Rivian Automotive, Inc.

Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us for Rivian's fourth quarter and full year 2025 earnings call. Today, I'm joined by RJ Scaringe, our CEO and founder, Claire McDonough, our chief financial officer, and Javier Varela, our chief operations officer. Before we begin, matters discussed on this call, including comments and responses to questions, reflect management's views as of today. We will also be making statements related to our business, operations, and financial performance that may be considered forward-looking statements under federal securities law. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. These risks and uncertainties are described in our SEC filings and the shareholder letter we filed with the SEC. During this call, we will discuss both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of historical non-GAAP to GAAP financial measures is provided in our shareholder letter. Just before the earnings call, we published and filed our shareholder letter, which includes an overview of our progress over the recent months. I encourage you to read it for additional details around some of the items we will cover on today's call. Following our prepared remarks, we will be taking questions from sell-side analysts. In the interest of keeping the call to one hour, we would ask these analysts to limit any follow-on questions to one. With that, I'll turn the call over to RJ.

Thanks, Chip. Good afternoon, everyone, and thanks for joining us for today's call. 2025 was a year focused on execution at Rivian as we laid the foundations for scaling our business. Our team progressed the development of our technology roadmap in R2, while simultaneously driving continued improvement in our customer experience and our path to profitability. In founding Rivian, I wanted to demonstrate how a clean sheet, technology-focused vehicle could eliminate long-accepted compromises and provide consumers choice. Our goal with the launch of our R1 products was to establish the Rivian brand by delivering a combination of efficiency, on-road performance, off-road capability, functional utility, and product refinement that simply didn't exist in the market. The first vehicles established Tribune as a brand that enables people to do the things they love, enable adventure, as well as transcend different segments, form factors, use cases, and geographies. In the fourth quarter of 2025, the R1S was the best-selling premium electric vehicle priced above $70,000 in California, New York, New Jersey, Oregon, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. And it was the best-selling SUV, EV or non-EV, over $70,000 in the state of California. Now I'm excited that we are months away from starting customer deliveries of R2, our first mass market vehicle. One of the things that's often overlooked around EVs is that there is a surprising lack of high quality choices. At prices around or below $50,000 for a new vehicle in the United States, there are only a few compelling EV choices as compared to hundreds of internal combustion or hybrid options that have a wide range of form factors and design aesthetics. From the lens of the customer, If you want to buy a midsize SUV with robust technology, autonomous capabilities, and a reasonable price point, you've really only got one choice, and it's been that way for a long time. This is a reflection of a market that's being underserved. We believe R2 is going to change that. R2 is an extension of the experience we delivered in R1 with design elements and performance to inspire adventure, but in a smaller form factor and importantly, at an attractive lower price point. Launch Edition R2 variants will be well equipped with a dual motor all-wheel drive setup that provides more than 650 horsepower and over 300 miles of range. In mid-January, I was thrilled to drive our first R2 manufacturing validation build off the production line in our factory in Illinois. As you've seen from the extremely positive media reviews of our pre-production vehicles over the last few days, R2 is an exceptional vehicle and I believe will be a game changer for our customers our company, and the industry. One reviewer said, The R2 is an exceptional vehicle, quite possibly the best all-around electric vehicle I've ever driven. We look forward to getting investors and more media in R2 for demo drives so they can experience the capabilities of the vehicle. We plan to provide additional product, pricing, and lineup details on March 12th. Turning to our AI and autonomy day, it was great to see so many of our stakeholders at our offices in Palo Alto this past December. We were excited to showcase our innovation across our vertically integrated hardware, software, and autonomy teams and unveil RAP1. Developing our own chip was driven by the need for velocity, performance, and cost efficiency and is a key development of our autonomy platform. Near the end of last year, we released Universal Hands-Free, which expanded our advanced assisted driving capabilities for Gen 2 customers to more than 3.5 million miles of roads across North America. Since its release, customer utilization of our autonomy features has doubled. Rivian is also making significant progress in making software and AI core to everything we do, from the way we design, develop, manufacture, and service our cars, to the way our customers interact with their vehicle. This is enabled by the Rivian Unified Intelligence, a common AI foundation that understands our products and operations as one continuous system and personalizes the experience for our customers. It also defines how applications will integrate in our vehicles in the future. We were excited to demo the Rivian Assistant at AI and Autonomy Day and expect to launch this feature early this year. Finally, we continue to see the extensibility of our electrical hardware and software platform with the work happening in our joint venture with Volkswagen Group. I am very pleased that we have delivered vehicles for winter testing for multiple Volkswagen Group brands 13 months after the formation of the joint venture. In closing, 2025 was a foundational year for Scaling Rivian, and I could not be more excited for the year ahead. I believe 2026 will be an inflection point for our business. As an American automotive technology company, that develops and manufactures incredible electric vehicles, we believe that the future of the automotive industry will be fully electric, autonomous, and AI defined. I've never been more confident in the opportunity ahead for Rivian than I am today. I firmly believe Rivian's technology, along with our direct-to-customer ownership experience, position our company to build a category-defining brand with a strong mass-market product portfolio for the U.S. and global markets. With that, I'll pass the call over to Claire to discuss our financial results.

