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Operator
Operator
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for joining DocuSign's fourth quarter and full fiscal year 2024 earnings conference call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speaker's presentation, there will be a question and answer session. As a reminder, this call is being recorded and will be available for replay from the investor relations section of the website following the call. If anyone should require operator assistance during the conference, please press star zero on your telephone keypad. I will now pass the call over to Roger Martin, Vice President of Finance. Please go ahead.
Roger Martin
Vice President of Finance
Thank you, Operator. Good afternoon and welcome to DocuSign's Q4 and Fiscal Year 2024 earnings call. I'm Roger Martin, DocuSign's Vice President of Finance. Joining me on today's call are DocuSign CEO Alan Tegerson and CFO Blake Grayson. The press release announcing our fourth quarter and fiscal year 2024 results was issued earlier today and is posted on our investor relations website. Before we begin, let me remind everyone that some of our statements on today's call are forward-looking. We believe our assumptions and expectations related to these forward-looking statements are reasonable, but they are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. that may cause our actual results or performance to be materially different. In particular, our expectations regarding the pace of product innovation and factors affecting customer demand are based on our best estimates at this time and are therefore subject to change. Please read and consider the risk factors in our filings with the SEC together with the content of this call. Any forward-looking statements are based on our assumptions and expectations to date. And except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these statements in light of future events or new information. During this call, we will present GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. In addition, we provide non-GAAP weighted average share counts and information regarding free cash flow and billings. These non-GAAP measures are not intended to be considered in isolation from a substitute for or superior to our GAAP results. We encourage you to consider all measures when analyzing our performance. For information regarding our non-GAAP financial information, the most directly comparable GAAP measures, and a quantitative reconciliation of these figures, please refer to today's earnings press release, which can be found on our website at investor.docuSigns.com. I'd now like to turn the call over to Alan. Alan?
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Thanks, Roger, and good afternoon, everyone. DocuSign's fourth quarter operating results reflect strong progress across the three pillars of our strategic vision, accelerating product innovation, improving the reach and effectiveness of our omnichannel go-to-market initiatives, and strengthening operating and financial efficiency. Before discussing the pillars, I'll briefly highlight Q4's strong business results. Q4 revenue was $712 million, up 8% year-over-year, while full-year revenue was $2.8 billion, up 10% year-over-year. Both outperformed our expectations. Our continued focus on efficiency while still investing for long-term growth drove significantly improved profitability. Q4 non-GAAP operating margin rose to 25%, up one point versus last year, while full-year non-GAAP operating margin improved by more than five points to 26% from 21% in fiscal 23. In addition, free cash flow more than doubled in fiscal 24 to nearly $900 million. Similar to Q3, we're encouraged by momentum across the business, from solid retention and improving usage with existing customers to strong new customer growth, Organizations large and small continue to invest in DocuSign's value proposition. Let's turn to our strategic pillars, starting with continued improvement in our omnichannel go-to-market initiatives. In Q4, we were encouraged by improving performance with customers managed by the direct sales force. We substantially increased the amount of business from customers signing and renewing multi-year, multi-million dollar contracts with DocuSign. including Fortune 500 global leaders in energy, industrials, consumer goods, insurance, and several federal and state government agencies. Our partner channel has been instrumental in driving large customer momentum. We continue to deepen relationships with strategic enterprise-focused organizations, including SAP, Microsoft, and Deloitte. These organizations are helping to accelerate our customers' digital transformation journeys. They also represent progress in building a vibrant partner ecosystem to extend DocuSign's reach into new markets and customer segments. To that end, we recently launched global participation in Microsoft Azure's Marketplace. We can now co-sell our entire suite of products to Microsoft's enterprise customers who control on their existing Azure commitments to purchase DocuSign licenses. We're encouraged to already have our first $1 million customer from that channel. These partners and many more help us accelerate our customers' digital transformation journeys. We also continue to deliver more efficient customer growth even as we scale. In fiscal 24, we invested to improve our digital and self-serve motions leading to sustained new customer acquisition growth. In Q4, we surpassed 1.5 million total customers across our digital and direct channels. Our breadth, scale, and customer affinity is unique in the broader SaaS landscape and speaks to the continued large opportunity in front of DocuSign. Across our digital, direct, and partner channels, international continues to be a strong underlying growth driver. In Q4, international revenue grew more than twice as fast as total revenue and now represents more than 27% of the business, up from 25% last year. The international opportunity remains substantial and is one of our key long-term growth drivers. Cresol, which is a financial cooperative in Brazil, recently adopted the new WhatsApp integration, adding WhatsApp signing to existing e-signature email usage has reduced delays, increased response times, and helped Crestle generate more revenue and broaden its reach. Much of Crestle's credit business is with farmers and the agriculture industry with limited rural connectivity. The DocuSign WhatsApp integration allows