel cell electric truck platforms. As part of our strategic partnership, Quantron committed to purchase 17 megawatts of modules which are expected to be delivered over the next two years. Beyond Quantron, we're seeing increasing interest from other truck integrators and upfitters to use our products in various truck platforms. We are pleased to see a more diverse set of customers interested in our products, which complement discussions for longer-term supply of modules in heavy-duty truck applications. We see strengthening market signals at the value of hydrogen powered fuel cell trucks in certain classes and use cases will achieve high volume given the clear advantages of range, refuel time, and payload. There's also a growing understanding relating to the infrastructure challenges associated with electrification of this market. We look forward to highlighting our insights and the value proposition of fuel cell trucks, including the comparative total cost of ownership, which we have a new model for, in June at our Capital Markets Day. In the rail market, we end the year with exciting announcement of the first commercial scale order totaling up to 40 megawatts of fuel cell engines from Siemens for passenger commuter rail in Germany. The first 14 fuel cell modules are expected to be delivered on schedule in 2023 for deployment in the Berlin area. In 2022, we saw additional progress in the commuter rail market as we received an initial order from Stadler, the California market. For freight locomotive applications, hydrogen fuel cells have a unique and compelling value proposition as a zero-emission, one-to-one replacement to incumbent diesel electric powertrains. With diesel fuel accounting for both the number one operating cost and emissions source, fuel cells offer similar performance for these long, heavy trains without requiring overhead catenary infrastructure. While the freight locomotive market is still early, we expect continued progress in 2023, further illustrating the strong value proposition and technology advantages of Ballard's fuel cell engines. In the marine market, we made important progress in 2022. In Q4, we saw almost 40% quarter-over-quarter backlog growth after receiving an initial order for FC Wave modules from Amogee and an order for container ship application. There's also an important milestone in late 2022 as Norled's MF Hydra, the world's first hydrogen-powered ferry, is now on water and expected to be put in service later this year. The regulatory environment continues to undergo a change for marine emissions. The current IMO target is to cut maritime CO2 emissions by at least 40% by 2030. And in November, the European CO2 emission trading scheme was extended to apply to the shipping sector, covering all vessels greater than 5,000 tons starting from 2025. Moving to the stationary power generation market. While this market for fuel cells continues to be early stage, we received a key new customer win from Crosswind in the quarter, validating our product for fuel cell power generation from excess wind capacity. Early in 2023, we received a follow-on order from a stationary power customer that has a multi-year relationship with Ballard, and we expect to lead to higher volume orders. We continue to see interest from customers in EV charging, backup power for data centers, peaking and shore power applications. In the mining sector, we recently announced an order from First Mode for modules totaling three megawatts to power several hybrid hydrogen and battery ultra-class mining haul trucks, which we classify under our emerging markets vertical. In January this year, First Mode entered into a global supply agreement with Anglo-American to retrofit over 400 ultra-class haul trucks with their new gen solution, including a 1.2 megawatt of fuel cells per truck. The Ballard fuel cells will be integrated into the next several power plants built by First Mode, and we look forward to a long-term relationship to help drive decarbonization in this difficult-to-evade sector. As noted earlier, our order backlog at the end of the quarter stood at 133 million. Of this, close to 100 million are power products orders, which now represents over 70% of the total backlog. Throughout 2022, we've seen a steady climb in our power products order backlog, which has more than doubled since the end of 2021, and illustrates our success helping customers begin deploying fuel cells at greater numbers. This growth has been masked by the planned and expected backlog decrease in technology solutions. Throughout 2022, we also highlighted our increased customer and revenue diversification, demonstrating the value of our regional and applications go-to-market strategy. As compared to Q4 2021, we've seen a 20% increase in customers with orders of over a million dollars. Now looking at our key geographic markets. In Europe, there's a steady flow of news around continued policy support. Indeed, just yesterday, the EU published a raft of new policies supporting hydrogen fuel cells, including the Net Zero Industry Act. The European Commission has also recently agreed on definitions of renewable hydrogen that we expect will translate into higher levels of confidence for developers of hydrogen production facilities. And notably, over 70% of our 2022 order intake was attributed to Europe. Moving to the U.S., we expect continued demand growth for our technology in the U.S. as previously announced policies such as the IRA, which is really game-changing, materialize over the next 12 to 36 months, particularly as the hydrogen hubs and hydrogen production tax credit programs begin to translate into increased availability of low-cost, low-carbon