American Tower Corporation (REIT)

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. Welcome to the American Tower Third Quarter 2021 Earnings Conference Call. As a reminder, today's conference call is being recorded. Following the prepared remarks, we will open the call for questions. If you'd like to ask a question, please press 1, then 0 on your telephone keypad. I would now like to turn the call over to your host, Igor Kislovsky, Vice President of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, sir.

Good morning, and thank you for joining American Tower's third quarter 2021 earnings conference call. We've posted a presentation, which we will refer to throughout our prepared remarks under the investor relations tab of our website, www.americantower.com. On this morning's call, Tom Bartlett, our president and CEO, will discuss current technology trends and how we are positioned to benefit from continued wireless technology evolution. And then Rod Smith, our Executive Vice President, CFO, and Treasurer, will discuss our Q3 2021 results and revised full-year outlook. After these comments, we will open up the call for your questions. Before we begin, I'll remind you that our comments will contain forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Examples of these statements include our expectations regarding future growth, including our 2021 outlook, capital allocation, and future operating performance, our expectations regarding the impacts of COVID-19, and any other statements regarding matters that are not historical fact. You should be aware that certain factors may affect us in the future and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements. Such factors include the risk factors set forth in this morning's earnings press release, those set forth in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31st, 2020, and in other filings we make with the SEC. We urge you to consider these factors and remind you that we undertake no obligation to update the information contained in this call to reflect subsequent events or circumstances. With that, I'll turn the call over to Tom.

Thanks, Igor. Good morning, everyone. Consistent with our prior Q3 calls, my comments today will center on the key trends driving our business now and how we think the technological landscape will develop in the future. I'll touch on how we are positioned to benefit as 5G deployments accelerate and cloud-native applications on the edge evolve, particularly in the United States. Additionally, I'll spend some time discussing our European markets where we now have a scaled presence and are poised to create further value as technology evolves there, and then briefly cover what we were seeing in our earlier stage international markets. Finally, I'll outline some of the progress we've made in some of those same emerging markets on the platform expansion side, particularly with respect to our investments in sustainability and renewable energy as we continue to lead the industry into a greener future. At a high level, much of my commentary today will sound familiar to those of you who have listened in on prior technology-focused calls, and we view that as a positive. Technology is evolving and advancing right in line with our expectations, and the long-term secular trends that have driven and continue to drive our business remain strong. There are also new developments in the marketplace around the overall digital ecosystem that we are excited about, and our tenants continue to power ahead with their network augmentation and expansion activities. Taken together, this is a backdrop that we expect will lead to sustained attractive growth for us over the long term. Central to this belief is the view that our core global macro tower business will be the foundation of our success and the main driver of our cash flows for the foreseeable future. This macro tower should remain the most cost and technology efficient network deployment solution in most topographies worldwide. Our conviction in this regard has only grown stronger over time, supported by our customers' significant investments in new spectrum assets, record levels of wireless CapEx spending in markets like the United States, and numerous public statements by them indicating their intention to utilize macro sites to drive aggressive deployments of 5G and other wireless technologies globally. We continue to view mid-band spectrum, which includes the recently auctioned C-band and the two and a half gig band currently being deployed in the U.S. as the workhorse of the true 5G experience. And we believe to be the fundamental enabler of the immersive next generation 5G applications and use cases that are set to emerge as coverage improves and advanced devices penetrate the market. Importantly, we continue to expect the propagation characteristics of these sub-6 gig frequencies compared to traditionally deployed mobile spectrum to necessitate significant network densification over the long term, supporting a multi-year period of strong growth on our tower sites. We're seeing the leading edge of this activity in the U.S. today, generating record