Veru Inc.

conference specialist by pressing the star key followed by zero. After this morning's discussion, there will be an opportunity to ask questions. Please note that this event is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference call over to Mr. Sam Fish, Beru Inc's Executive Director, Investor Relations and Corporate Communications. Please go ahead.

The statements made on this conference call may be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may include but are not necessarily limited to, statements of the company's plans, objectives, expectations, or intentions regarding its business, operations, regulatory interactions, finances, and development of product portfolio. Such forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties, and our actual results may differ significantly from those projected, suggested, or included in any forward-looking statements. Risks that may cause actual results or development to differ materially are contained in our 10Q and 10K SEC filings, as well as in our press releases from time to time. I would now like to turn the conference call over to Dr. Mitchell Steiner, Barrow Inc.' 's Chairman, CEO, and President. Good morning.

With me on this morning's call are Dr. Gary Barnett, Chief Scientific Officer, Michelle Greco, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Administrative Officer, Philip Greenberg, General Counsel, and Sam Fish, Executive Director of Investor Relations and Corporate Communications. Thank you for joining our year-end fiscal year 2025 earnings call. Vero is a late clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel medicines for the treatment of cardiometabolic and inflammatory diseases. Our drug development program consists of two new chemical entity small molecules, inovasarm and sabizabulin. The first one is inovasarm. an oral selective antireceptor modulator, or SARM, is being developed as a next-generation drug that makes weight reduction by GLP-1 receptor agonist drugs more tissue-selective of fat loss with preservation of lean mass. This activity is intended to lead to greater weight loss by improved body composition and physical function compared to GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment alone, with a focus on older patients with obesity. A second asset is subisobulin, a microtubule disruptor, and is being developed as a broad anti-inflammatory agent to reduce vascular plaque inflammation to slow the progression and promote the regression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This morning, we will focus on the update of our obesity program, and we'll also provide the financial highlights for our fiscal year 2025. Now, let's set the stage with the recent FDA guidance on obesity drug development. The FDA defines obesity as a disease of excess body fat, and as such, the medical objective to treat obesity should be to reduce excess body fat, not to reduce lean mass. Reduction of fat mass ultimately leads to improvements in morbidity and mortality associated with obesity. GLP-1 receptor agonists have been shown to reduce significant weight loss in patients who are overweight or have obesity. Unfortunately, the weight loss is tissue non-selective, with the indiscriminate loss of both significant lean mass and fat. Of the total weight loss, up to 50% is attributable to lean mass. Although the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment results in profound weight loss, the strategy for the next generation of obesity drugs should be a combination therapy with a GLP-1 receptor agonist to only lose fat while preserving lean mass and physical function for a quality weight reduction. Now, when we started our Phase IIb quality clinical trial evaluating Novosarm as a muscle-preserving drug in patients with obesity receiving a GLP-1 receptor agonist for weight reduction about two years ago, it was unknown at the time how any muscle anabolic drug would perform in this unique new patient population. The companies that were in Phase II testing stage were Lilly, Versanis, Scalaroc, and Regeneron, with injectable agents in the myostatin inhibitors class, and Viru, with an oral Novosarm from a different class called SARM. Fast forward to today. All these companies, including Viru, have reported their Phase II clinical results. In fact, Viru was the first company to report these clinical data in January of 2025, and by September of 2025, Vera also obtained FDA regulatory clarity to advance the clinical development of the Noxon in combination with the GLP-1 receptor agonist as a muscle preservation agent that augments fat loss. Our completed positive phase 2B quality clinical trial results were critical as they demonstrated oral Noxon could be that next generation drug in combination with the GLP-1 receptor agonist to make the weight loss journey more selective by losing fat while preserving lean, and physical function in older patients who have obesity with a positive safety profile. Now, turning to the results of the Phase 2B clinical trial, this time with a focus on the 3-milligram Inovasarm dose that has been selected for the next clinical trial. First, I will highlight the results for the 16-week active weight loss period of the treatment with Inovasarm 3 milligrams