hydrogen for end users. Concurrently, we've seen customer interest, order intake, and revenue generation all increase from North American customers in the past 12 months. And North America accounted for nearly a quarter of the 2022 total corporate order intake. We made significant progress on the build-out of our previously announced facility in Oregon over the past number of months. And we expect to support the assembly of fuel cell engines for the U.S. market operational in the coming months. Now, moving to China, we continue to be disappointed with the delayed adoption in the China market and with low activity levels at the Weichai Ballard JV, which weighed on our 2022 results. Now, we're working closely with our Weichai Ballard JV to unlock growth in the China fuel cell bus and truck markets. And indeed, we're encouraged with some exciting opportunities in the JV sales pipeline for fuel cell buses and trucks. 2022 revenues from China represent one of the smallest proportions of total revenues in recent years, driven by the subdued transport activity resulting from COVID policies and a slow rollout of FCEV subsidies. Despite the short-term pressures, we maintain our expectation that China will be the largest market for the adoption of hydrogen and for fuel cell vehicles in the mid to long term. And our expectations are bolstered by the government's prioritization of energy security in the 20th Congress, a development that's expected to drive additional support for renewables and green hydrogen. In 2022, China registered approximately 5,000 new hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, predominantly located in the initial demonstration clusters of Beijing, including in support of the 2022 Olympics, and Shanghai, bringing the total number of fuel cell vehicles on-road in China to over 12,000. This illustrates the relatively modest, by China standards, but continued growth of hydrogen adoption. As at the end of the year, there are now over 200 hydrogen refueling stations in operation in China, with an additional 70 under construction. To succeed in China will require a local presence, a point we spoke at length about in our Q3 earnings call, where we provided detail on our plan to make a significant investment to qualify as a local manufacturer of MEAs in China by setting up an MEA manufacturing facility and R&D innovation center in Shanghai. Tifting to our financials in the quarter. In Q4, Ballard delivered 20.5 million in revenue with approximately 70% of our revenue coming from heavy duty mode of applications. This is an increase of roughly 10 points from the prior quarter and demonstrates again the continued progress in our planned evolution into a technology products company. Over the past year, there's been increasing shift and change in our revenue mix by geographic markets as compared to 2021. As we discussed on the Q3 call, continued gross margin pressures was partly affected by our pricing strategy to secure customer platform wins. The further downward pressure on gross margins in Q4 was driven by a combination of a shift in revenue mix, higher fixed overhead costs, and inventory adjustments. We expect challenging gross margin dynamics to persist into 2024 until our volumes ramp and our production cost reduction initiatives move into real production. Now, in Q4, we recognized post-acquisition restructuring charges and costs related to our BMS acquisition. And there are two high-value activities for BMS going forward that I wanted to highlight. First, we're using BMS hydrogen fuel cell powertrain integration experience and capabilities to help valid customers, typically vehicle OEMs, integrate Ballard fuel cell engines into their heavy duty platforms by providing engineering support for application engineering, powertrain integration, and even in some cases vehicle integration. We're also using the BMS capabilities, the fuel cell powertrain and integration experience, to design a fuel cell controller that will enable optimized hydrogen powertrain solutions with a battery fuel cell hybrid architecture for improved performance. considering safety, reliability, durability, while also looking at improved fuel efficiency helping overall customer TCO. Consistent with our announced guidance on costs for 2022, total operating expense was $146 million and total CapEx expense $35 million. We are now updating our guidance for total operating expense and capital expenditures for 2023. We anticipate total operating expense to be between $135 and $155 million, and for capital expenditures to be between $40 million and $60 million. Given the macroeconomic outlook and in the context of our 2023 annual operating plan, we continue to review our spend carefully to ensure we're appropriately investing in our growth strategy while maintaining a strong balance sheet. We ended 2022 with $914 million in cash and no debt. We're making strong progress against our product cost reduction targets, including our target to reduce our fuel cell stack costs by 70% by 2024. We're tracking well against this plan despite inflationary pressures. We're also confident our team's ability to achieve even further cost reductions over the coming few years. Ballard is well positioned with a growing product order backlog, industry-leading fuel cell technology for our market applications, key partnerships and customers across our target markets, industry-leading deployment experience, and a strong balance sheet. We're confident we can deliver long-term shareholder value while making a meaningful impact by providing zero-emission fuel cell power for a sustainable planet. With that, I'll turn the call back over to the operator for questions.