Crestle to bridge that connectivity gap and accelerate its credit process from days to hours. Let's turn to product innovation. Across all aspects of go-to-market, product investment is driving customer adoption. The WhatsApp integration I just mentioned led to significant envelope usage and recent customer wins in Latin America. Over 1,000 customers in UK and Europe have used and now benefit from stronger identity verification products like AI-enabled IDV Premier and our recently launched QES-compliant Identity Wallet. The recent free launch of our premium DocuSign Monitor created 1,500 new accounts just this quarter. First Financial Bank, a financial services company headquartered in Indiana, is using ID verification to increase the speed of consumer lending and home equity line of credit offerings. This improves security for bank staff, removes manual workflows for underwriters, and creates a stronger customer experience. First Financial is expanding ID verification to other use cases like credit cards, and online account openings. Looking ahead, as we exit at Q4, we have several hundred customers in beta in new platform services that will transform DocuSign into a more powerful solution. We'll have much more to share and we're excited to have you join us virtually to hear about our evolving platform at this year's Momentum Customer Conference in New York on April 11th. Product Momentum is clearly creating value for our customers. In fiscal 24, that momentum was validated by third parties like IDC, who named us the e-signature industry leader versus 17 other vendors in its annual worldwide assessment. Also, Gartner named DocuSign as a leader in its magic quadrant for contract lifecycle management for the fourth year running. To that end, DocuSign CLM customers continue to be at the front line of embracing a broader agreement management use case. In Q4, DocuSign CLM growth once again significantly outpaced overall revenue. This is a positive sign as we see CLM product demand as a precursor to the value we can create across all 1.5 million DocuSign customers. Today, DocuSign CLM helps users automate and manage complex workflows, and we see the future as taking those capabilities to a broader set of users than CLM reaches today. We're seeing strong adoption of our CLM product among enterprise customers. Just this quarter, a luxury automaker used our CLM to create an elegant sales experience to match its brand value proposition. A multi-billion dollar global manufacturer sped up its legal and supply chain operations with a company-wide implementation of DocuSign CLM and a global energy company accelerated its sales processes, and streamlined procurement with CLM. Our third strategic pillar is strengthening DocuSign's operating and financial efficiency. In February, we announced further cost management initiatives, including a reduction in force. This decision streamlined our business and focused investments on initiatives that provide the strongest foundation for long-term growth. Blake will share more details on the financial impact and its impact on improving profitability. In fiscal 2025, we will continue focusing on efficiency while investing to reinvigorate long-term growth. In conclusion, fiscal 24 was critical to strengthening DocuSign's foundation. We reaccelerated product innovation, invested in our leadership talent, and right-sized our organization. These are all critical steps to realize the multi-year journey to transform agreement management. And we're just getting started. The opportunity in front of DocuSign remains massive. Today's world runs on agreements, but agreement processes haven't changed in the last hundred years. Even with the evolution to digital documents, agreements and how we use their insights remain relics of antiquated paper-based systems. Sign a document stored as a flat file, preserved, but disconnected from the systems that run your operations. Our sole focus is transforming those systems for our 1.5 million existing customers to make agreements more valuable for enterprises and SMBs alike. As organizations transition to a digital world, customers turn to DocuSign as the world's most trusted agreement company. We are excited for Fiscal 25 and the continued impact we will have on our customers. Thank you to our incredible team for your passion and dedication to our vision and culture. With that, let me turn it over to Blake.
Blake Grayson
CFO
Thanks, Alan, and good afternoon, everyone. Throughout Fiscal 2024, we continue to build a solid foundation on the three pillars of our strategic vision, accelerating product innovation, enhancing our omnichannel go-to-market initiatives, and strengthening our operating and financial efficiency. As a result, in Q4 we delivered strong operating and financial results. Q4's financial performance exceeded the high end of guidance across every metric, with material improvements in operating income, operating margin, and free cash flow. Total revenue in Q4 increased 8% year-over-year to $712 million, and subscription revenue also grew 8% year-over-year to $696 million. Billings of $833 million grew 13% year-over-year, accelerating from 5% year-over-year in Q3. Q4 represented our highest year-over-year billings growth performance in over a year. With respect to billings, approximately half of the eight-point acceleration versus Q3 came from solid execution around renewals, especially with large customers. This includes spillovers from the prior quarter and better early renewal strength from contracts that would have otherwise been billed in fiscal year 25. The remaining half came from a strong close to Q4 and net new growth, which will support the business in future quarters. Similar to Q3 results, we are encouraged by continuing signs of stabilization in the business. First, customer usage continues to improve. Total envelope sent increased moderately year over year. Similar to last quarter, we saw improving year-over-year usage trends in key verticals with technology, insurance, business services, financial services, and healthcare all growing faster than the total business baseline. Also, consumption with direct customers, our contract utilization measure, increased slightly year-over-year. Second, customer retention is stable with positive large customer momentum. Gross retention was flat year-over-year in Q4 across the direct book of business. As expected, dollar net retention trended downward in Q4 to 98%, and we're encouraged that the pace of year-over-year