or placebo in combination with semaglutide. The Inobisarm 3 mg plus semaglutide group met the primary endpoint of the study, preservation of total lean mass with a statistically significant 100% average preservation of total lean mass compared to placebo plus semaglutide treatment group at 16 weeks. The Inobisarm semaglutide treatment resulted in a dose-dependent greater loss of fat mass compared to placebo plus semaglutide with the Inobisarm 3 mg group having a 12% greater fat loss at 16 weeks. Even with having preserved lean mass, anovosome 3 milligrams for semaglutide treatment resulted in a similar mean body weight loss at semaglutide alone at 16 weeks. However, it should be noted, in a subset analysis of the subjects receiving anovosome 3 milligrams who had a baseline BMI of greater than or equal to 35, incremental weight loss was observed at 16 weeks. This was weight loss of 4.7% for semaglutide versus a minus 5.58% for inovasone 3 milligrams for semaglutide treatment group. But when you look at the proportion of patients that lost at least 5% of their body weight at 16 weeks, it was 47.4% for semaglutide versus 65.4% for inovasone 3 milligrams for semaglutide treatment group. This weight loss occurred even with 84% preservation of lean mass in this subset of patients receiving semaglutide on anobisarm 3 mg. Now, the tissue composition of the total body weight loss on average was 34% lean mass and 66% fat mass in the placebo semaglutide group, whereas for anobisarm 3 mg and semaglutide group, the weight loss was 0% lean and 100% fat mass. Now, we measured physical function by the stair climb test. This was a pre-specified responder analysis, and this was conducted using greater than 10% decline in stair climb power as a cutoff at 16 weeks, which is a decline that represents approximately 7 to 8 years of loss of stair climb power that naturally occurs with aging, but it occurred in this case in 16 weeks. The magnetite alone resulted in the loss of physical function as much as 44.8% of the placebo plus semactite group had at least a 10% decline in stair climb power at 16 weeks. The Phase IIb quality studies were first to confirm that older patients with obesity receiving a GLP-1 receptor agonist indeed had a significant and relevant physical function decline and picked up as early as 16 weeks on treatment. Contrasts. Novus arm 3 milligram treatment reduced the proportion of patients receiving semaglutide to 17.6% who experienced a greater than 10% decline in sterocline power. This represents a 59.8% relative reduction in the proportion of patients receiving a novus arm who experienced a greater than equal 10% decline in sterocline power. Now, for the maintenance extension portion of the study, will all patients discontinue semaglutide treatment but continued receiving placebo and Novus on 3 milligrams as monotherapy for 12 weeks, the results were, for the placebo and monotherapy group, they actually regained 43% of their body weight that was previously lost during the active weight loss period of the Phase IIb quality study, but mean percentage change at 2.57%, basically 5 pounds they gained back in body weight, compared to 1.41% or 2.73 pounds for the 3-milligram Inovasarm group. This means that the 3-milligram Inovasarm monotherapy significantly reduced body weight regain by 46% after discontinuing the semaglutide. But by the way, the mean tissue composition of the body weight that was actually regained was 100% lean mass, not fat, for the Inovasarm 3-milligram group compared to 28% fat 72% lean mass in a placebo group. In fact, by the end of the 28-week study, the inoboson 3 mg plus semaglutide arm, followed by the inoboson 3 mg monotherapy regimen, was more effective in preserving 100% lean mass and losing 58% more fat compared to the group receiving placebo plus semaglutide, followed by placebo monotherapy alone. As for safety... At the end of the 16-week active weight loss period, Inovasarm and semaglutide combination had a positive safety profile, and Inovasarm did not have any added gastrointestinal adverse events compared to semaglutide alone. For the maintenance extension period of the clinical trial, when semaglutide was stopped for 12 weeks, Inovasarm monotherapy also had a positive safety profile, and after discontinuation of semaglutide, There were essentially no gastrointestinal side effects, no evidence of drug-induced liver injury, no increases in obstructive sleep apnea were observed at any dose of Inovasarm compared to placebo monotherapy. There were no adverse events related to masculinization in women, and there was no adverse events related to increases in prostate-specific antigen, which is PSA, in men. So in summary, phase 2B quality clinical trial confirms that by preserving lean mass and physical function with the Novozom plus semaglutide led to greater fat loss during the active weight loss period, and after semaglutide was discontinued, the Novozom monotherapy significantly prevented the regain of body weight and fat mass, such that by the end of the 28-week study, there was a greater loss of fat mass while preserving lean mass for higher quality weight reduction compared to the placebo group. Next, I will update you on the ANOVA-SARM clinical development plan. Because