GeoVax Labs, Inc.

Good afternoon and welcome everyone to the Geovax fourth quarter, full year 2022 corporate update call. My name is Diego and I will facilitate today's call. With me today are David Dodd, Chairman and CEO, Mark Reynolds, Chief Financial Officer, Mark Newman, Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Kelly McD, Chief Medical Officer, and Dr. John Sharkey, Vice President, Business Development. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A question and answer session will follow the formal presentation. Please note this conference is being recorded. I will now turn the conference over to our host, Gabby DeGravina of CG Capital. Thank you. You may begin.

Thank you. Please note the following. Certain statements in this presentation may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Segurities Litigation Reform Act. These statements are based on management's current expectations and are subject to uncertainty and changes in circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from those included in these statements due to a variety of factors, including whether Geovax can develop and manufacture its vaccines with the desired characteristics in a timely manner, Geovax's vaccines will be safe for human use, Geovax's vaccines will effectively prevent targeted infections in humans, Geovax's vaccines will receive regulatory approvals necessary to be licensed and marketed. Geovax raises required capital to complete vaccine development. There's development of competitive products that may be more effective or easier to use than Geovax's products. Geovax will be able to enter into favorable manufacturing and distribution agreements and other factors over which Geovax has no control. Geovax assumes no obligation to update these forward-looking statements and does not intend to do so. More information about these factors is contained in Geovax's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including those set forth at risk factors in Geovax's Form 10-K. It is now my pleasure to introduce the Chairman and CEO of Geovax, David Dodd.