Thanks, RJ, and good afternoon, everyone. As RJ discussed, we believe 2026 will be an important year as we scale our business. Launching R2 will extend our brand to the mass market, and we expect R2 will drive meaningful automotive segment growth and profitability over time. Now, before I dive into the quarter, there are a few key financial metrics that I'd like to highlight for 2025. First, on a full year-over-year basis, we delivered nearly $5,500 of improvement in average sales price due to the introduction of our second-generation R1 quad models, a higher mix of R1 units, and increased base prices for the 2026 model year. Second, on a full year-over-year basis, we achieved an approximately $9,500 improvement in automotive cost of goods sold per unit due to material cost reductions and operational efficiencies. Finally, the improvement in unit economics in our automotive segment, when combined with our strong software and services performance, resulted in greater than $1.3 billion of improvement in full-year gross profit, making 2025 our first full year of positive gross profit. Additionally, our gross profit performance, coupled with our focus on cost management, enabled our adjusted EBITDA for 2025 to be at the favorable end of our guidance. All of these metrics represent our continued progress in the operational efficiency and profitability of our business, with such a strong foundation for 2026 and beyond. We expect the gross profit per unit for R1 and the commercial vans to be further enhanced as we ramp up production and deliveries of R2, coupled with the gross profit contribution of R2 over time. Turning to the results of the fourth quarter, our consolidated revenues were approximately $1.3 billion. Consolidated gross profit was $120 million, and our gross profit margin was 9%. Gross profit included $108 million of depreciation and $26 million of stock-based compensation expense. Adjusted EBITDA losses for the fourth quarter were negative $465 million, $137 million improvement from Q3 2025 due to higher gross profit and lower operating expenses. Now looking at our automotive segment, during the fourth quarter, we produced 10,974 vehicles and delivered 9,745 vehicles from our manufacturing facility in Normal, Illinois. This was the primary driver of the $839 million of automotive revenue. Automotive gross profit for the fourth quarter was negative $59 million, a $71 million improvement from Q3 2025 due to a higher mix of commercial vans, which resulted in the lowest cost of goods sold per unit in our history. Our software and services segment reported another strong quarter with $447 million of revenue and $179 million of gross profit. $273 million or approximately 60% of software and services revenue was attributable to our joint venture with Volkswagen Group. We also experienced strong growth from our marketing and vehicle repair and maintenance. Looking at our balance sheet, we ended the year with approximately $6.1 billion of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. In 2026, we expect to receive an additional $2 billion of capital as part of our joint venture with the Volkswagen Group. $1 billion is an investment subject to the successful completion of winter testing, which RJ discussed earlier, and $1 billion is non-recourse debt, which we expect to receive in October. Finally, for our 2026 guidance, we expect to deliver between 62,000 and 67,000 total vehicles across R1, R2, and our commercial vans. We expect total deliveries of approximately 9,000 to 11,000 per quarter in the first half of 2026. We plan to start production of the R2 launch variant with a single shift and expect to add a second shift towards the end of the year. While we believe our gross profit will increase year over year, we expect the complexity of a new vehicle launch to negatively impact our automotive gross profit in the second and third quarters before becoming a benefit to our overall operations in the fourth quarter as we ramp production and deliveries. As a reminder, we believe this is a transition year for the automotive segment's profitability. Delivering a strong exit rate for R2 production and deliveries will be a key focus for our team. For 2026, we expect an adjusted EBITDA loss of between $2.1 and $1.8 billion. Our adjusted EBITDA guidance also includes a step-up in R&D spend as we accelerate investments in our autonomy roadmap and look to deliver LIDAR, our first RAP1 chips, and limited point-to-point functionality for our customers by the end of the year. We believe autonomy will be a key fundamental long-term differentiator for our business. We also plan on the continued growth of our SG&A, driven by the expansion of our service and sales footprint as we scale with R2. Finally, for 2026, we expect capital expenditures of $1.95 to $2.05 billion related to finalizing construction and tooling for R2 and Normal, kicking off vertical construction for our Greenfield plant in Georgia, and the continued build-out of our sales, service, and charging infrastructure. In closing, thank you again to the team for delivering a great 2025. As we look forward to 2026, we remain steadfast in our belief that R2 and our technology roadmap will be truly transformative for our growth and profitability. I'd like to turn the call back over to the operator to open the line for Q&A.