decline slowed substantially in fiscal year 24 versus fiscal year 23. We anticipate the moderating trend to continue in fiscal year 25, and we expect dollar net retention to be flat to down slightly in Q1 25. While overall net new expansion continues to be impacted by software optimization and macro-related customer purchasing costs, we are encouraged by large customer spending behavior. The number of customers spending over $300,000 annually rose to 1,060 in Q4, increasing sequentially for the second quarter in a row. Also, Q4 bookings for customers with total contract value over $1 million increased by more than 50% year-over-year. Third, new customer acquisition volume remained strong in Q4, partly due to improvement in go-to-market initiatives. DocuSign ended the year with over 1.5 million customers, up 11% year-over-year and consistent with growth in Q3. Direct customers grew 15% year-over-year, also consistent with Q3, bringing total direct customers to 242,000. International revenue, a key long-term growth driver, grew at more than double the overall revenue growth rate, and is now 27% of total revenue. We believe the international growth opportunity remains large. Also, the scale and breadth of our customer base is unique across the software landscape and an asset we can leverage as we expand our product offerings in the future. Turning to our financials, operating and financial efficiency initiatives drove strong performance in fiscal year 24. Improved execution led to significant expansion in operating margin and a more than doubling of free cash flow versus fiscal year 23. Non-GAAP gross margin for the fourth quarter was 82.5%, in line with the prior year. Fourth quarter non-GAAP subscription gross margin was 85%, also in line with the prior year. For the full year, non-GAAP gross margin was 83%, up slightly from last year. Q4 non-GAAP operating income was $178 million, up 15% year-over-year with an operating margin of 25%, improving over 100 basis points year-over-year. We saw more significant improvement in fiscal year 24 with a record non-GAAP operating income of $711 million, up 38% year-over-year, resulting in a 26% operating margin. This is a substantial increase of over 500 basis points versus 21% in fiscal year 23. We will continue to focus on realizing opportunities to achieve greater efficiency as we invest to drive sustainable long-term growth. Free cash flow improvement was even stronger in Q4 and fiscal year 24. In Q4, free cash flow was $249 million, and for the full year, we generated $887 million in free cash flow, with both periods more than doubling year over year, resulting in a 32% free cash flow margin for fiscal year 24. Greater operating efficiency led to a substantial working capital improvement that drove free cash flow yield above our operating profit margin. Going forward, we anticipate free cash flow margin to more closely approximate non-GAAP operating margin. In fiscal year 24, we used a portion of free cash flow to purchase DocuSign shares. We used $146 million towards repurchasing common stock. In addition, we used $144 million to pay taxes due on RSU settlements, reducing the dilutive impact of our equity programs. Non-GAAP diluted EPS for Q4 was $0.76, an $0.11 per share improvement from $0.65 last year. Non-GAAP diluted EPS for fiscal year 24 was $2.98 per share, a $0.95 improvement from $2.03 per share last year. Fiscal year 24 also represented DocuSign's first full year of producing positive GAAP net income. For the full year, GAAP diluted EPS was 36 cents versus negative 49 cents in the prior year. Going forward, we expect continued improvements in GAAP net income and per share profitability as we work to manage the dilution and cost of our equity programs. We currently expect stock-based compensation to be approximately flat year-over-year in fiscal year 25, and expect SBC as a percentage of revenue to decline year-over-year. We ended Q4 with 6,840 employees, a 7% decrease year-over-year from 7,336 at the end of fiscal year 23. This results from our ongoing focus on investing efficiently in the business and does not reflect the reduction in force announced on February 6th of this year. We will continue to optimize our hiring plans to align our sales organization with our digital and partner GTM motions, support long-term growth opportunities in R&D, and realize efficiencies of scale in G&A. With regard to the balance sheet, during the quarter we used approximately $690 million of cash to settle our remaining outstanding convertible debt. We currently have no debt on the balance sheet. At the end of fiscal year 24, we had approximately $1.2 billion in cash, cash equivalents, and investments. This strong financial foundation, including a business model that generates significant free cash flow, supports its future investment, and increases our ability to opportunistically return excess capital to shareholders. With that, let me turn to guidance. For Q1 25 and fiscal year 25, we expect total revenue of $704 to $708 million in Q1, or a 7% year-over-year increase at the midpoint. For fiscal year 25, we expect revenue between 2.915 to 2.927 billion, or a 6% year-over-year increase at the midpoint. Of this, we expect subscription revenue of 686 to 690 million in Q1, or an 8% year-over-year increase at the midpoint, and 2.843 to 2.855 billion for fiscal 25, or a 6% year-over-year increase at the midpoint. For billings, we expect $685 to $695 million in Q1 and $2.970 to $3.024 billion for fiscal 25. As continually shown in recent quarters and years, billings are heavily impacted by the timing of customer renewals, which can create meaningful variability from period to period. This impacts year-over-year comparisons and is further amplified by the scale of our book of business. We expect non-GAAP gross margin to be 81% to 82% for both Q1 and fiscal 25. We expect non-GAAP operating margin to reach 27% to 28% for Q1 and 26.5% to 28% for fiscal 25. Our non-GAAP operating margin guidance includes the impact from the recently announced restructuring of approximately 400 employees or around 6% of our employee base. While we intend to reinvest a small portion of the restructuring savings into the business, primarily in R&D, the vast majority of savings will drop to the bottom line, as reflected in our expected operating margin expansion in fiscal year 25. We are committed to improving efficiency while still investing in the areas we believe will drive long-term growth. We expect non-GAAP