Operator
Thank you. We will now begin the question and answer session. To join the question queue, you may press star then one on your telephone keypad. You will hear a tone acknowledging your request. If you are using a speakerphone, please pick up your handset before pressing any keys. To withdraw your question, please press star then two. We request all questioners to kindly ask one question and one follow-up only. We will pause for a moment as callers join the queue. The first question comes from Aaron McNeil with TD Cowan. Please go ahead.
Aaron McNeil
Good morning, all. Thanks for taking my questions. Randy, for the backlog, I appreciate the split by power products and technology solutions. I know you're not going to provide any revenue guidance, but just given that the balance has moved significantly towards product sales, I think it would be helpful to give us all a refresher on you know, what the typical timeline is from order intake to revenue recognition. And on the technology solution side, I was hoping you could give us a sense of, you know, how those revenues will trend over the next couple quarters or years.
Ballard
Yeah, thanks, Aaron. And certainly the order intake and then the delivery time does vary by market segment. But overall, I would characterize it as between three months and 18 months. And then in terms of technology solutions, I think what we'll see this year is, again, a lower portion of revenue percentage-wise and absolute dollar terms this year for our TS business. And part of that, of course, is the Audi project substantially completed in 2022. And we're in the process, really, of really putting more of our resources
Aaron McNeil
into our product development activities as is reflected in our cost structure as well thanks for that paul um of the 135 to 155 million dollar operating expense guidance you provided how much is earmarked for r d and would you characterize it as elevated in the near term in sort of a final push towards your you know, cost reduction initiatives, or should we view that as more representative of a run rate on the longer-term go-forward basis?
spk10
Yeah, Aaron, I'd say what we've seen in terms of R&D and what we see, you know, across all of our OPEX going forward, broadly in line with what we have in 2022. So looking to, you know, kind of capitalize on the investments that we've made, and see most of our spending in the production and in the technology investment. So investing in our products going forward. So broadly in line with what we've seen in 2022 across really all of our categories.
Ballard
Yeah, Aaron, maybe just to supplement. I wouldn't characterize this as a final push. What I would say is this is going to be a sustained investment for a period of time Because not only are we improving performance and driving down costs, we're working on next generation technology as well. One of the keys, of course, is that we're designing and developing stacks, including the MEAs and bipolar plates and modules, to be used across multiple verticals. So while it's a significant investment, there's a significant leverage that comes with the business model that we have.
Aaron McNeil
Understood. Thanks. I'll turn it over.
Operator
The next question comes from Michael Glenn with Raymond James. Please go ahead.
Michael Glenn
Randy, maybe just to start, when we're thinking about the investment that you're going to be making in China, the $130 million MEA facility, when you're thinking about allocating that capital, given what's happening in Europe, given how your sales has shifted so much? If you're not going to be putting the money in Europe, is there a risk that you're going to potentially miss some revenue opportunity that's coming in that market?
Ballard
Yeah, so just to clarify... Sorry, maybe you can go on mute, Michael White, while we respond. Just to clarify one thing is that while we have MEA production plan in China, it's not specific to the China market. We have the ability, of course, to use that volume globally. And certainly that's part of our strategy. I think the real question is, given geopolitics, we do have a local for local strategy where we will have increased production capabilities in not just China, but in Europe, as well as the U.S. marketplace, and there's increasing support, as we saw yesterday in Europe and we saw recently in the U.S., to support companies who are looking at localizing hydrogen and fuel cell-related production activities in these markets. So I think the question is, will we see some restrictions in those markets that require in-country domestic production? And if I just take, for example, the announcement in the EU yesterday where they announced eight strategic net zero technologies. And part of their policy was to look at manufacturing capacity to cover over 40% of their annual deployment needs for hydrogen fuel cells. So there's an indicator of the potential need for production capacity in the European market as well. So we did scale the MEA production facility phase one there. designed for the China market. We have the ability to use that capacity for global markets. But if we see a need and market demand that justifies investment in other markets, we'll certainly be looking at that very carefully in 2023. Okay.
