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Operator
the day and welcome to the GCM Grosvenor Second Quarter 2024 Results Webcast. Later we will conduct a question and answer session. If you are interested in asking a question, please ensure you dial in using the numbers you have been provided for this call and press star 1 on your keypad to join the queue. If anyone should require operator assistance, please press star then 0 on your telephone. As a reminder, this call will be recorded. I would now like to hand the call over to Stacey Selinger, Head of Invest Relations. You may begin.
Stacey Selinger
Thank you. Good morning and welcome to GCM Grosvenor's Second Quarter 2024 earnings call. Today I am joined by GCM Grosvenor's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Michael Sachs, President John Levin, and Chief Financial Officer Pam Bentley. Before we discuss this quarter's results, a reminder that all statements made on this call that do not relate to matters of historical fact should be considered forward-looking statements. This includes statements regarding our current expectations for the business, our financial performance, and projections. These statements are neither promises nor guarantees. They involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements on this call. Please refer to the factors in the risk factors section of our 10-K, our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and our earnings release, all of which are available on the public shareholder section of our website. We'll also refer to non-GAP measures that we view as important in assessing the performance of our business. Reconciliation of non-GAP metrics to the nearest GAP metric can be found in our earnings presentation and earnings supplement, both of which are available on our website. Our goal is to continually improve how we communicate with and engage with our shareholders. And in that spirit, we look forward to your feedback. Thank you again for joining us. And with that, I'll turn the call over to Michael.
Michael
Thanks, Stacey. We had a strong second quarter building on our recent momentum. During the quarter, fee-related earnings increased 20% and adjusted net income increased 29% over the prior year. Our private market strategies continue to grow, with second-quarter management fees growing 11% year over year. Private markets now comprise 71% of our total assets under management. Our fee-related earnings margin was 40% for the quarter, compared to 31% at the end of 2020. We continue to believe that we have opportunity for further FRE margin expansion in the future. The fundraising environment continued to improve in the second quarter. We raised $1.8 billion, a 26% year over year increase, and that brought first half new capital raised to $3.4 billion, a 45% increase from the first half of 2023. Our pipeline has grown nicely throughout the year, and we expect fundraising in the second half of the year to exceed that of the first half. We've spoken often about the strength of our diversified platform and recently about our confidence in demand for infrastructure and credit strategies. Infrastructure was again the greatest contributor to our quarterly fundraising, with over $600 million raised for this strategy in the quarter, followed by private equity and private credit. The year to date, we've raised $750 million for dedicated credit programs, and we expect our credit platform to see significant growth going forward. Our private markets specialized fundraising of $1 billion so far this year is a great start, and we are well on pace to see materially higher fundraising levels there than we saw in both 2022 and 2023. All of our private market strategies delivered competitive performance, and we believe clients remain appreciative of our value add. Absolute return strategies investment performance was again strong, building on the very solid first quarter. Our multi-strategy composite generated a .4% gross return in the second quarter, outperforming indices and peers. Gross returns for our composite are .4% year to date and .3% over the last 12 months, and we realized $10 million in performance fees so far this year. As a result of the good performance, our ARS pipeline has expanded meaningfully over the past year, during which we raised $1 billion for the strategy. We did have net ARS outflows during the quarter, which resulted from the partial restructuring of one client portfolio. The outflows were at a lower than average management fee, leading to an uptick in our average ARS management fee rate. We expect total ARS management fees for Q3 will be roughly flat compared to the third quarter of last year. The recent volatile markets are the type where absolute return strategies typically show well. Having been through a number of market cycles over the past 35 years, I have great confidence in our ability to add value in difficult market environments. Over the past three years, we've raised $1.8 billion from the individual investor channel. Earlier this year, I told you that expanding our products and distribution in that channel was a strategic priority. We made good progress in that regard this quarter. First, we're excited to share that we will serve as a core independent manager for a private equity interval fund focused on private equity co-investments and secondaries. In addition, we secured a $300 million anchor commitment that we expect will seed an infrastructure product targeting the individual investor channel. We look forward to telling you more about these efforts in the future. Whether the strong long-term demand outlook, our history of high re-up rates, our expanded pipeline, or our operating leverage, there are a number of factors that lead to our confidence regarding the back half of this year and our longer-term goals which John will address now. We have a lot of ways to win and are confident in our value proposition for clients, shareholders, and team members. And with that, John, take it over.