fully diluted weighted average shares outstanding of 208 to 213 million for both Q1 and fiscal 25. In closing, we're pleased to report another quarter of progress against our three strategic pillars, accelerating product innovation, enhancing our go-to-market initiatives, and strengthening our financial and operational efficiency. Q4 execution was particularly strong as the team delivered accelerating billings growth double digit customer growth with improving operating margins and record free cash flow generation. While we still have work ahead to reaccelerate our top line growth, I'm proud of this team for its focus on execution as we continue to be the default trusted partner for customers around agreement management. We have over 1.5 million customers ranging from the largest enterprises in the world to wide scale adoption by the small and medium sized businesses that power the global economy. That scale gives us the opportunity to help customers accelerate their business growth, mitigate risk, and enable delightful customer experiences. I'm excited about the opportunity ahead of us and look forward to sharing our progress along the way. That concludes our prepared remarks. With that, operator, let's open up the call for questions.
Operator
Operator
Thank you. We will now be conducting a question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question, please press star 1 on your telephone keypad. confirmation tone will indicate that your line is in the question queue. And you may press star 2 if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. One moment please while we poll for questions. Thank you. Our first question comes from the line of Tyler Radke with Citi. Please proceed with your question.
Tyler Radke
Equity Research Analyst at Citi
Yeah, thanks for taking the question. A couple for Blake just to kick things off. So, Blake, I appreciate the comments on kind of unpacking the Q4 Billings outperformance. Obviously, the, you know, nine-point beat versus the guide was pretty impressive. As I think about the moving pieces on that, could you just help frame the Q1 guide relative to the full-year guide on Billings, I think, the full year would imply you need to grow a little bit faster than you're guiding to on billings in Q1. So curious if some of that's related to the pull forward. And then secondly, how should we think about NRR trends? I think that dipped below 100% at 98%. So as you just think about the drivers between expansions and new business for next year, just help us understand the trajectory of that and how that all fits into the guide. Thank you.
Blake Grayson
CFO
Sure, and thanks for the question. So to address the question on billings, I think it's helpful to kind of cover it in totality. So starting with Q4 and then going into 2025, because the timing does play a big role as you think about the year of your comps. So just to recap quickly, Q4 really pleased with the execution and the acceleration from Q3. And like you heard in the prepared remarks, half of that acceleration was from renewals timing, and that includes early renewals from fiscal year 25. In Q4, our book of renewals had the highest contribution from early renewals for any quarter that we've seen all year long. And that's okay because that's great execution by the team. Like we're super happy about that. And then the other half was just from strong net new growth. We had a great close to Q4. And so that was a nice job again by the team there. Now that timing component impacts fiscal 25. So with respect to Q1, and this also applies to Q2, we've got two hard comps to deal with address in this first half of this year. The first is, if you recall, we had really strong on-time renewals in the first half of 2024. That came about because we made some adjustments to our sales incentive plans to improve execution there, and we did, and we did a really good job with it. When you go back and look at our billings performance in the first half of last year, or 2024, And then the other hard comp is that Q4 component that I just mentioned that leads to some less spillover into Q1. And so those two hard comps apply, obviously, to the full year as well. So you've got to kind of normalize for that a bit. And so just to give some direction, too, as you think about that on a quarterly basis – and you mentioned this about how the full year is a little bit higher in the midpoint guide versus Q1 – I expect to see Q2 to decel a bit from Q1, but then reaccelerate into the second half of the year. And again, you've got those hard comps that we're dealing with in the first half of this year. And then you see that reacceleration. And then you just use the fiscal 25 guide with regards to the magnitude of the quarters. Overall, I'm really pleased with the fiscal 25 billings guide. It's almost exactly $3 billion at the midpoint. But the timing of these renewals makes the year-over-year comps pretty noisy. And so one way that, you know, you might think about how to think about or try to normalize it is like on a two-year stack view to normalize for some of those period-over-period components to kind of normalize for those effects. But I hope that helps just kind of how you think about billings, you know, for Q4 and then relative to the full year. And then to your dollar net retention question, You know, we did trend down as we expected in line with our expectations into Q4. There's still a tough macro environment out there for us where companies are scrutinizing investments, and it just leads to smaller expansion opportunities. Now, that said, however, I am quite encouraged by the pace of decline in fiscal 24. It's slowed substantially. versus fiscal 23. And we're now expecting that the pace of the client is going to slow even further into fiscal 25. And you heard in the prepared remarks, we're actually forecasting for Q1 dollar net retention rate to be flat to down slightly from Q4. And part of that is, you know, related to the fact that we're coming out of these COVID comps. from prior quarters. And you've heard me talk about how the share of our book of business that was written during kind of the pandemic periods is really de minimis now. And so I think that's also one of the things where we can see this flattening out. And again, there's, you know, a number of encouraging signs for us around renewal rates and consumption. And then we've got, you know, hopefully these new product launches releasing into, you know, general availability later in the year.