Michael Glenn
And then just on the addition, I believe you said it was in China this year there was $5,000 new fuel cell vehicles put on the road. Are you able to indicate what your market share is with those additions? Who's supplying fuel cells into that market?
Ballard
You may recall there were two different tranches of cluster regions announced. The first tranche included Beijing and Shanghai and Guangdong Province. Mostly adoption in 2022 happened in those initial clusters, specifically in Beijing and Shanghai. And a big catalyst for that was the Beijing Olympics. So we are not situated in Beijing and Guangdong province in any material way at this time. So it's not unsurprising that we don't have high volume of market share in those markets. But of course, there were the second tranche announcement in terms of additional clusters. And then, of course, localizing in Shanghai, specifically in Jading, which has exposure just for that district for two of the five cluster regions now. And then, of course, Weifang, where Weichai is located, and our Weichai Ballard JV is also included in a cluster region now as well. So I would say it was more a pacing of the initial cluster regions, and I think the Beijing Olympics was a strong catalyst. But to be clear, we had very, very modest market share in 2022. Okay. Thanks for taking my questions. Yeah, you're welcome.
Operator
The next question comes from Mack Whale with Cormark Securities. Please go ahead.
Mack Whale
Hi, Randy. Good morning. When you look at the outlook for increasing year-over-year sales, given the higher backlog, is the gross margin sort of hit a low point at this point? Like, is there a contribution margin that we should expect from higher revenue or should your sort of investment in bigger headcount and production capacity sort of outweigh that?
Ballard
Yeah, you know, I think for 2022, we saw clearly signs of that with some of the investment we've made in production capacity where the volume hasn't caught up with that investment yet. We're going to see that through 2023 as well. and into 2024. But I do think when we look at the order backlog activity and the sales pipeline, which is really swelling with a lot of great opportunities and some scale in some of these opportunities, we do see the opportunity to move from contribution margin to gross margin where that fixed overhead cost structure gets absorbed over a larger book of business. It's going to take some time to move through that. I do think your characterization of gross margins kind of hitting a trough or a low point here is probably directionally accurate. So I do think we're going to see expansion as we move forward. But I would look for the big leg up in gross margins, particularly as we look at 24 with some of the backlog translating to orders and some of our cost reduction initiatives translating to production.
Mack Whale
Okay. That makes sense because we see the difference in the 12-month order book and the backlog. There's a difference in the year-over-year. So obviously there's a lot of back-end weighting here. Is that the way to read that? And I'm wondering, should we be expecting higher individual order sizes or more frequent? Because we haven't really seen a big 50- or 100-unit order or consistency in those. What are your thoughts on order sizes?
Ballard
Yeah, I do think, as we know, the bus market is the most mature of the markets that we're looking at. And now we're seeing, as I mentioned earlier, we've seen three different cities in Europe and now the first in the US planning to deploy 100 fuel cell buses. Those aren't in our order backlog. They're certainly in our sales pipeline. So that will, you know, as we kind of look for 2024 to start seeing some of that translate to order book and starting looking at that translating to revenue as well. I do think we are looking at more chunky orders going forward, but also a lot more small orders from a number of different customers across the different verticals. But certainly as we go from early demonstration programs to larger deployments, the scale is going to be driven. I'd also highlight a number of the verticals that we're focused on, like rail, like marine, like stationary, do have higher power output requirements. You can also look at the off-road market for You know, the hauling trucks is another example. In some of these cases, like freight locomotives, you're looking at, you know, 1.2 megawatts of power. You need, you know, effectively kind of 12, 15 buses to satisfy that type of power requirement. So, you know, as we get some of the larger orders in marine and stationary and off-road, I think this is really going to see some lumpy orders as well.