services revenues driven by all of the major carriers as they accelerate the early stages of their respective 5G deployments. Application volumes within our property business are strong, supported by expected wireless CapEx spend in the mid $30 billion range this year. Industry experts anticipate that these elevated levels of capital spending will be sustained for a number of years, driven by a mobile data usage growth CAGR of more than 25% over the next five years. Amazingly, this follows a more than 25% CAGR for the last five years. and cumulative growth of approximately 7,500% over the last decade. This compelling demand backdrop, coupled with the long-term, non-cancellable leases that comprise our more than $60 billion global contractual backlog, gives us confidence in our ability to drive organic tenant billings growth in the mid-single-digit range on average in the U.S. through 2027, and to drive higher growth rates abroad in that same period. I'll touch on this further in a few minutes, but as a quick reminder, these baseline growth expectations exclude any material contributions from our various platform expansion initiatives. What they do include are expectations for an extended period of solid growth in our European markets, where we are seeing similar network growth trends to the United States with early stage 5G deployments set to accelerate in the coming years. We expect that our newly scaled European presence will allow us to drive long-term value creation as the explosion of mobile data usage across the region continues and the need for communications infrastructure accelerates as a result. Across Germany, Spain, and France, where 5G mobile subscriptions currently make up less than 5% of the total user base, we expect mobile data usage per smartphone to grow by more than 25 percent annually for the next five years, similar to the United States, and consequently expect capex spend across the three markets to exceed $11 billion annually over a similar time period. And as happened in the United States, we're already seeing this acceleration in network investment translate into elevated activity. In fact, in the third quarter, normalizing for the impacts of the Telsey's deal co-location and amendment contributions to European organic tenant buildings growth rose by around 200 basis points year over year. Although we expect a significant portion of initial 5G investments to be focused in urban locations across our European footprint, where roughly 80% of the population resides, we anticipate urban-oriented consumer demand to be complemented by an ongoing push from European regulators to deliver rural connectivity, which will represent another opportunity for us to drive colocation on our tower sites in those areas. We believe our balance of rural and recently expanded urban assets positions us well to capture significant market share of upcoming 5G deployments over the next decade. Finally, in our earlier stage markets across Latin America, Asia, and Africa, we continue to see solid demand for our critical infrastructure, largely driven by deployments of legacy network technologies, particularly 4G. Whether looking at Brazil, Mexico, India, or Nigeria, consumers are rapidly increasing their utilization of smartphones, thereby driving mobile data usage growth higher. In many of these regions, existing network infrastructure is insufficient to support this deluge of usage, as sell site performance is challenged with increased levels of network load. In response to these trends, we are aggressively marketing our existing assets and continue to look for additional acquisition opportunities to bolster our footprint in these markets. But at the same time, we have significantly ramped up our new build program, given the tremendous need for entirely new infrastructure. In fact, if you take the nearly 5,900 sites we built last year, and add our expected 7,000 sites at the midpoint of our outlook to be constructed this year, it would represent almost as many sites as the previous five years combined. And as we laid out a few quarters ago, we are targeting the construction of up to 40,000 to 50,000 new sites over the next five years. With day one NOI yields on these builds continuing to average above 10%, we are excited about deploying significant capital to these initiatives going forward as we capitalize on the advancement of network technology across the emerging world while helping to connect billions of people. In addition to the core secular growth trends driving our global tower business, we are seeing indications, particularly in more mature markets like the United States, of a broad evolution within the overall wireless ecosystem. This evolution is closely intertwined with 5G, and includes an increased prevalence of cloud-native network solutions, more emphasis on the various permutations of the network edge, and an ever-increasing intersection of the wired and wireless portions of today's converged network architecture. As networks virtualize O-RAN or Open RAN, it is expected to become a more important option to improve their economics. We are now starting to see this