Good afternoon, and thank you for participating in the Geovax Corporate Update Call. Fourth quarter 2022 represented continued progress for Geovax as we advanced the Phase II clinical programs in support of Godeptin, our promising cancer therapy for patients with advanced head and neck cancers, and GEO-CMO4-S1, our next-generation COVID-19 vaccine, focused on the unmet needs of immunocompromised patients. We also continued to progress our overall development stage programs. This includes our GeoVax Mach 1 immunotherapy, currently in IND supportive studies. Also, the preclinical studies evaluating GADEPTIN in conjunction with immune checkpoint inhibitors continue to be encouraging with relevant data expected this year. Throughout 2022, we strengthened our balance sheet during a very difficult investment environment, especially for the biotech industry. As a result of our successful financings last year, We've expanded our current clinical programs to include additional sites while also adding near-term opportunities related to our manufacturing processes and the additional oncology programs. Recently, we announced the expansion of our Cadeptin Phase II clinical program with the activation of patient enrollment in the two additional sites at Emory University and Thomas Jefferson University. For our COVID-19 vaccine program, we implemented a novel Mobile Clinical Research Facility in Claremont, California, to support our Phase 2 COVID-19 vaccine booster trial. Additionally, multiple sites are in the process of joining our Phase 2 COVID-19 trial among immunocompromised patients, including some potential sites outside the U.S. There is significant interest in participating in the evaluation of our novel COVID-19 vaccine targeting the high-risk immunocompromised patient populations. During the fourth quarter, we also announced the acquisition of the rights from the NIH allowing Geovax to develop and commercialize their MVA as a vaccine against monkeypox or mpox and smallpox. Our intent is to be the first and primary U.S.-based supplier of a Geovax MVA vaccine against mpox and smallpox, resulting in expanded supply and access worldwide. especially related to low- and middle-income countries, which have consistently experienced significant difficulty in supply of many critical vaccines and therapies. Finally, we recently announced our successful progress towards becoming the first vaccine supplier using an avian cell line-based manufacturing process, significantly expanding the yield and capacity of MVA-based vaccines. This will allow us to reduce supply chain risk associated with the use of chicken eggs and to provide the means to greatly expand production cost scale to address potential global needs, again, especially related to lower-cost alternatives for supply to the low- and middle-income countries. Our mission is to provide immunotherapies and vaccines that improve lives worldwide, preventing or treating some of the world's most challenging cancers and infectious diseases. Our business strategy of partnering and collaborations is anticipated to allow us to provide worldwide access to our products while providing optimal value to our stakeholders. We believe that Gidepton, CMO4S1, and our other initiatives provide significant value expansion opportunities for the company, our shareholder, and stakeholders while providing compelling career development opportunities for the members of our teams. As a reminder, Godeptin is a cancer therapy currently in an expanded multi-site evaluation among patients suffering from advanced head and neck cancers. The product has received orphan drug designation from the FDA and funding for the current clinical trial is from the FDA Orphan Drugs Clinical Trials Program. Our focus is on completing the initial 10-patient study funded by the FDA. We will review those results with the FDA along with our recommendations for an expanded program, while also discussing with the FDA the potential for an expedited biologics license application filing. We're excited about the outlook and promise of Godeptin within advanced head and neck cancers, as well as other opportunities and indications relative to the expanded use of Godeptin. This includes the potential application of the underlying technology in conjunction with other therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, and potential synergy with our internally developed Giovax MOC1 tumor-associated antigen approach. Relative to commercialization, we anticipate partnering and collaborations in support of worldwide use for which business development activities have been initiated. The vast array of unmet medical needs within oncology represents significant opportunities for Giovax to advance novel approaches such as that of cadeptin therapy against multiple tumors, Godeptin in conjunction with immune checkpoint inhibitors, and the G of X Mach 1 cancer immunotherapy approach, addressing various cancer patient needs worldwide. As previously mentioned, we hold worldwide rights for the use of Godeptin and the G of X tumor-associated antigen technologies in all indications. Our plans include the successful development of commercialization globally in conjunction with collaborators and partners. GEOCMO4S1, which we refer to as CMO4S1, is in phase two clinical development as a COVID-19 vaccine, targeting both the antibody and cellular arms of the immune system. The goal is to provide a more robust and durable protection than the currently authorized vaccines, especially for immunocompromised individuals. This vaccine holds promise over the current authorized vaccines from several critical areas of differentiation and value to various patients. CMO4S1 is being developed to address those patient populations of immunocompromised individuals currently inadequately served by the authorized vaccines and the various monoclonal antibody therapies. A recent article in the New England Journal of Medicine addressed the critical need to address both antibodies and T cells relative to protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. CM-04S1 is specifically constructed to include a broader focus on the SARS-CoV-2 virus, including both the spike protein and the nucleocapsid protein, resulting in strong humoral and cellular immune responses. As a result, it induces strong antibody and T-cell responses. Such immune responses were validated and reported last year in the Lancet Microbe publication of the Phase I data. Addressing the cellular immune responses via inclusion of the nucleotapsid protein is especially critical among those patient populations who have immune systems with a bladed ability to mount a response to antibody stimulation. This includes patient populations with various blood cancers, HIV, sickle cell anemia, kidney disease, autoimmune disease, and others with various comorbidities. We estimate at least 15 million such individuals in the US alone and over 200 million patients worldwide. We believe that CMO4S1 has the potential to address a critical worldwide medical need and commercial opportunity. We also believe that an opportunity for an expedited regulatory path may exist for such a development program. With CMO4S1, we also anticipate partnering and collaborations to occur for worldwide distribution providing a novel vaccine in support of patients with such compromised immune systems. Regarding 2023 milestones, our focus this year includes accelerating efforts in support of the GADEPTIN and CMO4S1 Phase II clinical programs, moving the GFX-MVA vaccine related to mpox and smallpox in its development, and advancing our MVA manufacturing process into operational validation. During the first half, we anticipate reporting initial clinical results of the safety lead-in for the CMO4S1 immunocompromised trial. Presentations are scheduled for the World Vaccine Congress in early April, the Vaccine Summit 2023 in late May, as well as the ISAC site flow cytometry international meeting in late May. In addition to the recently reported site expansion of the gadeptin study, We anticipate reviewing initial data later this year. Also this year, we anticipate reporting further preclinical information related to the use of the Codeptin technology used in conjunction with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Furthermore, we intend to provide updates relative to IND supportive studies of our advancing G of X Mark 1 tumor-associated antigen therapy. In early June, our team will be actively participating in ASCO 2023. During 2022, we strengthened our balance sheet, adding $37 million during a time when many biotech firms were furloughing programs and or people. We feel that our capital development success reflects investor support and belief in the value and growth opportunities underway at GeoVax. We continue to receive strong interest related to capital investment development, which we'll evaluate, but we're focused on execution towards our 2023 goals strengthening shareholder value, and achieving critical reporting milestones for our current development programs. Now, I'd like to turn the presentation over to Mark Ramos, GIAVAC's Chief Financial Officer, for a review of our recent results and financial status. Mark?