Mack Whale
Thanks, Randy. I'll jump back into you.
Ballard
Yeah, and, Michael, just to supplement, you also highlight a little bit of the weighting of revenue when revenue occurs. I would highlight, you know, we're in this cycle, continue to be in this cycle where traditionally we have a heavier weighting of revenue in the back half of the year, and I would kind of think about something like a 70% split in the back half of the year this year compared to the first half.
Mack Whale
Okay, that's helpful. Thanks.
Operator
The next question comes from Rob Brown with Lake Street Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Rob Brown
Good morning.
Operator
Good morning, Rob.
Rob Brown
Kind of the drivers for the bus market momentum, is it really that market maturing, or are there other sort of drivers causing the order growth there?
Ballard
I think it's a couple of things, Rob. One is, obviously, we have demonstration programs that have been underway for a number of years in some cases, and those customers have now seen the technology firsthand. They have confidence in the uptime and availability and reliability. So that's translating to confidence to move forward from, say, five, three, five, ten buses you know, to deployments of a much larger portion of their fleet. So that's a very encouraging sign. And in many cases, those transit operators have been very loud proponents in the industry talking to other transit operators who are frankly struggling with their zero emission strategies. And of course, as we know, I'll use the U.S. as an example, where you've got a requirement of 50% of all new transit buses required to be zero emission, not low emission, but zero emission starting in 2025, and 100% in 2029 and so they have to have plans they've been looking at different technologies I think some of the transit operators have trialed battery electric buses as well and have found in some cases that that technology has struggled to achieve the range and the performance are looking for depending on the duty cycle and climatic conditions of those transit operator experiences so I think there's a variety of factors that are leading to this but I It's very clear. It's frankly taking a little slower than we would like, but it's very clear to us that the scaling is occurring. And I layer on top of this. As you think about the progress that's going on on the policy side for green hydrogen production, so the availability of low-carbon, low-cost hydrogen in the U.S. and in the European markets, as you look out two, three, four, five years from now, this really game-changes the opportunity for the deployment of fuel cell vehicles because many of these applications' fuel is a very significant part of the overall total cost of ownership, in some cases, you know, between 30% and 60%. And so as that fuel becomes available and is decarbonized and is low-cost, We think this, you know, fuel cell opportunity, not just for buses, but for all of these mobile applications, are really going to see significant growth.
Rob Brown
Okay, thank you. And then on kind of gross margin and I guess pricing, you talked about some strategic pricing activity. How does that work? Is that time-based? Over time, prices come down or do customers have to buy certain volume levels?
Ballard
Yeah, it's a good question, Rob. There's a couple elements here. One is that I think we need to understand that the early adopters don't have an economic value proposition that's really strong today. They're adopting in low volumes and demonstration projects where the economics are challenged and where we're in low volume and not able to really support the type of economics that drives the higher adoption. And so these customers are taking on risk. They're taking on, as early adopters, making investments in this technology. So we're effectively, and other partners in the value chain ecosystem are also doing this, taking on some of the investment and sharing some of the risk as well. And so what we've done is be very selective on which partners we see large volume in the future with and how can we support the success of these early deployments to validate the technology for them for that application. and to validate the longer-term TCO, including based on the hydrogen fuel assumptions. We've been making those strategic decisions. It's translating to relationships that we think have a lot of stickiness going forward, but it is also reflected in the financial results, including the strained gross margin. In terms of how they're structured, the way I would characterize them, not so much time-based but more volume-based, so specific projects and programs. In also cases, we have tiered structures where if customers purchase X number of units, they get a certain price. If they want to be more aggressive in their early adoption, we're there to help them, and we can give them a more attractive price. We do see tiered pricing as well based on volume.
Rob Brown
Great. Thank you for the call. I'll turn it over.
Ballard
Great. Thank you, Rob.
Operator
The next question comes from Justin Strong with Scotiabank. Please go ahead.
Justin Strong
Hi, guys. Thanks for taking my call. Just a quick question here. So has your CapEx profile and timeline for the upcoming Shanghai investment changed at all recently? And if not, what do you see as the biggest risk to these plans?