this field is very new, the regulatory landscape continues to evolve for muscle preservation drugs for the treatment of obesity. According to the FDA feedback on Viru's clinical development program for ANOVA-SARM, FDA has guided us that there are at least two possible regulatory pathways forward for the development of ANOVA-SARM in combination with GLP-1 receptor agonists that are based on incremental weight loss. First, incremental weight loss with at least a 5% placebo-corrected weight loss difference at 52 weeks of maintenance treatment with a nervous arm in combination with GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment compared to GLP-1 receptor treatment alone is an acceptable primary endpoint to support efficacy for approval. Second, and alternatively, if the incremental weight loss difference of less than 5% is less than 5%, including similar weight loss, is observed, and 52 weeks of maintenance treatment, but you have a clinically significant positive benefit, such as a clinically beneficial preservation of physical function, and Novosarum in combination with a GLP-1 receptor agonist may also be acceptable to support efficacy for approval. Accordingly, with this feedback from the FDA, in building on the clinical data from the Phase 2B clinical, excuse me, Phase 2B quality study, What would be the best patient population with obesity to target with a combination of anobis arm and a GLP-1 receptor agonist? An emerging common and serious clinical and therapeutic challenge with GLP-1 receptor agonist monotherapy is that most patients with obesity by the end of one year of GLP-1 receptor agonist maintenance treatment hit a weight loss plateau. The weight loss plateau occurs when the patient with obesity stops losing additional weight while on a GLP-1 receptor agonist. In a Surmount 1 clinical study conducted by Eli Lilly and Company, about 88% of patients with obesity receiving terzapatide reached the weight loss plateau by 60 to 72 weeks. Unfortunately, 62.6% of these patients still had clinical obesity at a time they reached the weight loss plateau. If they start the GLP-1 treatment with a baseline BMI of greater or equal to 35, then these patients were on average still found to have clinical obesity at the time they hit the weight loss plateau. Interestingly, one of the therapeutic interventions being considered for this patient population is bariatric surgery to address the GLP-1 receptor weight loss plateau. To address this growing weight loss plateau population, A novel combination of the GLP-1 receptor agonist, which works by telling the brain to reduce the appetite, combined with an ozone, which is designed to directly burn fat and to directly preserve muscle to increase physical function and burn more calories, could break through this weight loss plateau, leading to incremental weight reduction, thereby increasing the number of patients with obesity who actually achieve and maintain a normal BMI and weight. Our next study will target this patient population. The planned Phase IIb plateau clinical trial will measure incremental weight loss in this target population who have more weight to lose, with a BMI greater than 35, and more at risk for physical decline, physical limitations, age greater than or equal to 65, to assess the ability of a novus arm treatment to break through the weight loss plateau, and help us also to better inform the design of the Phase III development program. Now, for the planned Phase IIb plateau clinical trial, We will evaluate the effect of a NovoSom 3mg on total body weight, physical function, and safety in approximately 200 patients who have obesity, BMI greater than or equal to 35, and who are older, age greater than or equal to 65, and are initiating a GLP-1 receptor treatment for weight reduction. The primary efficacy endpoint of the study will be the percent change from baseline and total body weight at 72 weeks, and interim analysis will be conducted at 36 weeks to assess the percent change from baseline lean body mass and fat mass as measured by DEXA scan. Since we want to continue to evaluate Inovasarm as a muscle preservation and body composition drug, the key secondary endpoints would be function endpoints, physical function stair climb tests, mobility disability status, which is functional limitations, and patient reported outcome questionnaires for physical function, such as the SF-36, PF-10, and the IWQOL light CT physical function PROs, as well as body composition endpoints, total fat mass, total lean mass, and bone mineral density. As for our financial position to fund the Phase 2B program, as of September 30, 2025, our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash balance was $15.8 million, and subsequent to September 30, 2025, On October 31st of 2025, we completed a public offering that resulted in net proceeds to the company of approximately $23.4 million. The clinical studies expect to begin in the first quarter of calendar year 2026. An interim analysis to assess change in lean mass and fat mass as measured by DEXA will be conducted at 36 weeks and is anticipated to be in the first quarter of calendar year 2027. I will now turn the call over to Michelle Greco, CFO, CAO, to discuss the financial highlights. Michelle?