John
Great.
John
Thank you, Michael. This quarter, I will address our previously stated goal of doubling our 2023 fee-related earnings in five years. For historical context, from 2020 to 2023, we grew our fee-related earnings at a 14% compound annual growth rate. And our platform is stronger and the opportunity set is even more compelling now than it was back in 2020. There are five pillars to our growth. Capital deployment, expanding with our existing clients, new client acquisition, scaling new initiatives, and margin expansion. Starting with our embedded growth from capital deployment. Over the last three years, on average, $3 billion of our annual F-POM growth has been simply from turning on fees in existing programs where the capital had already been raised. Going forward, embedded growth will come from converting our $7.3 billion of contracted -fee-paying AUM into fee-paying AUM. We are particularly excited about putting client capital to work in what is an increasingly compelling investment environment. Turning to our existing clients. We have a proven track record of expanding our existing client relationships through successful re-ups and through the broadening of the relationship. Last quarter, I spoke about how re-ups provide embedded growth. As they occur at 90% rates, how that almost average 30% increase in size. In addition, we've consistently had success earning our clients' trust and expanding with them into new areas. Currently, we're seeing great traction with our existing clients around high growth areas such as infrastructure and private credit and into direct-oriented investment strategies. Approximately 50% of our top clients work with us in more than one investment vertical. Third, we are entering harvest mode on strategic investments we've made over recent years. One example is our private market specialized fund franchises. Highlighted on slide 17 of the presentation. Since 2020, we have grown these private market specialized fund franchises by 23% annualized growth rate as measured by capital commitments. And the opportunity persists going forward in both the more mature and the newer fund series. We're fortunate to have such great loyalty from existing clients. More than 80% of our fundraising each year typically comes from those relationships. However, we also have had success with new client acquisition both in markets where we already have a presence and over time in markets and channels where we are seeking to build our business. We've invested in our teams and seen early success in Europe, Australia, and Canada. But we've only scratched the surface of the opportunities set in those regions. Additionally, insurance and individual investors represent a massive opportunity for the alternatives industry and we're in an ideal position to capture share in both of those channels. Finally, while revenue growth will be a key driver to reaching our five-year FRE goal, so is margin expansion from the operating leverage embedded in our business. Achieving our goal assumes continued FRE margin expansion, extending the margin enhancement we've enjoyed since going public. Beyond our FRE growth potential, we also have massive incremental incentive fee opportunity. It is unique in that it's twofold, in both annual performance fees and through carried interests. Both of these earnings streams have been suppressed over the past couple of years and while the exact timing is hard to predict, if we are successful in achieving our FRE growth targets, our growth outcomes in adjusted EBITDA and adjusted ANI should exceed that of FRE. We enjoy industry tailwinds and a platform which has the breadth and flexibility to compete effectively in this exciting market. With that, I'll turn the call over to Pam.