Ballard
Yeah, Justin, first of all, welcome and thanks for the question. From a geopolitical perspective and also wanting to see more progress in the China market, we're really pacing our investment in that market to defer spend in the China market as long as possible. You know, we have pushed back some of the spending. So some of the spending that we would have originally expected to materialize in 2023, we've pushed into 2024 to be prudent. And that's something that we're tracking literally every quarter on whether or not we cut checks, and if so, for what purpose, whether it's the order of equipment or, you know, land acquisition costs and permitting. So we are pacing our investments to get as much information as possible before additional spend occurs.
Justin Strong
Great. And then maybe just like, I guess you mentioned geopolitical risk. Do you think that would be the result of, I guess, trade or tariff changes? Or what do you think drives that?
Ballard
Yeah, what I've learned is that it's very difficult to guess or speculate on these type of things. You know, there's a lot of variables and we've seen that in 2022 with the Putin's invasion of Ukraine as an illustrative example. So, you know, we have a number of variables that we have in our risk register that we track. What I would say is that right now, what I've seen, you know, over the last number of months is that geopolitical tensions continue to be strained and are trending in our opinion in the wrong direction. I think what's important is to understand that the China market is a large market, so largest market for buses, largest market for trucks, largest market for trains, largest market for marine vessels. It is today the largest user of hydrogen and their policies are effectively designed to promote companies, inter-multi-national companies to locate parts of the fuel cell value chain into the China market. And so we've seen, I'll just highlight, you know, a number of others. We've seen Cummings as an example. We've seen Umicore. We've seen Johnson Matthey and recently Classic Omnium all announcing their investments in China, and in some cases including in the same Jading District as we're localizing in the hydrogen fuel cell cluster. the investments they're making in their parts of the value chain in China. So there are a number of companies that are tracking to the same path that we're on to localize the value chain in China to make sure you have access to that large market, not just for the China market, but of course the ability to use that material globally.
Justin Strong
That's great. Thanks for the call.
Ballard
Thank you.
Operator
The next question comes from Manav Gupta with UBS. Please go ahead.
Manav Gupta
My first question is, we have had IRA passed, you know, last year. And again, Treasury Department is looking through the things and but, you know, Biden had his administration is spending a lot of money or giving out a lot of money for the development of hydrogen in U.S. I'm just trying to understand from your perspective, have you started seeing a change happen as it relates to building the necessary infrastructure so hydrogen can penetrate the mobility market on a go-forward basis?
Ballard
Yeah, Manav, great question. And so last week I was in Houston attending the CERA Week Conference, and you could feel at that conference, which I think is the largest energy conference in the world, the primacy of the discussions at the conference on hydrogen and specifically the opportunity set that's presented with a very compelling $3 PTC production tax credit for green hydrogen. And so what I would say is that infrastructure, you know, this policy, these levers haven't translated to build out of infrastructure yet. What we are seeing is a swelling pipeline of projects that are now bidding that have been submitted for hydrogen hubs. And I think it's been publicly announced by the U.S. DOE that originally they thought there'd be maybe four or five hydrogen hub sites, maybe six. That number now is expected to be possibly seven or eight hydrogen hubs in the U.S. And we're seeing a lot of activity by major energy players, by industrial gas companies, by renewable energy companies as they all look to participate in what should be a very attractive market in the U.S. So I think this is game-changing the IRA, and it will lead to, again, low-cost, low-carbon hydrogen available for a number of decarbonization applications, including industry, energy, and mobility. So we do think that the mobility infrastructure likely will lag a little bit compared to decarbonizing industry applications. But we're seeing a lot of discussion about how to build out hubs that can support mobility applications as well as corridor refueling opportunities in the U.S. So I think this is something that's going to take some time enough to roll out, but it is, in my opinion, a matter of time only.