Thank you, Dr. Steiner. On December 30, 2024, Vera sold the FC2 female condom business to Clear Future, Inc. The purchase price was $18 million in cash, subject to adjustment as set forth in the purchase agreement for the transaction. Net proceeds from the sale of the FC2 female condom business were approximately $16.5 million after selling cost and other purchase price adjustments, but before a change of control payment of $4.2 million owed to SWK Holdings pursuant to a residual royalty agreement for a 2018 financing transaction. The loss on the sale of the FC2 female condo business was approximately $4.1 million. The difference between the estimated net proceeds of $16.5 million and the total carrying value of the FC2 business of $20.6 million. On December 30, 2024, the carrying value of the FC2 female condom business was comprised primarily of deferred income tax assets of $12.3 million, accounts receivable of $4.6 million, and inventory of $3.4 million, partially offset by accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $1.5 million. Liabilities associated with the residual royalty agreement, which totaled $9.9 million at September 30, 2024, were extinguished. The sale of the FC2 female condom business represented a change in strategy, allowing the company to focus all its efforts exclusively on drug development and also affects how we present our operations and financial results. In our financial statements, all direct revenues, costs, and expenses related to the FC2 female condom business are classified within loss from discontinued operations, net of tax in the statement of operations. On October 31, 2025, the company completed an underwritten public offering of 1.4 million shares of our common stock, pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 7 million shares of our common stock. Accompanying Series A warrants to purchase up to 8.4 million shares of our common stock and Accompanying Series B warrants to purchase up to 8.4 million shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $3 per common share of stock and the Accompanying Series A and B warrants. Net proceeds to the company from this offering were approximately $23.4 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and costs paid by the company. Now let's review the results for the fiscal year-end at September 30, 2025. Research and development costs increased to $15.6 million in fiscal 2025 from $12.8 million in the prior year. The increase is due to an increase in expenses incurred related to the company's Phase 2B quality clinical study for Nobisarm as a treatment to augment fat loss and to prevent muscle loss, partially offset by a decrease in expenditures related to the company's other drug development programs that were terminated in previous years, and a decrease in personnel costs. Selling general and administrative expenses were $19.9 million in fiscal 2025, compared to $24.6 million in the prior year. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in the expense related to share-based compensation. We recognize the gain on sale of NTAPI assets of $10.8 million in fiscal 2025, compared to a gain of $1.2 million in the prior year, which is based on non-refundable consideration received related to promissory notes due to VERU. During the year, the company entered into a settlement agreement with Onkinetics, whereby the company received a cash payment of $6.3 million and Series D preferred stock in a warrant, which had a combined fair value of $2.5 million. In conjunction with the sale of the FC2 female condom business, we recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt of $8.6 million related to the termination of the residual royalty agreement. This represents the difference between the change of control payment of $4.2 million and the net carrying amount of the extinguished debt of $12.8 million, which included an embedded derivative for the change of control provision at fair value of $4.7 million. The loss associated with the change in fair value of equity securities in fiscal 2025 was $0.3 million compared with $0.2 million for fiscal 2024. This is due primarily to the change in the fair value of the shares of Onkinetic's common stock we previously held, which were sold during fiscal 2025. The bottom line results from continuing operations for the fiscal year was a net loss of $15.7 million, or $1.07 per diluted common share, compared to a net loss of $35.3 million, or $2.61 per diluted common share in the prior year. For fiscal 2025, net loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes related to the FC2 business was $7 million, or $0.48 per diluted common share, including the $4.1 million loss on the sale of the FC2 business compared to a net loss of $2.5 million, or 19 cents per diluted common share, in the prior period. The increase in the net loss from discontinued operations of $4.5 million is due to the loss in the sale of the FC2 female condom business of $4.1 million, a reduction in gross profit of $4.3 million, and an increase in the loss from the change in fair value of the derivative liabilities of $2.9 million. partially offset by a decrease in operating expenses of $5.5 million. Now looking at the balance sheet, as of September 30, 2025, our cash equivalents and restricted cash balance was $15.8 million compared to $24.9 million as of September 30, 2024. The restricted cash as of September 30, 2025 was $54,000 related to the sale of the FC2 female condom business. Subsequent to September 30, 2025, we completed a public offering that resulted in net proceeds to the company of approximately $23.4 million. Our net working capital was $11.1 million on September 30, 2025, compared to $23.4 million on September 30, 2024. The company is not profitable and has had negative cash flow from operations. We will need additional capital to support our drug development candidates. Based on the company's current operating plan, our cash, as of the issuance date of these financial statements, is sufficient for the company to fund operations through the interim analysis and the Phase 2B plateau clinical study to assess percent change from baseline in lean body mass and fat mass as measured by DEXA scans. During the year, we used cash of $30 million for operating activities, compared with $21.7 million used for operating activities in the prior year. We generated cash from investing activities of $25.1 million for fiscal 2025, compared with $0.1 million from investing activities in the prior year. The cash generated in the current year relates to net proceeds from the sale of the FC2 female condom business of $16.5 million and proceeds of $8.3 million from the sale of the INTACFI assets. We used cash in financing activities for fiscal 2025 of $4.2 million related to the change of control payment pursuant to the residual royalty agreement, which terminated in conjunction with the sale of the FC2 female condom business. In the prior year, we generated $36.8 million from financing activities. Now I'd like to turn the call back to Dr. Steiner. Dr. Steiner?