Well, the Q&A section of today's session will be utilizing the raise hand feature. If you would like to ask a question, click on the raise hand button at the bottom of the screen. Once prompted, please unmute yourself and begin with your question. We will now pause a moment to assemble the queue. Thank you. Our first question comes from Emmanuel Rosner with Wolf Research. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Great, thanks so much. My first question is on the cadence that, Claire, you just highlighted with the 9,000 to 11,000 per quarter in the first half and then obviously 62 to 67 on a full year basis. Is that 10,000 per quarter or so? Is that your expectation for R1 plus EDV for this year in 2026? And then the upside in the second half would be essentially delivering the R2s

Thanks, Emmanuel. As you think about the cadence, as RJ articulated in his prepared remarks, we expect first deliveries to begin for R2 in the second quarter. But like any ramp, the number of deliveries will be rather small as you think about the Q2 impact of R2 contribution to the 9,000 to 11,000 units per quarter that we anticipate in the first half of the year. And then as we get into the second half of the year, we expect to see the continuation of the ramp of R2 coupled with the ongoing deliveries of our commercial van as well as R1. So on a full-year basis, you can think about the R1 coupled with the commercial van as being roughly in line with our 2025 total volumes.

Okay. And then another one on the cadence side but more – From a financial point of view, I think in the past you had targeted, I think, by the fourth quarter of this year, you know, some level of profitability on R2 to sort of like demonstrate essentially the potential. Is that still the expectation for this year?

Yes, as I mentioned, we expect, you know, 2026 will be a transformational year for automotive gross profit. And we expect that both our two and our overall automotive gross profit will be positive as we exit 2026. Thank you.

Our next question comes from Dan Levy with Barclays. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hi. Good evening. Thank you for taking the questions. First, I wanted to start with just a question on the R2 volume assumptions, which you just talked about a moment ago. As you're going into the launch, do you have a feel for what the aggregate demand is. And maybe you could just talk to the question of your confidence on people wanting to take delivery of R2 before the new ADAS platform or hardware is put into the vehicle. How much of a deterrent the lack of that new hardware will be on deliveries?

Hi, Dan. Thanks for the question. Yeah, with regards to R2, I've had the – chance to spend a lot of time in it over the last several months and really over the last month or so driving our validation vehicles that are produced in our plant off of our manufacturing validation building. The vehicle is just absolutely incredible. It's the combination of features, the packaging, the vehicle dynamics, the steering feel. We're incredibly bullish on it. And as I've talked about a lot in the past, we ultimately think the market is really hungry for some choice in this segment. As I said in my opening remarks, just the lack of choice that exists in and around this $50,000 price point has led to very high market share concentration of one vehicle. And so this is the first time there's going to be a real alternative. And this is important for folks that are in internal combustion vehicles today, midsize SUVs, and looking for something that fits their form factor needs. their aesthetic needs, their packaging needs. And so we're very, very focused on putting this together. And with that said, we have a lot of confidence in the overall demand profile, and, of course, that's why we've leaned so much into the program and leaned so much into what we're about to launch.

And just the issue of the ADAS platform, people taking it before the new hardware comes in?

Yeah, with new technology, there's always, you know, especially for us as a business, given that we've got an enormous focus on developing new technology, there's always something new coming. And recognizing that there are a lot of customers that are just waiting to get a great midsize SUV. And so given the enormous backlog of demand we have as well, The short period that we have where we'll be launching with essentially an upgraded version of our Gen 2 autonomy stack before our Gen 3 autonomy stack comes, we don't think that that's going to be a significant issue. And for those that want to wait for it, they certainly can. And for others that are going to be excited to get into the vehicles in a shorter timeframe, it will be available prior to that.

Okay, great. Thank you. As a follow-up, I wanted to ask about partnership or licensing deals with other automakers. And maybe you could just give us a sense of the tone or tenor of discussions on licensing the network architecture to others. And you said at your autonomy day that one of the opportunities on your in-house processor was not only that it could be used for your vehicles, but you could also sell this to others. It's a better, what you said, bang for bucks. So I know it's early days. That still isn't out, and the initial units of that process are going to need to be for you. But what types of discussions are you having with automakers on potentially selling that or licensing that to them?