Michael
Thanks, John. We are pleased with our strong results in the second quarter. Assets under management were $79 billion as a quarter end, a 4% increase from a year ago, and fee-paying AUM also increased 4% year over year, ending the quarter at $63 billion. Contracted not yet fee-paying AUM ended the quarter at $7.3 billion, a 9% increase from a year ago due to stronger fundraising over the last 12 months. Private markets was once again a keyed growth driver with private markets fee-paying AUM growing by 7% year over year. As a quarter end, our private markets business represents 71% of total AUM and 66% of our fee-paying AUM. We expect a double mix shift in our business to continue. First, towards private markets, and second, towards direct oriented strategies, which comprise more than half of our private markets AUM as a quarter end. Private markets management fees grew 11% year over year due to strong specialized fund fundraising and catch-up fees of $2.6 million in the quarter. Private markets management fees excluding catch-up fees in the quarter grew 6% year over year in line with our guidance last quarter. We expect a similar year over year growth rate in private markets management fees excluding catch-up fees in the third quarter. For the full year 24, we reaffirm our expectation of double digit private markets management fee growth excluding catch-up fees. At the beginning of the year, we spoke about our expectation that our absolute return strategies management fees would stabilize in 24, and we are still on track to meet that goal. Second quarter ARS management fees increased 3% year over year, and we expect third quarter ARS management fees to be consistent with the third quarter of last year. As Michael noted, investment performance has been very strong, positioning us to generate meaningful potential for the next quarter. We have seen a significant increase in our growth in ARS performance fees this year, and client interest in the strategy has grown. Turning to incentive fees, we realized $16 million in the quarter comprised of $4 million of ARS performance fees and $12 million of carried interest. Our growth unrealized carried interest grew approximately 4% year over year to $810 million as a quarter end. As John noted, we believe our incentive fees provide significant embedded earnings potential, which we look forward to being unlocked as the capital markets and M&A environment improve. As we realize both higher performance fees and increased carried interest, we believe that we have a compelling opportunity to increase the margin on the firm's share of incentive fees to levels at or above last year. Turning to our expenses, as expected, second quarter FRE compensation was $38 million, and we expect a similar level in the third quarter. We remain disciplined in managing expenses and non-GAAP general administrative and other expenses were $20 million in the quarter, again in line with our expectations. We expect similar levels next quarter. Pulling together these factors on a year over year basis, fee related earnings grew a 20% in the quarter and 22% year to date. Adjusted net income grew 29% in the quarter and 34% year to date on a year over year basis. Our FRE margin grew from 36% in the second quarter of 23% to 40% this quarter. While there may be quarterly margin fluctuations, we enjoy significant operating leverage and still expect our overall FRE margin for 24 to exceed last year. Our balance sheet is strong, and during the quarter we successfully took advantage of constructive capital markets to extend our term loan by two years to February 2030, while decreasing the spread on our debt by 25 basis points from 250 to 225 and up sizing the principle by $50 million. The incremental cash will be used for general corporate purposes, continued investments in the business, and opportunistic stock repurchases. We are maintaining a healthy quarterly dividend of 11 cents per share or an annualized yield of more than 4% as of last Friday. There is room for future dividend growth as we enjoy positive momentum in our earnings. We also continue to repurchase shares under our repurchase authorization plan and are focused on managing dilution from our stock compensation program. In the quarter, we repurchase $30 million of stock, leaving $35 million in our share repurchase program as a quarter end. To close, we have confidence in our 24 financial objectives and look forward to the opportunities ahead to deliver value to our clients and shareholders. Thank you again for joining us and we're now happy to take your questions.
Operator
Thank you. If you would like to ask a question at this time, please press star one on your telephone keypad. If you are using a speakerphone, please ensure your mute function is turned off. Again, that function is star one. And our first question will come from Bill Katz with TD Count.
Bill Katz
Thank you very much. Just coming back to ARS for a moment, thank you for the disclosure that it was sort of one large withdrawal that impacted the quarter. As you look ahead of the residual platform, can you size or sense what kind of concentration risk you might have just in terms of other potential outsized withdrawals regardless of reason? Maybe top five, top ten clients, what does that account for in terms of the AUM and then any sort of sight line to withdrawals as you look into the second half of the year?