Thank you, David. Starting with our income statement, the first thing to note is the lower grant revenues reported during 2022 as compared to 2021. which is reflective of the wind down of our grants from the U.S. Army and the NIH for our loss of fever and COVID-19 preclinical programs as we focused attention on our clinical programs. We do, however, intend to seek additional non-dilutive government funding for our preclinical development programs in the future. Research and development expenses were $9.1 million for 2022 versus $15.6 million for 2021, representing a decrease of $6.4 million. It should be noted, however, that the 21 expense included $12.3 million of license fees and other upfront costs related to our licenses of CMO4S1 and Gideptim. Excluding these costs, our R&D expense actually increased by $5.9 million. These increases were planned and expected as they were associated with new clinical trial activity for CMO4S1 and Gideptim. including manufacturing costs for clinical trial materials. The increase is also reflective of higher personnel and consulting costs, as we stacked up earlier in the year. General administrative expenses were $5 million for 2022, as compared to $3.6 million in 2021, with the increases associated with higher personnel, consulting, and patent costs. So overall net loss for 2022 was $14 million, or 83 cents per share, versus $18.6 million in 2021, or $3.04 per share. Again, the increases during 2022 are primarily associated with ramp-up of organizational infrastructure and other costs associated with the CMO4S1 and Gidepton clinical trials. Turning now to the balance sheet, our cash balances at December 31st were approximately $27.6 million, as compared to $11.4 million at the end of 2021. The change in our cash balances for 2022 is reflective of $19 million used in operating activities, all set by proceeds from stock offerings in January and May with combined net proceeds to us of nearly $28 million and an additional $7.6 million proceeds from mixes of warrants during third quarter of last year. Our outstanding common shares now stand at $26.3 million. In summary, We're well-positioned to accelerate and advance our clinical programs with a cash runway sufficient to fund our operations and priority programs to the end of 2023. Funding our three ongoing Phase II clinical programs and preparing for the next stages of development are the most significant use of our cash and our top financial priority. I'll be happy to answer any questions during the Q&A, and I'll now turn the call back over to David.

Thank you, Mark. My colleagues and I will now answer your questions. Joining us for the Q&A session are Drs. Mark Newman, Kelly McKee, and John Sharkey, our Chief Scientific Officer, Chief Medical Officer, and Vice President of Business Development, respectively. I'll now turn the call over to the operator for instructions on the question-answer period.

Thank you. And before we take questions, I'm going to hand the floor to Mark Reynolds for some comments. Thank you.

to take a minute to tell all the listeners that what you just heard was pre-recorded by David and me. Unfortunately, David had an unexpected family emergency today, and he is going to be unavailable to participate in the live Q&A session. But I still have with me today Mark Newman, John Sharkey, and Kelly McKee, and we'll all do our best to answer any questions that may arise. So I'll turn it back to the operator now.

Thank you. And at this time, we'll begin our question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question, press star 1 on your telephone keypad. A confirmation tone will indicate that your line is in the question queue. You may press the star key followed by the number 2 if you would like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. Once again, to ask a question, press star 1 on your telephone keypad. Our first question comes from Jason Colbert with Dawson James. Please state your question.

Hi, guys. Congratulations on all the progress. A couple of questions across a couple of areas. First on Gidepton, at what point do you think you hit a proof of concept? That's what I'm trying to understand. Phase one to trial, at what point do you walk away and say, yeah, this thing works?

Mark or Kelly, which one of you take that question, please?