So as I said in opening remarks, we've had in the first 13 months of establishing the joint venture with Volkswagen, we've started winter testing on multiple VW Group products. And I think the true demonstration and existence proof, if you will, of the scalability of our technology in terms of being able to work across multiple form factors, different price points, different brands, and importantly, be productized into a platform that can go across a large existing OEM, this Volkswagen relationship is really important for that. And so... And that's our focus. But of course, we have great relationships with a broad spectrum of other manufacturers. And I've said this many times, but I deeply believe that over the course of the next several years, every manufacturer has to make the decision as to whether or not to get to a software-defined vehicle, whether or not they're going to develop it themselves, secure it from a third-party source, of which we will be the only demonstrated example of having scaled this technology outside of our own products, or accept that without that technology, you will lose market share. And so we're quite bullish on the potential for this technology platform, and we see it as really an important part of our portfolio going forward. Great. Thank you.

Our next question comes from Ben Callow with Baird. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hey, thank you guys very much. Congrats on all the progress so far. Maybe first, can we talk about just the VW relationship and, you know, there was an uptick in revenue from that. If you give us a sense of, you know, how that progresses and, you know, the potential to expand the relationship or how we should think about it growing. And then the second question is just the DOE loan guarantee, how you're looking at that, and maybe just liquidity in general as you start working on that. Thank you.

Thanks, Ben. And I spoke a little bit about this in a previous response, but I understand we've had a few technical difficulties here, so at risk of repeating myself, I'll just cover a few things that I said earlier. the Volkswagen relationship continues to progress. We're now 13 months since the joint venture started. With that, we've started winter testing on several different Volkswagen Group products. And, of course, we're working towards the first launch of those vehicles in 2027. And the relationship has been very, very strong. We had a great session, in fact, coincidentally last week with with a broad set of the Volkswagen Group leadership team. And seeing this be used and deployed across not just vehicles of similar price point to Rivian's vehicles, but across a wide band of price points and across a range of form factors is really important. And it really demonstrates the scalability of the technology. And so ultimately – We're going to continue working towards delivering multiple Volkswagen Group products, but this does, of course, open the door for opportunity with other manufacturers as well.

And then to put some of the financials behind the software and services outlook as a whole, we anticipate seeing – that will approach about 60% year-over-year growth in our software and services business, and it will be a significant driver of our gross profit outlook as well with margins that we expect to be in the mid-30% area as a whole. Then as your second question, which was on the capital roadmap, as I mentioned in my prepared remarks, we ended 2025 with $6.1 billion of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. We expect that we'll receive another $2 billion from Volkswagen Group throughout the course of 2026. There's still roughly another half a billion dollar payment associated with the original joint venture transaction as well that will happen, we anticipate, in 2027. And then as it pertains to our broader, you know, capital roadmap, we'll continue to remain opportunistic as well on that front. On the DOE loan question question, Similar to what we've shared in the past, we certainly share the President's desire to bring jobs back to the United States. We're excited to keep up our work on creating new American manufacturing jobs. We'll be adding approximately 2,000 new jobs at our normal Illinois plant for the ramp-up of our two, and an additional 7,500 jobs at our future Georgia plant as well. And similar to the comments RJ just made, Rivian's working to help drive, you know, innovation and technology leadership in the U.S. automotive industry for consumers and also associated with our joint venture with Volkswagen Group, enabling this technology for the industry as a whole. Thank you.

Our next question comes from George with CG. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for taking my question. As it relates to your guidance for vehicle sales this year, to the extent you see a strong conversion in your backlog for the R2, could you see upside to that, or are there certain production bottlenecks that you'll have to work through towards the end of the year? Thank you.

Thanks, George. The process of ramping a vehicle is something we've spent a lot of time talking about in this forum, but certainly internally we're really putting a lot of effort on making sure we have a very smooth production launch and then associated ramp. And we often think of the plant as being the bottleneck for the ramp, but in fact we have to remember there's hundreds of other companies that are providing components into Rivian that ultimately – really contribute and are a key part of the ramp. And ramping our supply base is something that we're very focused on and planning around. And you can only ramp as fast as your slowest part, so to speak. So with that said, as you heard earlier, we're starting with a single shift. We're bringing on a second shift that will be happening near the end of the year. And then in 2027, we'll be adding our third shift. And this has been very methodically laid out to make sure that we're ramping consistently and evenly across the supply chain. And so certainly, and as you alluded to, there's going to be a large demand backlog that we're working through and a tremendous amount of excitement for the R2 vehicle. And as more reviews come out about it and more people get exposure to it, we expect that to continue to expand and grow. It's worth noting that. some of the pre-production reviews that came out last week, the feedback has been universally super positive. And so we're acutely aware of that, but we are working very carefully to coordinate the ramp and coordinate the growth of output with our supply base.