Michael
Yeah, sure. It's Michael. We don't have concentration risk in terms of revenue at all. And I think as we've talked about, and as you saw here, we do have some large accounts where large AUM, but as the account size gets bigger, the revenue, the fees are down. So we have, as a firm, we have a high level of diversity and kind of low levels of concentration with regard to revenues. And it's one of the things that actually makes us feel very good. And then when you think about the fact that even within ARS, you have different strategies. And then of course, you have ARS versus private markets. When you look at our revenue mixed by client, there's just a lot of diversification there and not a lot of concentration. And so, you know, our goal for ARS for this year was to see stabilization there. We, I think we're pretty much there. We told you, you know, it was one client. We told you it was low fee and the average fee ticked up. And we told you that Q3, we expect management fee revenue to be equal to what it was a year ago. And, you know, on our numbers, we actually think 1125 FOM in ARS, you know, will be higher than 1124 FOM. You know, performance will matter, obviously. You know, there's still some time left on flows, but that's kind of what we see. And we think that goal of ARS stabilizing in 24, giving us the ability for that business to actually grow going forward is, you know, we've gotten there.
Bill Katz
I don't know if I get a follow up on this. I'm going to throw it anyway. John, thanks for the sort of the pathway to how you think you can double the FRE between now and 28. Very helpful. Can you break down maybe one more layer between how you sort of see the dynamics between the assumptions for private markets versus ARS within that construct? Thank you.
John
Sure, Bill. Happy to do that. I think that the way we would think about that math is not dissimilar from how we've talked about what we look of internally from a budgeting and a forecasting perspective, which is a neutral flows environment on the ARS side, but getting growth from compounding. We've talked about the fact that generally speaking, we use, you know, kind of a high single digit number for gross returns, depending on the specific strategy, and then continuing the trend of what we've seen in private markets, which has been, you know, low double digit to, you know, kind of almost low teens kind of growth on the private markets revenue side of things. And so I think that longer term, those kind of assumptions we use to budget and forecast the business on a longer term basis would be similar to how we would look at it over a five year period. I think once you get into breaking down how those numbers get there, it's a lot of what I talked about on the prepared remarks in terms of embedded growth we have from CNYF, Tom, embedded growth we have from the REUP relationships that we have, as well as the broadening of those relationships, the new client acquisition opportunity. And I don't think that when we talk about these outcomes, we're really giving or counting on what I would call kind of some of the more outsized opportunities you might have from things like real explosive growth in the individual investor market and things
John
of nature. Thank you. And the next question will come from Ken Worthington
Operator
with JP Morgan.
Ken
Good morning. Thanks for taking the question. So maybe digging a little deeper into wealth management and sort of your growing and deepening presence there, can you talk about how you see Grosvenor as being different in terms of either product design or product focus versus what the market already sees and what's sort of resonating with the distribution channels? You mentioned Infra is sort of the latest here. In my mind, it's really sustainability and impact investing where you seem to be different than peers. And what does the opportunity sit there in wealth?
Michael
So, Ken, it's Michael. I think that the opportunity in wealth and generally and frankly, the opportunity in wealth kind of specifically for us is pretty significant. And it's not at all like pigeonholes or, you know, it's a significant opportunity and it's an opportunity across a range of different types of products and strategies. Obviously, it's a huge channel. It's a under penetrated channel for alternatives in a pretty serious way. And the penetration that is there, you know, meaning the balance sheet allocation, if you will, and the balance sheet allocation that is there that is going to rise and there's, you know, kind of near unanimity of it on this view, that balance sheet allocation is concentrated today in a relatively, you know, somewhat small number of big brand names. So while we see real opportunity in Infra, while you mentioned correctly opportunity that we could have in sustainability, you know, there's actually opportunity in private equity and there's actually opportunity in credit and yield products because it is a channel that will five years out, 10 years out, have a lot more diversification inside of it and a lot more larger number of names on platforms in the future than there are today where the, you know, lion's share of the alts, you know, names are pretty highly concentrated with, you know, one to one, one to two handfuls, one to one and a half handfuls of the biggest best known players. So we see a lot of opportunity there.