Manav Gupta
Perfect. My very quick follow-up here is it looked like there were some one-time items because your gross margin came in lower than expectations. Your gross margin is generally better than that. So help us understand those two line items so we can be sure that the gross margin is not what we saw in the fourth quarter.
spk10
Thank you. Sure. It's Paul here. So there's a number of factors going in, some of which we've already talked about, affecting the gross margin, including the pricing strategy which lowered the contribution margin for the power products by about seven points. And then in our technology solutions business, with the wind down of the Audi contract, a little less activity with the joint venture technology, that lowered our margins. And some new customers coming on again with the pricing strategy at lower margins or lower price for TS type business. And then some of the one times that you mentioned, include some inventory write-offs or some obsolete equipment for discontinued products. And then we also book an onerous contract provision. So having some customers with increasing orders, repeat orders, tipping into lower tiers and causing those contracts at the moment to be onerous. And so under accounting rules, you have to book the provision on that. And that was about, in total, about eight points of the difference. And then finally, as we talked about earlier, with the lower amount of revenue, not absorbing all of our net fixed overheads, so the manufacturing overheads, and that was about seven points of that.
Manav Gupta
That is very helpful. Thank you so much for doing my questions.
Ballard
Thank you. Thank you, Manav.
Operator
The next question comes from Greg Wasikowski with Weber Research. Please go ahead.
Greg Wasikowski
Hey, good morning, guys. Thanks for taking the questions. First of all, just thinking about the next 12 months here, what are the primary objectives for Ballard? And obviously, it's a pretty tough question because everything is so important, obviously. But between sales, margins, backlog, China, policy, et cetera, you name it, if we jumped ahead one year from now and look back, Randy, what would be your number one milestone that you'd like to see achieved?
Ballard
Yeah, we say internally, Greg, very often the top three deliverables this year are order book, order book, and order book. So that gives you an indication of where the focus is. You know, what I would say is that I would expect at the end of 2023 it would be very similar to the progress we made in 2022 in some ways. You know, customer platform wins, repeat business, getting to larger orders. and that backlog growing so that we have better visibility, not just for one quarter out or even the next four quarters, but for subsequent years as well. So that to us is very important, is getting those customers to longer-term relationships where we're embedded and sticky with those customers. And then the second thing that's really important is cost reduction. And we have a significant organizational investment that goes on, not only to improve product performance, but really driving down you know, MEA, plate, stack, module cost reduction. And this is a critical thing because we need to, in the future, be able to ensure we're offering that value proposition for customers to unlock the scaling effect, but also to make sure that we have gross margins that enable a sustainable business. So, you know, we think the gross margin line in your income statement is critically important. It's something we're focused on for the long term. And so those would be the two highlights, I would say, order book and cost reduction.
Greg Wasikowski
Got it. Okay, cool. Thank you, Randy. And then for follow-up, just on EV charging, can you talk a little bit more about that opportunity for hydrogen and fuel cells within that segment? And geographically, where are you seeing the initial demand now, and where do you expect to see pickup in demand for that application in the next year or a couple years?
Ballard
Yeah, great question. So, you know, what I would say is that as EV infrastructure or EV adoption goes from, let's call it less than 1% in some markets to 5% and 10% and much higher in markets, you really start to see the strain on grid infrastructure and recharging capabilities. And so we do see this opportunity initially in the U.S., But this is not a phenomenon that's unique to the U.S. There will be great infrastructure challenges in the U.S. and in the European theater, so we expect to see lots of opportunity for these applications going forward.
Greg Wasikowski
Okay, cool. Thank you, guys. I'll turn it over.
Ballard
Thanks, Greg.
Operator
The next question comes from Kashi Harrison with Piper Sandler. Please go ahead.
Kashi Harrison
Good morning and thank you for taking the questions. So the first one for me, just a quick clarification on the heavy duty Chinese revenues in Q4. Was the softness there mainly associated with COVID or was that due to nuances surrounding the initial clusters being in Beijing or was it driven by some other factor?