Thank you. And maybe as a follow-up, as you sort of crystallized your selling prices and your cost structure for the R2, can you just – Maybe speak to the guidance you gave your analyst day last year about reaching EBITDA positivity in 2027 and your long-term vision about having 25%-ish gross margins and high-teens EBITDA margins. Thank you.

Thanks, George. As discussed in our prepared remarks, we believe that 2026 is going to be a transition year for the automotive gross profit segment. And our North Star for the normal plant is going to be getting our production and deliveries up to about 4,000 units per week. While there's a lot of execution required, as RJ just walked through from the team in order to achieve that outcome, if we're successful, we believe it would put the company in a strong position to achieve our adjusted EBITDA goals. And as we look at the broader outlook, we certainly see there being, you know, 20% gross profit target for automotive segment. As we think about the overall contribution of software and services, There's many outcomes or licensing deals that Ravine could do that could allow gross profit to be much higher than the 25% in our end state as well.

Thank you.

Our next question comes from Joseph Spack with UBS. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Thank you. Good afternoon, everyone. Just a quick A couple of questions. Claire, I know you said the second shift starts in the back half. Does the guidance contemplate, like, exiting the year at a full two-shift rate for the R2? I just want to sort of understand how we should think about a jumping off point for 27.

Sure. As you can imagine, Joe, we'll be in the process of ramping up the second shift. So as you think about the exit rate of 2026, we won't yet be at full production across two shifts. We'll be getting there as we continue to progress all of our operational efficiencies and get the team ready to ramp up throughout the course of 2027. Thank you.

And then I guess RJ or Claire, Just, you know, you mentioned, you know, more details on March 3rd. I'm assuming that's also when reservation holders will be invited to configure. But is there any update you could give us on that order book? And then on the pricing side, you know, one of the things we've seen, again, not Riving specific, just – to the industry and the world really is the cost side between metals and memory. So curious to sort of wonder how you're thinking about that impacting either your pricing for the vehicle or whether that's contemplated in the EBITDA guidance for the year.

Yes, on March 12th, we'll be providing the full picture around the overall portfolio of products that will exist for R2. And that will include the launch configuration, which, as I said, is a dual-motor performance variant with a premium trim. The different combinations of trim, powertrain performance, and battery size are what we'll be describing in detail on the 12th. And then along with that, allowing customers to start configuring their vehicles and allows us to start getting ready to be making deliveries later in Q2. I think important here, as you think about the overall demand profile for the vehicle, we've put a lot of time into thinking about the different combinations and recognizing what different folks are going to want and having the benefit of having lots of conversations and also the benefit of seeing, you know, what are the most popular trims and configurations in R1. And so we're really excited to go through that, but it's something that we do want to go through as presented as the full meal as opposed to giving little bits and pieces. So other than talking about the launch configuration, the rest of the configuration is going to be something we talk about in detail in about a month.

And then, Joe, our adjusted EBITDA guidance does contemplate some of the increases that we've seen in raw material cost and the current supply chain backdrop as well currently.

Thank you very much.

Our next question comes from Mark Delaney with Goldman Sachs. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Yes, good afternoon. Thank you very much for taking the question. I was hoping to speak more about automotive COGs. Maybe you can help us better understand what led to the reduction in cost per vehicle, both sequentially as well as year over year. And then you look forward, Claire, you just alluded to some of the supply chain challenges around DRAM and other input costs that are embedded into your guidance. But where do you ultimately think the R2 cost can get to? And is the 50% reduction necessary? And the BOM class compared to R1 is still the right level to think about.