Well, this is Kelly. Let me sort of start off. You know, that's really kind of a hard question to answer. We have proof of concept in a general sense from the phase one study that's already completed in that we demonstrated that injection of tumors with gadeptin followed by fludarabine infusions shrank the tumors. Now, you know, this is palliative therapy, so we have no expectation that we're going to improve overall survival or even necessarily lengthen survival, but we do have proof of concept already that this technology will shrink tumors. the current study is designed to sort of follow up that initial trial by giving repeat administrations of gadeptin and repeat with fludarabine infusions following to activate the protein inside the tumor and sort of assess not only sort of what the safety profile is with repeat administration, but to see whether we're seeing an excess accelerated benefit or an expanded benefit in shrinking tumors. And, you know, it's a small number of patients. We've now enrolled eight of our target 10. And once the study is completed and we start looking at all the data sort of qualitatively as well as quantitatively, I think we'll have a better sense for that. And that information should start to become available towards the end of the summer. given sort of the timelines of the trial itself. Does that help answer your question?

Yeah, no, that does. I mean, it establishes the timeline. We're going to get a peak at N equals 10 and see what the data looks like. What's the best case scenario that you'd like to see?

You know, best case is we take our data package to the FDA, and they look at it and tell us, well, you know, you can give us similar data in an additional, you know, reasonable number of patients, and we don't know what that reasonable number will be. We were initially hoping it would be somewhere in the neighborhood of 20 to 40, but it's probably going to be more than that. But, you know, then we could achieve an accelerated approval for this as an unmet medical need. But, you know, again, it sort of depends on what the data looks like when we finish the trial and what the environment at the FDA is in terms of accelerated approvals for these kinds of therapies at the time that we present it to them.

Okay, fair enough. I understood. Similar question on the COVID-2 vaccine program. Two phase two trials. What's the next focal point that we should be looking at in terms of that data set?

Well, so the two trials that we have ongoing, one of them is in healthy volunteers as a healthy as a heterologous booster, and we're about between a third and a halfway through enrollment. With the addition of our new clinical site, we anticipate, you know, accelerating enrollment dramatically and hope to have that study fully enrolled within the next couple of three months at worst. And, you know, given the follow-up, The primary immune marker endpoint is a month or so after the booster. So we should start seeing some of that data. hopefully by quarter three, quarter, well, say early quarter four of this year. The study that we've got ongoing in patients with hematologic malignancies is a much slower paced study. We've not been able to enroll that study as quickly as we had anticipated at the City of Hope National Medical Center where it was begun. And for that reason, we've begun enlisting support of multiple other academic medical centers. And by summertime, we should have a handful of those lined up in enrolling patients. So I wouldn't anticipate any significant readouts of that for, gosh, my best guess, a year, something like that. Fair enough. It's hard to find patients that meet the eligibility criteria for this trial.

Okay, fair enough. And my last question is really understanding the importance of the NVA manufacturing process. What I'm thinking here is that what you're saying is, you know, in the event that there is another pandemic, the ability to be able to make a vaccine at scale, high capacity, high yield quickly becomes critical. Obviously, you're differentiated from an mRNA vaccine. process, which is a pretty rapid process too, but you're making the point that you're getting away, you know, egg-based vaccine technology is, is, uh, is something in the past and you've now kind of got this critical piece in place. Is that, is that understanding correct?

Mark Newman, let me comment on that one. Sure. Um, yeah, that is the goal here. The mRNA is a platform, as you mentioned, where it really enables you to do a rapid response. So there's a difference between a response and building up vaccine capabilities. So the cell line production gives us large scale, but it's also the idea is to get back to kind of the normal world of vaccines where childhood vaccines are given at a young age and you hope never to get never to get sick the rest of your life type of thing. And that's what we're looking at for, you know, our, our products. So larger scale need, larger scale manufacturing will be that met needed to meet that type of distribution. So it's, you know, we're focused on COVID. So you're always being compared to the, the mRNA vaccine groups, but we're actually targeting that field totally differently. So it's, that's, that's the issue. It's, it kind of, We can be small scale and certainly address, with the current technology, smaller niche types of patient populations. But to really expand it, which is what's in our plans, that'll fit into the cell production-based systems.

Yeah, thank you. That really clears it up for me a lot. Congratulations on all the progress. I hope David as well. Thank you.

Our next question comes from Vernon Bernardino with HC Wainwright. Please do your question.