Ken
Okay, great. Thank you. And then just on the absolute return business, you highlighted the concentration redemption from that one client. Was that the vast majority? Was it half? What portion of the elevated redemption? No,
Michael
it was, it was, it was a very, very significant majority. The client remains the client, continues to work with us. We're, you know, some of that we could see come back in different strategies over time and that was as we described it, it was a restructuring and reallocation of a client portfolio. It wasn't a, you know, and it wasn't, you know, that's, it was a, it was a top down kind of macro thing at a client that we still work with and want to continue to work with as we go forward.
Ken
Thank you. And the, the contributions are still at close contributions are still at very low levels. I think you mentioned in the past, you had a number of strategies that are performing really well. And I think you thought that they might start to attract assets. What do you feel here? Is, is this something where we should see the gross contributions? Yeah, we,
Michael
yeah, as I, said, look, trying to time inflows and outflows quarter to quarter is, is not, you know, worthwhile. You should have a, my opinion, you should have a simplified, we, you know, we do our very best to budget, but, you know, it's, it's hard to, you know, it's hard to do that. You should have a simplifying assumption and build your models. And we're obviously happy to help you do that. We've, I said, I think earlier that, I don't think it was in the script, that we think one, one, 25, a paying a U M and A R S are, we believe that will be higher than one, one, 24. We got to get through the end of the year. Performance will matter on that. But that's our, you know, that's, we see that now, we think this has stabilized. And I personally believe that, you know, we will see growth over the next, you know, several years, it's not going to be linear per se. It's not going to be, you know, every quarter, you know, like a step function. But, you know, we have been through a lot of cycles in this space. And I, that's my, that's my belief. Great. Thank you.
Operator
And the next question comes from Crispin Love with Piper Sandler.
Crispin Love
Thanks. Good morning, everyone. Appreciate taking my questions. Just first on, on fundraising, TE has been pretty stable here for a few quarters, infrastructure improving. But just discuss the outlook for the back half of the year. You mentioned the second half being better than the first. Just curious if you could drill a little bit deeper there, the key areas of opportunity across private markets. And then just, has the pipeline changed at all compared to the numbers you discussed last quarter? I think I might have missed that in the prepared remarks that you mentioned.
Michael
Thanks. Sure. The pipeline is, the pipeline's full. We did, we did mention that. And, you know, it's, that's obviously a good thing. Last quarter, John talked about us having 4 billion or so of re-ups in site. We, three of those, first of all, take a step back. We raised 3.4 billion in the first half. We've said clearly second half will be higher. We have, of the re-ups John mentioned last quarter, we've got about 3 billion of those that are still in the pipeline. So that's a nice start right there. We've got a number of specialized funds that are in market that we're raising money for. And we talked about the fact that we're already off to a quite good start on specialized fundraising for the year. And we think that that's going to continue. And we're going to have a good year of specialized fundraising. And obviously, we pick up, you know, you pick up new clients and you deploy capital. You know, you pick up new clients and you have existing clients that work, move with you into new strategies. And so we're, we are, you know, confident in the back half of the year with regard to our fundraising.
John
And I would just add to the last point Michael was making around kind of new client acquisition, we have a number of different, what I would call, I guess, leading indicators, for lack of a better word, around the activity levels there, whether it's RFPs that are out in the market or the amount of marketing presentations that we're preparing or the general kind of busy nature of our sales team. And like all those metrics point to a more, certainly a more active environment now than you would have had, you know, a year ago. And certainly it seems the activity levels are higher kind of across the board.
Crispin Love
Great. Thank you. I appreciate that. And just one last question for me, mostly on the macro side. We've seen plenty of volatility in the past week or so, mostly concentrated late last week and early this credit spreads have widened recession talk renewed, but, and then with just rate cuts coming, likely 100 bits or so before year end. But when you think about it and put this all together, can you discuss kind of how it impacts if at all your outlook or potential for deal activity in the space and then knock on effects for GCM, whether it's kind of pros and cons across private markets or ARS, or if you just view it kind of more of a uplift than anything else, but just appreciate any color there.