Sure. For Q4, we were able to deliver $92,000 of COGS per unit. And that was about a $4,000 per unit improvement relative to the third quarter. One of the key drivers was associated with the next shift. So we had higher penetration of commercial vans in the fourth quarter relative to the third quarter. And then beyond that, the ongoing operational efficiencies that we continue to execute across our normal operations as well that also contributed to the reduction in our COGS per unit. As we look at the full year-over-year improvement, the biggest driver that we saw was associated with the reduction in our material cost. That was both the transition for us to move fully to Gen 2 vehicles. We also, in addition, saw improvements A significant step down in terms of a lot of our raw material costs and, importantly, a step down in the cost of our lithium prices. That was another contributor for us as well as we looked over at the full year-over-year step down in terms of COGS per unit, coupled with the ongoing operational efficiencies that we continued to progress throughout the course of the year. As we look forward to R2, one of the key factors for us with R2 is the opportunity for us to have also, over the course of the last year, started to see some meaningful benefit from our joint venture, joint sourcing opportunities associated with our low-voltage electronics that we're sourcing for the R2 vehicle. And that's really been a key enabler for us to continue to progress forward the material cost trajectory of the R2 product as well. And then as we approach the Georgia plant, we'll have further opportunity to drive additional synergies or efficiencies as we start to source future vehicle volumes as well that will share the fundamentals of the midsize platform as a whole. So those are a couple of the puts and takes. The other call-out that I would highlight as well is we do anticipate seeing a reduction in terms of our tariffs per unit, so we didn't have the full benefit of the Section 232 offsets for the entirety of the fourth quarter, so we'll see further benefit from a tariff per unit standpoint as we progress forward, and R2 will also benefit from that in the future.

Thanks for that, Claire. My other question was on EDV, and I understand probably flattish volumes there for 2026, based on your comments earlier on the call. But you did speak to a plan for some additional variants, including one with more range for Amazon. So maybe help us better understand when to expect that new product for the commercial segment and what that might mean for van deliveries and the broader commercial opportunity going forward. Thank you.

We do expect some growth in our EDV demand in 2026. And as you called out, there's an all-wheel drive version of the van and a larger battery pack variant as well. And both of those are to help unlock, you know, specific use cases within the Amazon network. We're working really closely with Amazon in defining the requirements of those and excited to get those launched. And the relationship with Amazon continues to be very positive and certainly the EDV continues to perform extremely well.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Chris Pierce with Needham. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Oh, hey. As you talk about adding the second shift, then adding the third shift, can you kind of just walk through setting up hiring for these workers in the normal area? I'm just not sure if we should think about that as a barrier or a burden or just kind of, is it already in motion or do you already have these and you kind of move people from one shift to another? Just kind of any detail around that, please.

Hello Chris, thank you for your question. The hiring process is in place, is proceeding according to plan. We have enough candidates. At the beginning it was spontaneous candidates that wanted to work for us. So, we are good from that end. There's part of the team that will populate the R2 line that is coming from the existing flows, but it's an important part as well that is hired from outside. We have reinforced our training programs. We have even, before hiring the people, pre-hiring activity, just to let them know what is working in the lines and what they should expect there. And so far we are very happy with the response of the island pool and the people pool that we have seen there. Perfect.

Thank you. And then just, I guess, I just kind of want to understand, you've had the reviews this week. You're kind of flipping over the card as far as first trim and other trims in a month. And then we could see initial deliveries sometime in the second quarter, I guess. I'm just kind of curious... I'm just thinking about maybe Apple and the iPhone or the iPad, and it's just sort of, boom, here it is. You can buy it now. I guess I'd just love to hear about why the spacing. Is there a psychological effect, or it just comes down to what you can produce, when you can produce it at the plant, but just the timing of the cadence as you move towards the launch?

Well, thanks, Chris. One of the amazing things about the R2 program is there's an enormous backlog, but that does create a challenge for us with making sure that essentially how do we select who receives our vehicles first and having a processor on that. And so opening up the configuration process allows us to start taking this demand backlog and organizing around when we make deliveries and who gets their vehicles first. It's not as if you could like press a button and instantly have thousands and thousands of vehicles available. So we start producing, we are ramping production. but the demand will outpace our ability to produce. And so that process allows us to organize in a thoughtful way and learning a lot from some of the past launches we've had, how do we prioritize and how do we sequence deliveries to our broad basic customers.

Our next question comes from Itay McKaylee with TD Curran. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Great. Thanks. Hi, everybody. Wanted to actually ask on the universal hands-free, you know, curious how initial feedback has been since December, how we should think about feature improvements and OTA updates this year, and maybe what you're also assuming for paid subscriptions this year.