Ballard
Yeah, so I wouldn't just characterize it as softness in Q4. Candidly, I would say it was softness in 2022. And it was a variety of factors. Certainly, COVID had pretty significant impact, including in key markets in the first half of the year in 2022, for sure. You know, we didn't really see an unlocking in China until late 2022. And of course, travel resumed in early 2023. But I think more fundamentally, it's the complexity of how the policies in China have been adopted and how the application processes work and the points scheme with the seven parts of the hydrogen fuel cell value chain. It's a very complex policy scheme that many organizations are struggling to understand. And importantly, for capital, to have certainty that if they invest in a scale deployment, that the subsidies that are available are actually paid out. So to me, that's the bigger challenge is that the policies need continued clarity. Not people are commenting on this, but I'm going to make a bold prediction here. I do think there'll be more policy clarity in 2023. in part in response to what I view as a really emerging competitive dynamic between the U.S., Europe, and China on providing hydrogen fuel cell policies to support the adoption of hydrogen, but also from an economic development perspective. So I think we're going to see continued progress on the policy front on all three of these markets that will translate to future value for Ballard shareholders.
Kashi Harrison
Thanks for that explanation there. And just for my follow-up question, can you either remind us or perhaps provide a framework to help us understand the revenue potential of the business once that MEA facility in China is operating at your targeted utilization? And then maybe part and parcel with that, what level of utilization do you think is necessary to get to positive gross margins? Thank you.
Ballard
Yeah, excellent question. So I think it's important to understand what we're looking at is really the ability to manufacture MEAs in that facility that supports effectively 20,000 fuel cell engines. And so the way I think about the levers there is obviously the revenue on MEAs, selling that to the Waitai Ballard JV, and also the ability for us to use those MEAs globally for a variety of applications. But then the next leg of that is for the JV using those domestically produced, low-cost, high-performing MEAs for the sale of modules into that market. So I see a leveraging effect that occurs by having this MEA production facility there. In terms of... We typically see when we sell MEAs as a standalone material, a very high gross margin on those sales. So, you know, the kind of utilization rate for that facility, I don't have the exact number, but I think even at 50% utilization rate there, we would see a very successful economic return.
Operator
The next question comes from Craig Shear with Two He Brothers. Please go ahead.
Craig Shear
Hi, thanks for taking the questions. With the Audi roll-off, can you opine on prospects for quarterly cadence of technology solutions revenues in 23 and prospectively into 2024? uh and uh there's a lot of discussion about you know potential growth in the order book this year um and uh how that could be say anywhere from three to 18 months between book to bill but but but is it fair to say that uh the bus fuel cell orders can be on on the quicker end of that say three to six months yeah so craig taking the last question first so first of all um
Ballard
What we've learned about the bus market is it's very unpredictable when the transit operators will actually deploy their vehicles. And therefore, the ordering timing to the bus operator can vary. And even when they do get the order, sometimes there's delays in hydrogen refueling infrastructure. So I think relative to the segments, the bus one, when we have the order in hand, you can see realization in the three- to six-month time frame. That's very reasonable. But sometimes that can take longer. I just want to flag that. And then some of these other markets, particularly when you're talking about larger applications, you know, one-megawatt-type systems typically take longer for applications. not just for production, but for those customers to be ready for either the vehicle or site infrastructure requirements. So that point. And on the TS front, you know, we don't provide kind of a quarterly cadence. You can kind of think about it being relatively flat quarter to quarter for 2023 with a reduced revenue as compared to 2022. Thank you. Yeah, thank you.
Operator
The next question comes from Brett Castelli with Morningstar. Please go ahead.
Morningstar
Yeah, hi. Just a question on longer-term gross margins. Should we expect gross margins by end segment or vertical to be pretty comparable, or are there certain end segments that would be maybe higher or lower across the portfolio?
Ballard
Yep, great question. We are expecting to see certain verticals that have better gross margin performance. And it's all a function of the various options that those verticals have to achieve their decarbonization goals and the total cost of ownership for those market segments. So as an illustrative example, we would expect to see the marine market to be a higher gross margin segment than the truck market.
Morningstar
Perfect. I'll leave it there. Thank you.
Ballard
Thank you, Brett.
Operator
This concludes the question and answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Randy McEwen, CEO, for any closing remarks.
Ballard
Thank you for joining us today. Paul, Kate, and I look forward to speaking with you next quarter, and we also look forward to the capital markets day in June. Thank you very much.
Operator
This concludes today's conference call. You may disconnect your lines. Thank you for participating and have a pleasant day.
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