Unknown Speaker
And, you know, over the long term, we're excited about our ability to impact that.
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Jake Roberge with William Blair. Please proceed with your question.
Jake Roberge
Analyst at William Blair
Hey, thanks for taking the questions and congrats on the great results. Blake, just to follow up on that NRR remark, can you help us understand how much of the downtick in that metric was driven by those remaining COVID-era contracts that you just called out in your last answer? And then, Alan, looks like you actually re-accelerated new customer ads this quarter. Do you feel like the 40,000 quarterly ads is the right way to think about the business moving forward? Or could that actually continue to ramp as the macro normalizes and some of those new product-led growth initiatives take hold?
Blake Grayson
CFO
I'll just take a stab at the DNR fault, and then I'll take the other one. But, you know, we're not breaking out the level of detail and granularity in DNR from COVID. I think it's just, you know, an obvious output where we have some pretty strong expansion, you know, in those prior quarters. But that said, we are seeing signs of stabilization in the business. And so I would say it's definitely not all related to COVID. I don't want to have anybody walk away with that kind of a thought process or perspective. But I think it's one of these things that we are seeing stabilizing signs in our business, and we think we have means and mechanisms that we're going to continue to pursue where we can work to flatten that out, that curve, and then hopefully, you know, improve it over time. But Alan, for you on the accounts.
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Yeah. On the second question related to customer acquisition, yeah, I don't know that we track and – measure ourselves that directly on that, but I would just say we have a healthy customer acquisition funnel. There is still white space, particularly internationally, in acquiring new customers, and we're benefiting from that, and I think getting our fair share, although, of course, we'd always like even more. But I'm not prepared to make any forward-looking statements about the exact number.
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Josh Baer with Morgan Stanley. Please proceed with your question.
Josh Baer
Analyst at Morgan Stanley
Great. Thanks for the question. I want to shift over to margin and profitability. Alan, a question for you. If you could just talk a little bit about the change in investment philosophy from the top. And Blake, just wondering, the comments around commitment to improving efficiency, does that translate to continued margin expansion? even after FY25 as we think about 2026 and beyond? Yeah.
Alan Tegerson
CEO
So first on our overall investment and expense philosophy, look, we want to balance solid operational execution and efficiency today with being able to invest for the medium to long-term growth that we think we have in front of us. And so we're balancing that all the time. As we looked at taking the action that Blake referred to at the beginning of February, we felt we had a little more room to get just a little leaner and be ready and still not impair our ability to grow significantly. as we launch new products and so on. So that's the balance that we're taking. We will keep looking for opportunities, and it's obviously not all about headcount. We have gotten tremendous efficiency out of the organization on many fronts. That's what produced the strong results that you saw in Q4 really throughout the year and the operating cash flow improvements. So we'll keep looking for those opportunities. But we feel we're right-sized for our plan right now, and if we start seeing further investment opportunities, then we will invest, but we will do that on a cautious and informed basis.
Blake Grayson
CFO
And then just to follow up on your question on just, you know, margins in the future, you know, I just want to point out that I'm really proud of this team for the efficiencies that, you know, that we've gained, you know, this year. I mean, just, you know, specifically in fiscal 23, our sales and marketing expense was, you 40% of our revenue. You know, in this year, fiscal 24, it improved to 34%. I expect next year to be in the low 30s. And, you know, that's not an easy kind of process to go through, but it's important, and I'm really proud of the focus of the team to address those gains. I think for us in the future, and in the future what I'm talking about is let's talk long-term here now without a timeline on it, is that we have opportunities to be able to drive further operating leverage with scaling growth. Is that, you know, can we grow our revenue faster than we do our expense base? And that's partly what we're building here. And one of the things we're focusing pretty hard on as a team is you hear about PLG motions and self-service motions and things like that. And, you know, I think over the long term, those opportunities do provide us the opportunity to get even better margins, you know, into the future, but no specific, you know, timeline or anything around that. Yeah, that's great.
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Maybe just as a reminder, to the point that Blake just made about our sales marketing efficiency, the reduction force that we had last February was 95% focused in the sales marketing area. This time around, it was a little bit more balanced, but still overweighted in sales and marketing, reflecting that we felt we had efficiency opportunities. You know, to the extent we make incremental investments, we'll probably be in R&D first. But obviously, as we launch new products and if we start seeing some leverage there, then we'll not hesitate to invest there as well.
Unknown Speaker
Just want to see that first.