Hi, thanks for taking my question. Most of them have already been asked and answered, but just wanted to follow up on Jason's question regarding Gideptin. Now, the kind of efficacy that we might expect from the Phase I-II, you mentioned that eight patients have been enrolled and perhaps expect some data at the end of summer. But what kind of data would that be? Would that be just data in which you confirm that Gideptin shrinks tumors, or is there some other kind of efficacy data you expect to announce?

Well, I mean, we are measuring, I mean, Our endpoint measures include sort of, you know, we graded these tumors under Rhesus 1.1, and we will be taking tumor measurements. We'll be looking at not only the sort of quantitative impact on injected tumors, but the potential effect on distant tumors. distant tumors that were not injected. And it's as much to give us a sense for or some confidence in that what we're doing is actually benefiting patients in a meaningful way just in terms of improving somewhat their quality of life. but also sort of giving us some guidance with regard to direction for follow-on studies. You know, there's no doubt that we're going to have to add additional patients to the 10 that we will have at the end of this trial. But whether that means we will be able to, for example, increase the amount of fludarabine we're able to give patients to give it a chance to activate more of the gadeptin inside the tumor, tumor masses that are injected, whether that means we can either dial up or dial back the amount of injected adenovirus that carries the gadeptin you know, the activating protein into the tumors, you know, those kinds of questions. We'll get some sense for where we can take this study as we go into additional patients. Does that help you?

Yes. And as a follow-up, do you have any expectations on how many repeat cycles may be possible, especially when you're also giving fludarabine?

Well, So each cycle right now involves injection of gadeptin, three gadeptin injections over a two-day period, followed by three days of fludarabine. And it's up to five cycles for each patient. Now, whether we can add additional cycles, whether additional cycles would be useful. We really don't know that yet. And again, that's, you know, these are questions that we want to explore as we progress the development program. But we don't have enough information right now to be able to make that decision.

Perfect. And you expect to discuss data from the 10 patients with the FDA. You think that'll be this year?

Yeah. I mean, we are, you know, obviously sort of constrained by the how quickly we can enroll these final two patients. And then if you sort of follow, if these final two patients follow the entire five cycle program, we're looking at basically six months from the time that the last patient is enrolled. So give us a month or so to analyze the data and pull it together, schedule a meeting with the FDA, So, we're hoping we'll be able to get in front of them by the end of the year, but there are some factors that are sort of beyond our control in that regard.

Perfect. That's very helpful, and thanks for taking my questions.

Our next question comes from Jason McCarthy with Maxim Group. Please state your question.

Hi, this is Joanne Lee on the call for Jason McCarthy. Thanks for taking the question. Just two from me, as most of my questions have already been answered. But firstly, I guess sort of from a broader perspective, do you guys have any numbers on, I guess, the proportion of patients who are getting regular boosting and revaccination? And would you expect this to be sort of the addressable population for your vaccine? Curious to hear your thoughts.

When you mean patients, you mean our hematologic malignancy population or who are you talking about specifically?

For the COVID, related to the COVID vaccine, I guess how many people are up to date and actively getting boosters? And I guess if your COVID vaccine that you're currently developing would be addressable to this population of patients.

Well, I mean, I would anticipate that, you know, given the impact that this disease can have on an immunocompromised population of patients, virtually all of them will be getting, you know, regular boosters with mRNA vaccines according to the schedule prescribed by the CDC and the, you know, cancer societies. But we don't have any specific numbers in hand. What we do know is that the response that these patients generate to mRNA vaccines is suboptimal compared to that seen in normal healthy individuals and that they remain vulnerable to contracting severe illness when they get infected with this virus.

Great. Appreciate the color. Moving on, I guess, to the head and neck cancer trial, how large do you think the trial will go in terms of enrollment and what kind of response rate do you think would be clinically meaningful to advance the program?

Thanks. Well, you've just asked two questions that we're gonna be curious to hear from the FDA about. We don't really know right now what they're gonna require in order for us to be granted an accelerated approval. We have some estimates from some of our consultants that range anywhere from 80 to 120 patients. But whether that's really what they're thinking right now, we don't know. And in terms of what sort of endpoints or what sort of readouts, you know, again, we don't know what the emphasis is going to be, whether it's going to be sort of tumor response in terms of shrinkage, whether it's going to be a quality of life measure, some combination of that. We really don't know what they're going to require. And, you know, between now and our meeting with the FDA, we're going to solicit input from a number of regulatory specialists that have been working in this area to give us some thoughts and recommendations about what to present and what to propose.