John
Thank you. Yeah. So in general, volatile markets tend
Michael
to reinforce the attractiveness of alternative strategies. I honestly, I think that's the biggest takeaway when you have real extreme volatile markets, your alt strategies are, you know, have higher levels of appreciation from your client base. And I think that's just what we've experienced. And I think that matters a lot. As far as, you know, the impact of, you know, rate cuts over the next two, three quarters, you know, slow down in the economy, the chance of a recession, some people writing has, you know, gone up from 25% to 35% from 15% to 25% over the last few weeks. You know, that doesn't have a pretty, you know, particularly significant impact on how we operate and on, you know, how we see opportunity or we see, you know, short-term, intermediate-term results and nothing, you know, like in that realm has, you know, any real impact or, you know, makes any real change to our longer term sort of five-year outlook.
John
Thanks, Michael. I appreciate all the color there in the box. Thank you.
Operator
Again, if you have a question, please press star and then one on your touchtone telephone. And our next question will come from Stephanie Ma with Morgan Stanley.
Stephanie Ma
Hi, thanks for taking my question. Just wanted to get your latest thoughts on private credit. How do you think about that asset class as we head into potential rate cuts? And against the changing macro and rates backdrop, how are you thinking about expanding origination capabilities or other interesting areas of opportunities?
Michael
Thanks. Thank you. Thanks for the question. I think, you know, we've said it in the prepared remarks that, you know, and you've seen it in fundraising, private credit is going to continue to grow. It's not, none of these things that we talk about that are why we think we have a very good business that has a very good outlook for the next half decade are, you know, affected by these sort of, you know, short-term items. Private credit is a growth sector. It's going to grow. You're going to see it have more of a share of global balance sheet in five years than it does today. And we, you know, nothing changes our view there. And we think it will continue. I think I said specifically in the remarks, you know, our pipeline has a bunch of private credit in it for the remainder of the year for next year. We're enthusiastic about that. And, you know, as far as there, you know, that's in every, I think it grows in all the channels. I think it grows in the individual investor channel. I think it grows in the institutional channel. I think it grows across private credit strategies. And we're, you know, we're enthusiastic about that channel and our opportunities there, that asset, that vertical and our opportunities there.
Stephanie Ma
Great. Thank you. Maybe just one on FRE margins. Appreciate your aspirations over time, but any other call you can provide on cadence or trajectory? What are some of the steps to get between ongoing mix shift of the business and realizing benefits of scale? And then also maybe you can tie into there some ongoing areas where you continue to invest behind. Thank you.
Michael
Sure. I don't know, Pam, if you want to take the margin question, because I think you addressed it to some extent in your comments. You know, to be clear, we think we've got like solid, good, strong margin performance with some operating leverage this year. And then I think we were, we were, and you picked up on that we were trying to highlight that we believe we have continued operating leverage and margin looking out over the next several years. And I touched on that. John touched on that. The, you know, we continue to, you know, manage our expenses tightly. We continue to manage headcount well. We continue to try to align interests between, you know, team and shareholders. And I think all of these things, you know, lead to our some contribute to our margin opportunity. I don't know, Pam, John, if you have anything you want to
John
add. I would just add another point, which is, you know, these businesses, and you've seen it, obviously, not just in our business and the margin enhancement we've had over the last few years, but you see it generally in the marketplace, are businesses that are good businesses. They benefit from the tailwinds. They benefit from the revenue trends. And they allow you to do, to take care of your existing people appropriately from a compensation perspective, while also investing in your business and still have operating leverage and margin enhancement. So I don't think it's the go from one quarter to the next quarter and all of a sudden hit your margin goal. I think it's the type of trajectory that you've seen over the last few years where you get it as you're having revenue growth and get it kind of rattably or, you know, somewhat linearly over time. And I think if you look at us relative to other businesses in our space, you can get a sense for where margins can kind of go over time. I think the, you know, important part of what we're speaking to in terms of a five-year perspective is just the different vectors of growth, the multiple ways to win, the optionality you have. You can't predict everything five years out, but I think as we look across the board of all the different things that are going on at the business, feel good about the revenue growth and therefore feel good about the ability to continue to have the leverage in the business.