Thank you, Michelle. And with that, I'll now open the call to questions. Operator?

Ladies and gentlemen, at this time, we will begin the question and answer session. To ask a question, you may press star, then 1 on your telephone keypad. If you are using a speakerphone, we ask that you please pick up your handset before pressing the keys. to ensure the best sound quality. To withdraw your question, please press star then two. Please limit yourself to one question and one follow-up. If you have further questions, you may re-enter the question queue. Once again, that is star then one to rejoin the question queue. We will pause momentarily to assemble our roster. The first question today comes from William Wood with B. Riley Securities. Please go ahead.

Yes, thanks for taking our questions, and congrats on a successful year. I'm just kind of curious, in your press release for Plateau, you noted that there's going to be an inclusion of GLP-1 Whereas, at least in the past, you've spoken of using only terzepatide, which is highlighted in your most recent deck. During plateau, there's the potential for 2.4-mig-sema, 7.2-mig-sema, 25-mig-oral-sema, and then Orifor, and then obviously also terzepatide to all be approved. So I'm just curious, will any GLP-1 be allowed in your Phase IIb, or will it be limited to just terzepatide And curious how we should sort of view the potential to achieve this 5% weight loss bar when placed with various agents. Do you feel that that remains the same or sort of lower or higher initial weight loss better to sort of set you up for success?

Great question. Thank you for the question. So basically the question is, you know, we're saying GLP-1 receptor agonists. but yet we're putting Tazepatide in the, quote, placeholder in the study. It raises the question, are you going to allow both semactatide and Tazepatide, which are the two approved GLP-1 receptor agonists that are out there right now? And the answer is we have to pick one because they are different. And the last thing you want to do is add variability to the study by having Tazepatide and semactatide together. We're in the process of chatting. Uh, and trying to, uh, uh, secure one or the other. And so based on that, we'll determine ultimately which one it will be. At this point, the placeholder is terzapatide, but it could be semaglutide. But in either case, it should be one or the other and not, uh, allowing for both.