We're really excited to talk about this. This is a huge effort within the business, and autonomy and AI was, of course, focused on all the work that we're doing here. But our universal hands-free is really – think of it as the first step in a whole series of steps that expand the capability. And so universal hands-free, you know, expanded the number of miles where you can drive with hands off the wheel but eyes on the road. It's around 3.5 million miles, essentially any road with marked lanes. And later this year, we'll be – unlocking the ability or enabling the ability for the vehicle to drive point to point. So you put your address into the vehicle, and the vehicle navigates to that address. And then the next steps ultimately are driving towards what we think of as personal level four. But between point to point and personal level four, we'll have hands off, eyes off, so you'll be able to take your eyes off the road and do other things, starting first on the highway and then expanding from the highway. And then following that, we'll have – our first level four applications within a geofence area to start, but ultimately expanding over time. And our view and really strong conviction is that over the course of the remainder of this decade, we're going to see autonomy go from something that today with hands-off capabilities certainly is a nice feature to have, but as we start to move to hands-off and eyes-off and then ultimately to level four where the vehicle can operate itself entirely on its own, including driving empty, it really creates a whole new customer experience, and we think it becomes a critical part of the purchase decision. And this is going to drive significant change in how we think about the business model. It's going to drive significant change in how consumers think about what vehicles they want to purchase.

Thank you, Roger. That's very helpful. As a quick follow-up on the financials, any sense of how you think about working capital flows this year, particularly as you go through the initial R2 ramp?

Sure. We will see working capital be an outflow of cash for us over the course of 2026. That, in part, is driven by the buildup of our inventory balance associated with the launch of R2.

Got it. Very helpful. Thank you.

Our next question comes from Andrew Pacoco with Morgan Stanley. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Great. Thanks so much for taking the question. I actually just want to come back, RJ, to what you just said on autonomy really driving, you know, the value proposition and driving experience over the next few years. And I guess I'm just curious, like, can you share your thoughts around whether or not there will be a retrofit opportunity for existing you know, or new R2 customers that don't have Gen 3 with LiDAR and existing R1 customers, and any thoughts of when you'll introduce LiDAR onto R1 production?

We're not, you know, in terms of a retrofit, this isn't something that's contemplated or planned. Certainly, there will continue to be over there updates for our Gen 2 vehicles, our R1, Gen 2 vehicles, and our launch R2 vehicles, but In terms of hardware upgrades, those are not planned. The hardware upgrades that we've talked about in the past, we talked about at our Autonomy and AI Day, these are going to be on vehicles in the early part of 2027. And certainly very, very excited about those. But the capabilities and even the demo that we had at our Autonomy and AI Day, which was a point-to-point demo, that's being done – that demo was on a Gen 2 of our R1 vehicles. So that will be available on – any gen 2 r1 vehicle as well as the the r2 vehicle to be launching with got it okay and and can you get to is the plan to get to eyes off point to point with with gen 2 or is that something that's going to require the n3 i think the important thing to keep in mind on our upgraded architecture which is as i said coming in 27 is that has a few really important purposes. One, of course, is it raises the ceiling on what's possible. So it grows the opportunity to add even more capability beyond point-to-point. But it also serves as an even more enhanced part of our data flywheel, where we have enhanced cameras, higher level of inference in vehicle, but importantly, we add a LiDAR, as you referenced, which turns essentially every vehicle into part of our ground-true fleet. which is really helpful for training our end-to-end model. And so the way that the model continues to improve is we're benefiting from the thousands and thousands of drivers that are on the road and the vehicles that are on the road, pulling interesting and unique events back off the vehicles and allowing us to feed that into the overall training loop that we have for what we call our large driving model.

Got it. Okay, and just one quick clarification. When you say Gen 3 will be available early 2027, will that include R1, or is that just still R2?

This is for R2. Okay.

Thank you. Appreciate it.

Our next question comes from Edison Yu with Deutsche Bank. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hi, this is Winnie on for Edison. Can you guys hear me? Yes. Hi, yes, thank you so much. My first question is on the relationship with VW as it matures. I was wondering if the topic of how to best utilize vehicle data come up. And we're asking this in the context of VW naturally having a much larger fleet and we're being able to potentially benefit from getting access to that data for training. So just curious your thoughts on that topic. Thanks.

The Volkswagen fleet and what ultimately we're delivering to Volkswagen from a technology platform doesn't include our autonomy platform. So it's our embedded software platform, our topology of ECUs including our zonal architecture, but it doesn't include our self-driving architecture. Okay.

Got it. And then maybe just on the RAP1 chip, curious to hear your maybe longer-term inspirations for that. Is it something you think that will be limited to Rivian, or do you envision maybe this being used by some of your partners or other OEMs, and whether it could be potentially applied to non-automotive products like human noise? Thanks.