Got it. Appreciate you taking all the time to provide updates. Congrats again on the quarter.

Our next question comes from Robert LaBoyer with Noble Capital Markets. Please state your question.

Good afternoon. I was hoping that you could discuss some of the things in the Gidepton trial and specifically the use of the checkpoint inhibitors that was mentioned earlier. There was a mention of the dosing regimen. but I was curious as to whether you were going to have separate arms for the checkpoint inhibitors or all patients, or how you were going to go about testing it, either alone or a combination.

Yeah, so, well, I mean, fundamentally, we don't have a study designed specifically in mind at this point in time. However, we recognize the potential that adding a checkpoint inhibitor offers to a therapy like gadeptin. I mean, there's sort of biologically plausible rationale for doing this. And, you know, there are other therapeutic agents in trials in head and neck cancer that are sort of capitalizing on this concept at the present time. So we have some ideas about how to go about doing this, but we don't have any specific design in mind at this time. The preclinical work that's ongoing is with our collaborators at Emory University, in which they've demonstrated in animal models some very encouraging results, which I think are going to support moving forward and how to move forward. Our thinking at this time, and this is not meant to commit us in any way, but our thinking at this time is that offering gadeptin plus a checkpoint in the context of neoadjuvant therapy is a very appealing approach, and we intend to explore that extensively as we discuss taking the program down the road in multiple different directions.

Okay.

Thank you very much. Thank you. Just a reminder to the audience, to ask a question, press star 1 on your telephone keypad. To remove yourself from the queue, press star 2. Our next question comes from Kumar Raja with Roth Capital. Please state your question.

Thanks for taking my question. So first one with regard to the MUC1 IND filing, what needs to be done there before and also the timing. And with regard to the GADAPTIN trial, what are you seeing in terms of the screen failure rate and what should we expect in terms of data at ASCO?

Well, I'll take the Gadeptan one and then Mark will address the MUC1 question. But so we're not presenting anything at ASCO. You know, we are, I'm going to be going to that meeting and availing myself of the opportunity to interact with many of the key opinion leaders in the head and neck cancer field. to pick their brains, to sort of see what the state of the art is with using sort of therapeutic interventions either alone or in conjunction with patients. checkpoint inhibitors and other immunologic sort of, I don't want to say adjuvants, but, you know, combination with other immunologic stimulators, stimulants. And so there's no data that's going to be presented at ASCO because we don't really have a complete data set to be able to present. What was your other question about gadeptin before I give it back to Mark?

Yeah, I was wondering what you were saying in terms of screen failure rate.

Screen failure, yeah. So that's really a hard question to answer because And the patients that are offered to us by our site investigators are those that are sort of at the end of their other therapeutic options. And, you know, patients tend to be pre-identified at some point well in advance of the time that they're really ready to enroll in our trials. and whether they show a response to a current therapeutic regimen that they're on or whether they find themselves in such dire straits because of their underlying disease that they don't qualify because of abnormal blood chemistries or cardiac failure or whatever. it's kind of all over the place. And so we don't really see, patients aren't screened unless they sort of get to the point where they're in a position where the investigator thinks there's a reasonable chance that they could enroll in our trial. Now, once they get to that point, I would guess that our screen failure rate is probably somewhere in the neighborhood of 25 to 50%.

Okay, that's great. Thank you.

And our next question comes from Jeffrey Krause with Crystal Research. Please state your question.

Thank you very much. Many of my questions were already asked, but the questions that remain, you just addressed ASCO, but you expect to be presenting any scientific papers or scientific presentations or data set presentations at any of the three scientific conferences that you're attending?