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Brent Phil with Jefferies. Please proceed with your question.
Love Soda
Analyst at Jefferies
Thank you, Blake and Alan, for taking my question. This is Love Soda on for Brent Hill. Wanted to maybe ask first, you know, to Alan, if you could just tease out like how much it sounds like most of the improvement this quarter was because of better execution versus more macro normalizing. Could you just tease that out and which verticals sort of drove the improvement that you saw? And then, Blake, it sounds like free, you know, free cash flow was really strong this quarter. I guess just talk a little bit more about how you're planning to use that free cash flow specifically for share repurchases.
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Yeah, so I'll go first. We really did see strength across the board. So across segments, Blake highlighted that we had progress both on the enterprise side and the SMB side. From a geography perspective, yes, we grew faster internationally, but we did grow everywhere. And on the industry side, we did see progress. broad-based strength there as well, some recovery in financial services and mortgages. But we sell to customers in all industries. I highlighted during the poll new significant deals in manufacturing and energy and health and so on. There's hardly an industry that doesn't rely on agreements and that, therefore, doesn't represent an opportunity for us. So there really isn't much there. And an overall macro sentiment, I would say marginally improved from my standpoint. We're not projecting anything more than that looking ahead. As always, we base our plan on current macro conditions. But I think there was a little bit of help across the breadth of our business, but we're almost segments and countries that we have.
Blake Grayson
CFO
And then to follow up on the second question about free cash flow and how we'll utilize it, you know, we're in a great spot. You know, we ended the quarter of the year with cash and investments of $1.2 billion. You know, no debt now on the balance sheet. And also, obviously, we have a foundational business now that generates considerable amount of free cash flow. You know, we used some of that, deployed some of that this year for, like you talked about, stock buybacks, but we also used it to retire debt. There's obviously M&A opportunities for us, and we're likely more active than you think we are about looking around at what opportunities are available for us. And then we can invest in the business, or you have options for dividends, things like that down the road. I would say that with that kind of stabilizing results and the operating efficiency improvements we made, we feel we can increase our ability to – opportunistically return capital to shareholders while still investing in the business. And it's just, you know, we're committed to increasing the rate with which we return excess capital opportunistically to shareholders, and we'll see how that develops out over the year.
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Rishi Jaluria with RBC Capital Markets. Please proceed with your question.
Chris Fountain
Analyst at RBC Capital Markets
Hi, this is Chris Fountain on for Rishi Jaluria. Thanks for taking my question. I wanted to first ask about the large customer cohort strength that you saw in the quarter. Is that like better volume and consumption trends or is CLM capabilities kind of starting to push some customers over that 300K ACV cohort? And then also, I was wondering if you could just dig in a little bit more to the R&D investment priorities you mentioned for the coming year. Thanks. I'll take that.
Blake Grayson
CFO
So, yeah, I would say definitely saw improvement in enterprise customers. Again, the $300,000 accounts growing sequentially quarter over quarter. I'll say that, you know, from a renewal rate perspective, enterprise still has room to improve. But I will say that our renewal rates improved sequentially Q3 to Q4 in the enterprise space more than any other kind of large customer segment that we had. but still room to improve there, admittedly. And so we're excited about the opportunities and, you know, mostly in R&D, right, that give us those opportunities to provide additional solutions and products to customers. But all that, Alan.
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Yeah, on the R&D investment front, I'd say, look, we've long felt there was an opportunity to reimagine the agreement journey for companies large and small, and we've had solutions for at various stages of that journey. In the past, obviously, most exemplified by our signature product. In about a month, we will release a broader suite of solutions there, and there's been significant investment in that effort during the course of the last fiscal year, and that will continue because we feel we have a multi-year roadmap of value creation ahead of us there. So that is the... biggest investment area. In addition to that, one other area that's getting a meaningful amount of investment is we are moving our platforms to the public cloud, to Microsoft Azure. That's underway, and that's a significant effort as well from an infrastructure perspective.
Unknown Speaker
Those are the two things I would highlight.
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Brad Sills with Bank of America. Please proceed with your question.
Adam
Analyst at Bank of America (for Brad Sills)
Hey, this is Adam for Brad. I guess I'd like to start, what are some of the initiatives you are making in terms of like the product-led growth or self-serve motions and what changes have you made so far there and what changes do you still want to make?
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Yeah, let me take that one. So I think during the course of the fiscal year that we just finished here, a lot of our effort was on making the process of buying DocuSign directly from DocuSign on our website and in our products much more seamless. And we made substantial improvements there. So much better flows to allow you to easily upgrade solutions, focus on better use of a variety of payment solutions, I'd say this year that will expand beyond the Cori signature products to some of the newer products that we'll be launching and to supporting other channels, most notably our direct sales channel. We want to offer those customers the ability to self-serve to the greatest extent possible, and there'll be significant capabilities added there throughout the year. and also for our partners where we have, I think, opportunities for meaningful improvement in how easy it is to do business with us. And that's another area we're investing in. So this is across every pillar of our go-to-market effort. It's already borne fruit, as you've seen in our digital sales growth, and it'll really impact across the business, I think, this year.