phenomenon with DISH in the United States and in Germany, where 1&1 has spoken extensively about its intent to utilize this technology. By utilizing ORAN, carriers have the potential to optimize network design and drive cost efficiencies, freeing up incremental capital to invest in densification and other network enhancements that help drive growth in site deployments and co-locations. Importantly, the role of the tower in this evolving network design is as critical as ever. While base station functionality will likely continue to evolve to be cloud-native software agile, the radio equipment that is placed on the tower itself, which has always driven our revenue, will continue to reside on the tower. Importantly, we believe we can leverage our extensive global distributed real estate portfolio to not only drive continued strong growth within our core tower business, but also to take advantage of other emerging opportunities as networks virtualize. This may include multi-axis edge computing and potential other edge cloud permutations of neutral host infrastructure. At the end of the day, modern software-driven networks are becoming smarter, faster, more capable, and more dynamic, and we are focused on ensuring that American Tower has a meaningful role to play in this context on the infrastructure and real estate side of the equation. One of the areas we focused on is the development of the network edge, or more accurately, the development of multiple layers of the network edge. With the need for lower latency expected to become more and more critical over time with applications like AR, VR, telemedicine, real-time analytics, autonomous driving, entertainment, streaming, you name it, and many others are beginning to merge, we continue to believe that this could be a meaningful opportunity for American Tower. we've done more work on the evolution of the edge, the concept of multiple edge layers has come into better focus. Today, for example, by far the most prevalent layer is the regional metro edge, owned for the most part by the large data center companies where vast amounts of data processing is then centralized. These locations provide access to cloud on-ramps and are absolutely critical within today's networks. We expect this need to be the case for the foreseeable future. In fact, as the volume of data carried across networks continues to explode, we anticipate the demand for these types of large-scale facilities will only grow. The upside of these locations is their size and capacity. The downside, which to this point hasn't been all that relevant, is the fairly significant network transit costs and latency built into reaching these central compute functions, as the data often has to travel hundreds of miles to reach these destinations. These transit costs and latency considerations, which we expect to become more important in the future, will necessitate more edge locations as uplinked data increases from IoT use cases and demands for distributed computing advance. The next layer beyond the metro edge, in our view, will be the aggregation edge. Here, you're likely to host CRAN hubs in future MEC applications as network virtualization advances. along with distributed data processing, AI inferencing, and other compute functions, which will need reduced latency. The major hyperscalers continue to evolve their edge cloud platforms so that they can extend computing capabilities deeper into the mobile access network at the aggregation edge. The next layer beyond this, which we term the access edge, is where our existing tower sites are located today. offering an opportunity to meaningfully enhance the value of our legacy real estate. We expect to eventually see VRAN and O-RAN network functions, AI inferencing, data caching, and a variety of other next-generation AR and VR cloud-native ultra-low latency applications residing at these locations. Finally, we've also identified the on-premise edge, which would lie beyond even our tower sites and could eventually help support private network. smart factories, and a host of other applications located at the end user site. At the end of the day, our 20,000-foot view is that all of these edge elements will need to fit together to provide a cohesive framework for full-scale 5G across the network ecosystem. The goal for us is to figure out what the optimal linkages between the layers look like, who the key players will be, and what elements of the edge we may want to own in order to further enhance the strong long-term growth we expect from our core existing business. To date, as we seek to connect the dots, we've been active with a number of trial edge compute sites at the Access Edge, while also operating our ColoATL Metro Data Center interconnection facility in Atlanta. Through these investments, we've built relationships with key existing and potential future customers have learned a tremendous amount about key demand trends and have had a front row seat for the beginning stages of the convergence of wireless and wireline networks that I alluded to earlier. More recently, we acquired Datasite, a data center company consisting of two multi-tenant