Got it. Oh, that's helpful. And then also when thinking about sort of the phase two to phase three transition, Um, do you have any insight on, I know you said that, uh, the FDA would allow for, if you don't achieve that, that 5% bar, they would allow, uh, to incorporate or to look towards say a functional improvement, like strength, uh, specifically stair climb. But how does that set up in phase three, that set up a dual endpoint in phase three, where you have to have, you know, where it's sort of an and or dual primary endpoint or. Would they allow just a functional endpoint? How should we be thinking about that?

So I'll tell you exactly how to be thinking about it. It's a great question. So the reason we didn't go to phase three is because we wanted to answer that question before you move to an expensive phase three. Okay, so the idea is do a phase two B and make the primary endpoint incremental weight loss. And so we know exactly how these agents are going to behave, just like in a Phase III setting. So they have the titration period and the maintenance period of 52 weeks, same exact criteria that the FDA wants with a Phase III. So it's basically a mini Phase III. And so then we'll know exactly what that incremental weight loss over time will be. Then to make sure that it's very clear that we're focusing on body composition and function, The key secondary endpoints, and I mentioned in my comments, are going to be heavily weighted on getting an understanding of what happens at 72 weeks. So basically your titration period followed by your maintenance period. Again, understand exactly what's going to happen in the Phase III setting using the Phase II setting. So we'll know exactly which of these points is going to be stair climb power. Is it going to be the clinical outcomes measure? Is it going to be bone mineral density? Is it going to be functional limitations, and if patients come in with functional limitations, mobility disability question, there's two questions, and do they improve or not improve? So we're learning a lot of information in what happens now at 16 weeks, but what happens now at 72 weeks. And so based on that, And to be very clear, we found that the FDA's feedback was very positive because it gave us options now that can range from incremental weight loss you hit, and you can bring all the physical function, body composition stuff in, if clinically meaningful, in the label, and you're different. You're not an incretin with an incretin. Okay, or it becomes clear that incremental weight loss could be a challenge. We don't think it will be, but let's say it is. Ah, you're not dead in the water. Now you have your physical function endpoints that can serve as your primary endpoint, your primary endpoint in phase three. So you can see how we're using our phase two to guide us in our phase three program.

Yeah, no, that's helpful. And I guess just actually one quick last one. I know you've mentioned in the past, again, that you're going to sort of go for all comers, but stratify. It looks like you're only targeting the greater than 65 patient population now in plateau, and that's actually sort of upped from the greater than 60 years old in quality. So maybe just clarify what population you're targeting, and was that more FDA guidance or Medicare reimbursement dynamics or Or just sort of the most in-need population? Yeah.