I guess I'll answer it really broadly. When we think about our self-driving and autonomy efforts, this is an enormous focus for the business and represents our most significant area of capital investment from an R&D point of view. And so when we look at this through the lens of the next several years, we do believe that as we continue to demonstrate progress and work towards that growing capability set that I talked about before, ultimately culminating in level four. This is a platform that certainly beyond Rivian has applications. And so we do envision a world in which this becomes something that we can monetize through a few different ways. We can monetize it through increased market share and growing number of vehicle sales. We can, of course, do that through new and unique business models and new ways of thinking about consuming transportation. And we can do that through selling and providing the technology to other manufacturers. Now, specifically to our RAP1 processor, as well as its future variants of that processor, we do see applications for vision-based robotics well beyond the vehicle. Of course, the vehicle is a great near-term vision-based robot. But even within Mind Robotics, which is a new company that we created – that is also an example of a great customer application, a great use case application for our App1 processor.

That's helpful. Thank you.

Our next question comes from Tobias Beath with Rothschild & Co. Redburn. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hi. Thank you both for your time. May I ask what lithium management's latest thoughts are on captive battery cell manufacturing and assembly are, considering the recent development in the price of lithium salts? I know that this activity was contemplated at one point at your forthcoming plant in Stanton Springs.

Well, thanks, Toby. We've found great working partnerships with our battery cell suppliers and have taken a very active role in securing and sourcing some of the upstream precursor materials. So you called out lithium. That's a really great example of an area that we, from a sourcing point of view, spend a lot of time on. But being able to work with these key battery partners and leverage the investments they've made in production capacity and in their own cell construction and cell design has been really helpful for us in terms of efficiently deploying capital.

Great. Thank you.

Our last question comes from James Piccarello with BNP Paribas. Please unmute your line and ask your question.

Can you hear me?

Yes, James.

Can you hear me? Oh, great. Thanks. Just curious on your thoughts regarding R1's potential to see additional demand from one of your major competitors announcing the end of its two high-end models next quarter. We're talking about 20,000 annualized units, essentially up for grabs in the U.S. Just seems like the R1 can be a natural home for many of those buyers. Curious your thoughts. Thanks.

Yeah, the Tesla Model X and Model X, which, as you said, will stop production, at least what's been said, is next quarter. Yeah, the Model S is a really important product from an electrification point of view, and It was one of the first more at-scale products to show customers how exciting electrification can be. And so as that leaves the market along with the Model X, it does create an opportunity. I've talked about this a lot in the context of R2, the lack of choice, but this also is true in the case of R1. And R1, as it stands, or R1S, as I called out in my opening remarks, It's an enormously successful product in this premium price category. So it's the best-selling premium SUV, electric or non-electric, in the state of California. And then it's the best-selling premium electric SUV in the United States and the best-selling premium electric vehicle SUV or non-SUV in a number of states across the U.S. And so with even less choice now in that price category, it does represent an opportunity for us. But I just say very broadly that the overall lack of choice, and this is really true in the price category of R2, we think is an enormous opportunity for us to capture market share and, of course, provide something really exciting to customers.

Yeah, that makes a lot of sense. Thank you. My follow-up, just for the strong gross profit contributions later for this year, Can you help to mention at all what the expected contribution might look like from VW as you think about that 60% year-over-year growth?

Thanks. Sure. As you think about the software and services segment, roughly half of our revenue comes from revenue streams associated with our joint venture with Volkswagen Group, and we expect that to largely remain true as we look ahead to 2026 as well. And it is a more disproportionate share of the overall gross profit dollars that we earn out of the staff and services segment as a whole.

Thanks. This concludes the Q&A section of the call. I would now like to turn the call back to RJ Scaringe for closing remarks.

Well, thanks, everybody, for joining the call. And we apologize for some of the technical difficulties that we had at the start, but We are hopefully a takeaway from this is just how excited we are about R2. As I said, I've had a chance to spend a lot of time in a car and in a variety of ways, whether it's taking my kids to sports games or loading up the back with gear. And it is just such an incredible embodiment of the Rivian brand and captures so much of the essence of what makes R1 a special vehicle. But it at a price point that, as we said, starts at $45,000 and will allow a much larger number of customers to access the vehicle. And so as we think about the next couple of months, we as a company remain incredibly focused on the launch ramp of this vehicle, along with the continued development of the technology we're building, both on the software side, which we talked a bit about, but certainly also on our autonomy side. And so with that, thanks again for joining the call, and we're looking forward to a lot of folks being able to experience the R2 themselves.