For Gidepton or for? For anything. Oh, yeah, yeah, yep. They're just not at ASCO. The other two, yes. Right, yes. There's going to be data presented at the World Vaccine Congress in early April. There's going to be data on CMO4S1. There's going to be data presented at the Vaccine Summit in Boston in, I guess that's early June or maybe late May. on CMO4S1, and then there's a flow cytometry conference in May where some data that's sort of some of the lab, more technical lab stuff associated with our trial that's going to be presented as well.

Fantastic. I know you've been working very hard to move that along, so that's great news. The second question is, with regard to the manufacturing, and having that as one of your goals. If one was to look at your manufacturing validation that we want to have and just say you hope to have it by a certain date, what would you say the percentage of working towards that is complete now? I'm not asking you for what the specifics are, but if you say you're 50% there, 60% there, 80% there, just roughly. Mark, John, that's yours.

So we have different viral vector vaccines, right? So we're in the Ebola field. We've got O4S1, which is the COVID first step towards a universal COVID vaccine. And you match each of these. Well, we are at least evaluating each of these with different cell lines for expression systems. And that's a stepwise process. So the first thing you want to know is that a particular virus will grow in a particular cell line, and sometimes they don't. Sometimes the insert causes a toxicity, and these cell lines can be duck origin or chicken origin. They're all tumor cell type of lines, but with slightly different genetic variations based on the bird you get them from. So you march through the series of events and say which cell line supports which virus. Now for O4S1, We've actually got a choice. We've taken that along to the point where we're comfortable we could make a choice whenever we wanted to. They are produced with different manufacturing technologies, which they're out there. We would just have to select how we wanted to do it. So we're actually at the stage now where we're talking business terms, and that would be John Sharkey. I don't know that we're going to share any details on that, but that one's ready to go. We have another candidate. another research-level product where I think we would know exactly where we would go, but it's still in the mouse model. It's kind of a secondary approach, more of a universal COVID, but we're not focusing on that as much as the O4S1. So, you know, we're there, but I think you would have to say that each one of these is likely to be a specific paired system. It would be great if we could find a single manufacturer and a single cell line that would do it all for us. And I'm hopeful maybe we'll get lucky. But realistically, we have seen variation. And so we're doing the right stuff, each of the steps for each product. So the lead product, we're ready. We can make a decision.

Perfect. Perfect. I would agree with that approach and completely concur with what you said. One final question is, You're seeing a lot of interest and a lot of movement out there amongst pharma companies, at least in our coverage of pharma. We're seeing still a strong interest in partnering with, you know, novel companies with unique and differentiated technologies that are game changers. Are you still seeing a lot of interest with potential partners?

Yeah, I'll take that one, guys. Yeah, hey, Jeff, thanks for the question. So, actually, I was in Basel earlier this week at the BioSpring European partnering meetings, And as you know, we started discussions with companies last year at Bio. And what I can say is that I'm seeing more and more interest once people understand the niche we're trying to work in. I mean, the reality is the world's gotten a little tired of COVID and the general population. So I'm often asked, do we need another COVID vaccine? But when you kind of lay out where we're working in the immune-compromised that the current vaccines just are not adequate to protect these people and these people are at risk, people engage. Now, are we at the point where I can say somebody's going to snap it up? I can't say that, but I will say that people are engaging with us and following up with us on stuff. And so I think where we're working, we're succeeding in convincing people there's a real need in this space. and that there's a lot of attractive options in this space and that these are patients who are normally under active treatment. They're being medically managed. They're being managed by specialists, which means you have smaller field forces to detail them. They're easier to identify and get to. There's a lot of positives from a commercial side in working in this space.

Appreciate your candidness. Thanks for taking the questions. Keep up the good work. Thank you.

Thank you. There are no further questions at this time. I'll hand the floor back to Mark Reynolds for closing remarks.

Yes, thank you. I just want to conclude the call by thanking everybody for participating. Your interest really is greatly appreciated by all of us. And I'll say that our focus for this year, for 2023, is on execution, on reporting updates and progress for our GADEPTIN and our CMO4S1 clinical programs, as well as the other development programs we have underway. And for all of us, it is a great pleasure serving the shareholders. I say that truthfully and being part of this team. So with that, I'll conclude and just tell everybody to have a good day. Thank you.

Thank you. This concludes today's conference. All parties may disconnect. Have a great evening.