So the way to think of it is if we hit our incremental weight loss, okay, then you feel more comfortable. If you hit an incremental weight loss in patients over 65, you're going to be fine in incremental weight loss in patients less than 65, okay? But for physical function, which is where we see ourselves, you know, benefiting and showing clinical meaningfulness, then greater than 65 in our Phase IIb quality study with the patients that were most in need, meaning they probably have a touch or more than a touch of sarcopenia. They already have physical limitations. They're the most informative population for physical function. If you go back and you say, oh, if I look at Step 1, I look at surmount studies, the performance looks better in patients. that lose weight. It does because the average age is like 50. But if you go over 65, I haven't seen a single study in which they take out patients that are 65 and older and ask the same question. They don't. And so the purpose of the Phase II is to find the patient population that's most in need. The FDA has guided that if you choose as a primary endpoint physical function and body composition endpoints, that being older, greater than 65, and quite frankly, even being younger than 65, there's no indication. So even if you hit incremental weight loss and you want a secondary endpoint of physical function, you have to say what patient population has to be pre-specified. If you read the guidance, it says you have to pre-specify. So in other words, if a 32-year-old linebacker is going to lose weight and not get into trouble because they have a lot of muscle reserves, then that would be a bad patient to tell you whether or not you're going to make the functional limitations better. So even in a setting where incremental weight loss you hit and you want your second endpoint to be physical function, you can do a pre-specified subset and put that into the full Phase III. So you do all comers and then you pre-specify a subset, in this case gradient 65. So by having this Phase IIb plateau study, we'll know exactly how that patient population will behave. And so we hit incremental weight loss. We expand it to all patients, and we pre-specify an older patient population that we want to have functional endpoints measured. Again, you read the guidance. That's acceptable. On the other hand, if you don't hit incremental weight loss and you go forward, being older than 65 is not a disease. And so, therefore, you have to say older than 65 and functional limitations, older than 65, something in the patient population, you know, problems with activities of their living, problems with functional tests like stair climb so this phase 2B really will give us the information that we need to make sure that if we go with a primary endpoint physical function that we have the right indication in the right patient population so as you see we set ourselves up for all the options and now run the study take a step back between the phase 2B quality study and the phase 2B plateau study you know, now you're going to feel pretty good. You've de-risked the program for multiple opportunities, multiple options going forward. So, again, incremental weight loss with a secondary endpoint, physical function in the right patient population, or physical function is your primary endpoint, incremental weight loss. It's not because you're at the same weight loss, but you have the right patient population, the sarcopenic obese patient over the age of 65 that is afraid to go on GLP-1s. You know, can you help that patient population? By the way, 44 million Americans are on Part D of Medicare, of which half can benefit from a weight loss drug. It's a massive market. So, you know, we're playing with big numbers.

Got it. Makes sense. Very helpful. I'll hop back into the queue. Thanks, Mitch.