data centers in the Atlanta area and in Orlando. In addition to strengthening our existing position in Atlanta, the addition of a network-dense carrier hotel facility in Orlando provides us with a strong southeastern presence, with a profile and characteristics that we believe will be critical in the early evolution of the metro edge as we evaluate its role in the mobile networks of the future. We expect these facilities, which have 18 megawatts of combined power and additional 4.5 megawatts of expansion capacity, to effectively complement COLO-ATL and enable us to enhance our ability to develop neutral host, multi-operator, multi-cloud data centers to support the broader core-to-edge connectivity evolution in the United States. We continue to believe that while a scaled application-driven edge-oriented business model is still likely several years away, it has the potential to be a sizable market opportunity with meaningful potential upside, not only in the United States, but also on a global basis. Leading global MNOs are now positioning their networks with release 16 5G standalone core features to explore edge cloud opportunities. And with our distributed macro site presence in key markets around the world, we think we're well positioned to potentially be a provider of choice on the edge, particularly for large multinational MNOs and other categories of customers who may be looking for a multi-market solution. Switching gears a bit, while we believe edge compute will eventually also be relevant in emerging markets, that is unlikely to happen in the immediate future. Consequently, we have focused our platform expansion efforts across our developing regions and other areas, most notably on increasing the sustainability and efficiency of power provisioning in our sites. As we highlighted in our recently published 2020 Corporate Sustainability Report, we've continued to make progress toward our goal of reducing diesel-related greenhouse gas emissions by 60% by 2027 from a 2017 baseline. In 2020, we achieved an additional 8% reduction from 2019, reaching 53% of the 10-year goal. We are continuing to make solid progress in 2021 with an expectation to spend an additional $80 million towards energy-efficient solutions. primarily in lithium ion and solar power across our Africa footprint, which will bring our cumulative spend to nearly $250 million. And as we announced earlier this week, we are furthering our commitment to combat climate change by adopting science-based targets, which we expect to help inform our future investments in sustainability. In addition to the positive environmental benefits from these investments, We are also delivering shareholder value through FFO per share accretion. Lithium-ion batteries provide significant energy efficiency, density, and lifespan improvements over legacy solutions. And while to date FFO benefits to American Tower have largely come through fuel savings, we anticipate over time that our yields on these investments will further expand as we are able to lengthen battery and generator replacement cycles. Having already expanded our lithium-ion-powered site count from 4,500 in 2019 to 6,700 in 2020, we are targeting another 8,000 sites by the end of 2022 and recently signed a multimillion-dollar bulk battery purchase agreement in Africa in support of this goal. Importantly, we believe that energy efficiency, the use of renewables, and sustainability in our broader sense can represent an important competitive advantage for us. not only from the flow through to AFFO, but also the differentiation in service quality for our customers. We continue to view sustainability as a critical component of our company culture, and we'll be highlighting our continued progress in future sustainability reports, which I encourage all of you to read, by the way. In closing, our excitement around 5G on a global basis continues to grow. Consumers and enterprises are using more advanced devices for more things, resulting in consistent, elevated growth in mobile data usage, which in turn strains existing wireless networks and necessitates incremental densification and network improvement. Considerable new spectrum is being deployed. New entrants in select markets are building greenfield networks. and our macro tower-oriented portfolio remains well-positioned to capture a significant portion of wireless investment activity. In addition, through our platform expansion strategy, we are focused on ensuring that the company benefits from the ongoing convergence of wireless and wireline and the associated expansion of virtualization and cloud-native applications throughout the network ecosystem. Importantly, as we optimize our core business, and look for ways to further enhance our growth path in the broader digital infrastructure world, we are as committed as ever to driving profitability, sustainability, and recurring growth. We're energized by the future and are excited to be in a vibrant industry that is helping to connect the world. With that, let me turn the call over to Rod to go through our third quarter results and updated full year 2021 outlook. Rod? Thanks, Tom.