Unknown Speaker
So very excited about that.
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Patrick Walravens with Citizens JMP. Please proceed with your question.
Austin Cole
Analyst at Citizens JMP (for Patrick Walravens)
Hey, thanks for taking my question. This is Austin Cole on for Pat. So last quarter, it seemed like you mentioned that there was kind of an uptick in interest in CLM, and now you're saying strong adoption of CLM among enterprise customers. Is there kind of an incremental improvement in tone there, or can you just talk broadly about just the CLM opportunity and how you guys are situated? Thank you.
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Yep. Yeah, so I do think the CLM market overall is improving, and I do think we're executing better in the CLM market. So I think CLM overall, I think more and more companies are realizing that managing your agreements better and getting more value out of them is a very strategic opportunity. It's definitely rising in the priority list. And so CLM, ours and others, is improving. more RFPs and so on. In terms of our competitive position, I think we're in a very strong position, as illustrated in the Gartner survey and other measures of our position in the market. I think we have the largest number of accounts and are very well rated by customers for our experience. And we think there's more opportunity there to, should we say, popularize CLM to a broader audience, both within companies that are going to adopt it as well the current solutions might not be appropriate. So it's a very positive and strategic opportunity for us. And yes, I would summarize that to say on both fronts, some improvement.
Blake Grayson
CFO
Yeah, and just to follow up, or maybe to add on to what Alan said, you know, you heard in our prepared remarks, CLM grew faster than the total business. It also accelerated on a year-over-year basis from Q3 to Q4. Obviously, it's still a smaller, you know, share of our business, but still encouraged by that acceleration for that, you know, product.
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Scott Berg with Needham. Please proceed with your question.
Rob Morelli
Analyst at Needham
Hi, this is Rob Morelli. I'm for Scott. Thank you for taking my question. We had a strong margin here with non-GAAP operating margins extending to 500 basis points. However, G&A was actually up as a percentage of revenue. Two questions here. you know, why were we not able to drive leverage here throughout the year? And then second, how do we think about spend in 2025 in this line of effects?
Blake Grayson
CFO
Let me take a stab at that. So, yeah, G&A expense, non-GAAP G&A was up 14% year-on-year. There's two unique items that are kind of contributing to that. One is immaterial dollar amounts. When you look at a relatively small kind of SEC split-off bucket, it has a bit of an effect. So a couple million dollars. We used to allocate out in the prior year, and we're not doing that now, but it's an immaterial kind of dollar amount overall. And then also a little bit higher litigation cost for us this year versus last year. If you exclude those two what I'll call unique items, G&A would have grown in the low single digits year over year. So what I would say is From the efforts we've taken over the past few months and recently, not only do I expect that sales and marketing expense declines year on year as a percentage of revenue, but I also expect to see some efficiencies and improvements in G&A as well. So I think we're focused across this business to drive efficiencies where needed, and I expect to see that next year.
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of George Iwanek with Oppenheimer. Please proceed with your question.
George Iwanek
Analyst at Oppenheimer
Thank you for taking my question. Alan, maybe you could dig in a little bit deeper on the international strength you're seeing. How much of that is being partner-led? What are you seeing from your digital initiatives there? And maybe give us some color on the regional breakdown. Yeah.
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Our international growth is led more by our direct channel today. I think we have very substantial opportunity on the digital front and on the partner side, which is relatively immature right now. I think there's a lot of headroom. So lots of growth opportunity there, but most of the growth today is coming from our direct sales efforts, principally in the larger focused countries. So the top 10 markets outside the U.S. that you would expect. As you know, we've been investing in Japan and Germany, but today, UK, Australia, Canada, France are a little larger than both of those.
Unknown Speaker
So all of those markets are priorities.
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Rob Owens with Piper Sandler. Please proceed with your question.
Rob Owens
Analyst at Piper Sandler
Hi. Thanks for taking my question. Just a quick one around your LLM training. I know there was some stuff in the media just regarding privacy. Kind of curious, from your perspective, what are internal policies and how are you training those LLMs? Thanks.
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Yeah, I'll take that one. Yeah, I want to be very clear. We do not use any customer data for training any of our AI models without specific contractual consent from customers. End of story. So we have a high trust position with customers. They trust us with their most sensitive documents, and we don't want to do anything to violate that trust. There are probably some companies who would be more willing to move aggressively here, but I think we're moving responsibly and cautiously on that. With all that said, we are very excited about what AI can bring, and our customers are asking us for how can we extract more value from our savings using AI. more modern AI technology, and so you'll hear a lot more about that in a month at Momentum, but to the point about the trust is the starting position. Maybe one other point I'd make is, assuming you give us consent, we then anonymize and aggregate that data so that there's no opportunity for
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Mark Murphy with JP Morgan. Please proceed with your question.