Thank you. While we're waiting for the next question, I just have a couple of comments to make. So, first of all, as we reflect back over the year, because this is year-end, You know, maybe some personal comments from me. You know, first of all, we went into a field that was completely unknown. We had data in cancer patients. We had data in older patients. But, you know, are these patients with pharmacological-induced low-calorie situation different? And guess what? They are different. They are different. And so much so that when you look at these myostatin inhibitors, Because now these other companies have reported, if not complete phase two, partial phase two data. It's hard to hold onto lean mass. It's hard to hold onto lean mass. And you'll see the six-month data and even the year data. So this is a different patient population. With that said, the NovoSom performed very nicely. So we were able to show 100% lean mass. We've burned fat, good physical function. And then the statement came back, how about safety? Because safety took us some more time to get safety because the study was still blinded. Safety came back great. In fact, we look like we make GI toxicity better for the GLP-1. And so we're very, very excited about that. So from a year standpoint, looking back at the year, I think we achieved what we needed to do with the trial. Then the competitive landscape. the other companies, Scalaroc, Regeneron, Sanis, Lilly, reported. And that was very, very helpful. Remember, we're oral, they're injectable. And they have their own unique, interesting safety signals. And that's because my statin inhibitors are very ubiquitous and we're still learning about them. But the point is that we learn from that. What do we learn? One of the things I heard over and over, oh, Mitch, if you hold on to muscle, muscle weighs more than fat, that you're going to have people that actually gain weight on your anabolic agent. And forget about incremental weight loss. You may be in a situation where you have to accept less weight loss. It didn't happen. It didn't happen for us. It didn't happen for them. So if you give an anabolic agent, there's not an instance where you lost less weight, in fact, with time. And with time and holding on to more lean mass, as shown by the Versanis-Lillig data, that by 72 weeks, they had a 6.4% incremental weight loss. 6.4% incremental weight loss. What that's supporting is that if you hold on to metabolic muscle that burns more calories every day than other tissue, that ultimately the turtle wins the race, not the rabbit. The turtle wins the race, and you end up with more weight loss. So that was important. Then the statement came back, okay, now we need regulatory clarity. Well, guess what? Yes, it's evolving. Yes, the FDA changed their mind, because why would we do a 16-week study if incremental weight loss was the primary endpoint? That makes no sense. Well, that's because the FDA told us that incremental weight loss by itself would not work, that in the case of our drug functional endpoints, its function should be the endpoint. That's what we did. Why did we pick 16 weeks? Because in all the previous five other studies in 1,000 patients, 16 weeks will show it. Guess what? It did. Then the FDA changed their thinking and actually gave us an option to, now that we know incremental weight loss in antibiotic agents can happen, and we saw in some of our data that we saw weight loss in some of the cancer patients who were obese, this could be very, very interesting. Sometimes I say the FDA moves the goalposts. Well, in this case, they moved it towards us because they gave us an opportunity to have multiple ways to get the physical function information into the label. So I'm very happy about that. And so our new trial design, as I just went through with questions from Dr. Wood, you'll see that we've set this up to have multiple opportunities for us to understand what the Phase III program could be from the extreme of everybody and a subset of physical function to just the patients most in need that need a GLP-1 but can't take it because they have sarcopenic obesity, and that's a big number. And finally, we raised money. We had money. We had a public offering. We had money in the banks. We put ourselves in a position to move forward on the trial, so we're very happy that's behind us. Some pushback was the IP. The IP, okay. You know, we're a new chemical entity. Our method of use patents, which is now about five of them, if issued, we'll get us to 2043. 2043 is a long time from now. And then to be sure, we made sure we made a new formulation of an ozone arm. We've reported that we have that new formulation in Opusum. We filed patents on that new formulation. They'll take it to 2046, expiry. And in the Phase III in commercial, that will be the only formulation that will be used. Opusum is a new chemical entity. It doesn't exist out there. It's never been approved. So we put ourselves in a good position. And finally, pharma validation. And so that's what we're working on. And so I think we've checked all the boxes to show that we have a robust program. And this year has been a really pivotal year to put us in a very strong footing to be an oral agent that could be potentially combined with some of the oral agents that are being developed by Big Pharma, where they're noticing that the oral agents aren't quite matching the injectables in terms of weight loss. So, you know, so an oral agent, small molecule, that's for weight loss and creatinine in combination with an ozone can be very interesting, and particularly if you can potentially have similar weight loss with the combination therapy as you do with the injectables.

The next question comes from Rohan Matter with Oppenheimer. Please go ahead.

Hey, this is Ronan for Lehman. Thanks for the update. Just one question for me. As you think about the different outcomes from the PLATO study and the obvious benefits of the NOVAZARM, do you expect there to be any flexibility around regulatory discussions that would follow when it comes to showing a certain degree of weight loss or muscle function? Thanks.

Yeah, so the degree of weight loss, the stake in the ground looks like 5% of grade of placebo-corrected gets you the incremental weight loss. And if you have the incremental weight loss, then all the secondary stuff will come in based on clinical meaningfulness. And so that gets to the next question, and that is part of our homework in the Phase 2B plateau study And you can see we put a lot of options on physical function. We did physical function tests, which is sterile climate tests, function tests. They don't like strain tests. We're doing clinical outcomes questionnaires that have been used in many of these step one surmount studies as well. So we have data there. And if we can show an older patient population, there's improvement in terms of clinical meaningfulness. And then what's an interesting new one is this mobility disability assessment. It turns out that there's an ICD code to diagnose, clinicians use to diagnose frailty in older patients for mobility disability that contains two questions. Question one is, can you walk through city blocks? And question two is, can you climb stairs? Something like that. And so to assess patients coming into our Phase IIb plateau study, and show that we can make people with functional limitations coming in to study better, that'd be interesting. And so there's multiple ways to come back and present our case for the best way to measure physical function. One of those, all of those.

Thanks, Mitch.

Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes our question and answer session. I would like to turn the call back over to Dr. Mitchell-Steiner for any closing remarks.

Great. Thank you, operator. I appreciate everyone who joined us on today's call. I look forward to updating all of you on our progress in the next investor's call. Thank you for being with us.

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