Michael
And in terms of what we're investing behind, we've talked about the individual investor channel, we've talked about other distribution channels that we have invested into and will continue to invest into. You've seen us invest in credit, you know, credit investment capability over the last several quarters. And we've been clear that we think that's a fruitful growth opportunity. So I think we're investing in a number of places where we think we can, you know, see real
John
results from those investments. I appreciate all the color. Thank you.
Operator
And the next question will come from Bill Katz with TD Count.
Bill Katz
Okay, thank you very much for taking the extra questions. Just zoning in on the opportunity for performance fees. So I'm wondering if you can answer a couple questions. Any, I appreciate markets have been particularly volatile in the last week or so, but putting that aside, how should we be thinking about any kind of cadence to understand what's going on in the line of sight of activities that you might be seeing? Which portfolios do you think it comes out of as you sort of array between sort of 2013 and current? And then, Pam, you may have said this, and I apologize, I may have missed it. How do you sort of see the aggregate comp ratio on the variable incentive migrating as the quantum of dollars were to increase? Thank you.
John
So, maybe I'll take the last one first. Sorry,
Michael
let's take the last one first, which is that margin, and Pam did say this. It's in her remarks, but as the revenues in that incentive line grow, the margin will grow from the levels you saw that in the last week. She did address that directly, and you'll see that. Most of the ARS portfolios have some element of a performance fee that, along with the private markets carry, contributes to our incentive fee line. Most of that, some of that's crystallized from last year a little bit, this year already, but most of that crystallizes at the fourth quarter year end, and so you, you know, we don't count that until we get that, but there is for sure a revenue opportunity there for 2024, and ignoring the last week or so as you instructed us to, it's not a trivial revenue opportunity, and I think we put in our earnings deck the earnings power at like a base case assumption there, and we were obviously outperforming that base case assumption, you know, as of the end of the second quarter. So, you know, there's some revenue there, but it's not there until it is, and you got to, you know, we'll see where things land on 1231.
John
Yeah, I mean, Michael said this, Bill, but just to, you know, it's for us, obviously, it's intuitive. We live it every day, but to the extent you see performance fees that are crystallizing, sometimes not in the fourth quarter, it just happens to be the one-off portfolio that might have a fiscal year that's not lined up with the calendar year, but as Michael said, most of the portfolios are calendar year portfolios for the measurement of performance fees, which is why you see most of the crystallization happen in the fourth quarter. The only other point I would add to what Michael said is most of our ARS portfolios that we manage for clients are what we would think of as multi-strategy portfolios. So, there are some that are maybe equity-specific or credit-specific or whatever it might be, but the vast majority of them are multi-strategy portfolios, meaning they have equity strategies in them, credit strategies in relative value, macro strategies, etc. And so, the positive performance we're seeing year to date and even the capital protection that we're seeing through these more difficult markets over the last couple of weeks is kind of broad-based positive performance and broad-based pretty strong alpha production.
John
Okay, thank you very much.
Operator
Thank you. And that does conclude the question-answer session. I'll now turn the conference back over to
Stacey Selinger
Michael. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you again for joining us today. We appreciate the questions and the engagement, and we look forward to either following up or talking to you again next quarter.
Operator
Thank you. And ladies and gentlemen, thank you for participating in today's conference. This concludes today's program. We hope everyone has a great day. You may all disconnect.
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