Mark Murphy
Analyst at JP Morgan
Thank you very much and congrats on a nice finish to the year. Thinking back to last quarter, you had mentioned the introduction of some new enterprise licensing structures and there was some comparison, I believe, to ELA's. I'm wondering if you can shed a bit more light on any changes made there and when they were implemented, and Blake, did it have any effect on Q4 financial results? For instance, would it change any of the ratios between bookings and billings and recognized revenues or any type of impact to think about for those changes going forward?
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Yeah. Yes, we have done a few deals like that, and I think it will continue to grow with some of our very largest clients. And as we offer a broader set of products, obviously an enterprise license also becomes more interesting as you can mix and match across products. But it still remains a very small part of the business. Even some of our very largest customers, some of the contract renewals remain on an envelope basis.
Blake Grayson
CFO
Yeah, and just to add on top of that, it's while we're super excited about the opportunity in very specific cases to consider those, it's not a huge number for us today. It grows. It's continuing to grow. And, again, I think, you know, and to directly answer your question, no material impact on our results for Q4. But it's also one of these things, I think, in this business. We have a very, very broad and diverse customer base. And so we don't have single customers that I would say vastly impact us like there might be other companies, which I think is a strength for us. But anyways, just to directly answer your question, no material impact.
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Yeah, I would make one other point. ELA has a very specific connotation of unlimited consumption and being able to you know, uh, combined, uh, products across. Um, we have leaned in significantly harder to make sure that we are competitive in large enterprise deals. Um, and, uh, uh, and we, and we did some, some very large and very nice renewals with some large customers. I think in part as a result of that improved motion. So we, we have senior people on it. We have a large steel desk. We have all the things that you would expect to, to make sure that, um,
Unknown Speaker
that we are as competitive as possible.
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Michael Turin with Wells Fargo Securities. Please proceed with your question.
Michael Burgon
Analyst at Wells Fargo Securities
Hi, thanks for taking my question. This is Michael Burgon from Michael Turin. I just wanted to touch on free cash flow. You had a very strong free cash flow generating quarter and year. Maybe you could shed some light on what drove that. Was it some of the renewal timing you discussed on your in terms of billings on the quarter? And how can we think about the relationship between operating margin and free cash flow moving forward? Thanks.
Blake Grayson
CFO
Sure. And so, yeah, we did have a very strong quarter and year as it regards to free cash flow. We had a 32% free cash flow yield for fiscal 24. And the reason why it's materially higher than our operating margin is frankly, just a working capital tailwind that we had. And it's really driven by two components. One is, if you recall, about a year ago, we had an ERP implementation that caused a delay in our ability to do some collections. So earlier this year, we got a tailwind from that. But on top of that, We've also improved our collections process, I would say, extremely well, reduced agings. And so kind of I would say just really brought some operational efficiency to our working capital that showed that improvement. Now, going forward, as you all know, like being able to repeat working capital improvements on top of each other year over year, while we're going to strive to be able to continue to improve and gain efficiencies, it's not something you usually can just get pretty easily. And so that's why in the prepared remarks, you'll find that I would expect longer term to assume a free cash flow yield more closer to that operating margin.
Operator
Operator
Our next question comes from, our final question comes from the line of Alex Zukin with Wolf Research. Please proceed with your question.
Arsenio
Analyst at Wolf Research (for Alex Zukin)
Hi, this is Arsenio for Alex Zukin. Congrats on results. With the international strength you have seen this year, I think it has contributed close to 45% of total revenue growth in fiscal 24. Do you expect this to be an even greater contribution to growth in fiscal 25? Does this mix stay the same? Or as you roll through the drag from the pandemic cohorts early in fiscal 25, do you think that there is strong renewal expansion domestically if macro stays the same that leads to more U.S. contribution to top line growth in fiscal 25? Thank you.
Blake Grayson
CFO
Yeah, thanks for the question. Well, you know, first off, again, really happy with how our international growth has progressed through the year, growing, you know, much faster than the overall business. All of our major regions grew to the double digits in Q4. To the question about whether we think it accelerates more or less, I'm not going to provide any, you know, guidance out to that. But what I will say is just to reiterate, the international opportunity for us, I think, is quite sizable. Only you know, 27% of our revenue in Q4 came from our international business. And if you think of, you know, GDP or something as a proxy, it should be much higher than that. And so I think I'm really excited for that longer-term opportunity, but not, you know, not any place to say, oh, I think it'll accelerate faster or slower than, you know, any other market. Yep.
Unknown Speaker
Okay. With that,
Alan Tegerson
CEO
Thank you all for joining and for your support as we continue to build a solid foundation for DocuSign. We are proud of the strong results in Q4 and of the progress that we're making to reinvigorate innovation and add value for our customers, our employees, and shareholders.
Unknown Speaker
We look forward to what will be a very exciting fiscal 2025. Thank you. See you next quarter.
Operator
Operator
This concludes today's teleconference. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation.
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