And thank you everyone for joining today's call. I hope you and your families are well. Q3 was another quarter of strong performance for us. And as you heard from Tom, we are as encouraged as ever by the technological trends that underpin our long-term growth potential. Before digging into the details of our results and Ray's outlook, I'd like to touch on a few highlights from the quarter. First, we closed on our strategic partnership agreements with CDPQ and Allianz, through which They purchased an aggregate of 48% of our ATC Europe business for total consideration of around 2.6 billion euros. In addition, we closed the remaining 4,000 Telsius communication sites in Germany back in August. With the transaction now fully closed and funded, our teams are working to rapidly integrate the assets, and we are already seeing encouraging activity on the portfolio. Second, we continued to strengthen our balance sheet. raising roughly $3 billion in senior unsecured notes, including our Euro offering earlier this month. Through our financing transactions, we have been able to maintain an attractive weighted average cost of debt while also continuing to extend our maturities. As a result of this activity, along with a benefit from a non-recurring advance payment received from a tenant during the quarter, we finished Q3 with net leverage of 4.9 times. While we expect net leverage to increase back into the low five times range in the fourth quarter, we are right on track with our overall post-telsius delevering path. And lastly, we saw another quarter of record services activity in the U.S. as carriers accelerated 5G-related projects. We view this as a leading indicator of strong levels of gross leasing in our property segment as we head into 2022 and beyond. And with that, please turn to slide 6 and I'll review our Q3 property revenue and organic tenant buildings growth. As you can see, our consolidated property revenue grew by over 19% year over year, or over 18% on an FX neutral basis, to nearly $2.4 billion. This included U.S. and Canada property revenue growth of around 10% and international property revenue growth of over 31%. or 13% when excluding the impacts of the Telseus acquisition. This strong performance is indicative of a continuation of the long-term secular trends driving demand for our infrastructure assets across the globe. Moving to the right side of the slide, we also had a solid quarter of organic tenant billings growth throughout the business. On a consolidated basis, organic tenant billings growth was nearly 5% for a second consecutive quarter. As expected, U.S. 5G investments from the major carriers drove healthy activity levels, leading to organic tenant billings growth in our U.S. and Canada segment of over 4%. Contributions from co-location and amendments were more than 3%. Escalators came in at 3.2%, and churn was just over 2%. Moving to our international operations, we drove organic tenant billings growth of nearly 6%, reflecting a sequential acceleration of around 60 basis points. Africa was our fastest growing region in the quarter, posting organic tenant buildings growth of well over 9%, led by Nigeria, where we continue to see 4G investments driving both co-location activity and new site construction. We also saw a consistent quarter in Latin America, where organic tenant buildings growth was right around 7%, driven by solid new business and higher escalators, primarily in Brazil. Meanwhile, European organic tenant billings growth accelerated by around 100 basis points sequentially to nearly 5.5% as expected. Excluding impacts from the Telseus acquisition, organic tenant billings growth in the region would have been over 4.5% in the quarter, more than 200 basis points higher than the year-ago period, driven primarily by new business contributions. This positive trend reflects both ongoing 4G activity, and early 5G investments, leading to solid growth from both co-locations and amendments. Looking to Germany in particular, we saw a more than 300 basis point increase in co-location and amendment contributions in our legacy business as compared to the prior year period, resulting in organic tenant billings growth of over 5.5%, up from 5.2% in the second quarter. Finally, in Asia Pacific, we saw organic tenant billings growth of 0.7%, up roughly 200 basis points as compared to Q2. This reflects a modest acceleration in gross new business activity coupled with a more than 2% sequential decline in churn, which was in line with our expectations. Turning to slide 7, our third quarter adjusted EBITDA grew more than 19%, or over 18% on an FX neutral basis, to nearly $1.6 billion. Adjusted EBITDA margin was 63.2%, which was down compared to Q3 2020 as a result of adding new, lower initial tenancy assets to our portfolio, which we believe will drive strong organic growth and therefore margin expansion in the future. Cash SG&A as a percent of total property revenue was around 7.3%, a roughly 40 basis point sequential improvement. Moving to the right side of the slide, consolidated AFFO growth was over 13%, with consolidated AFFO per share of $2.53, reflecting a per share growth of nearly 11%. This was driven by strong performance in our core business, contributions from new assets, and around $13 million in year-over-year FX favorability. Our performance also reflected the benefits of our commitment to driving efficiency throughout our operations and minimizing financing costs, despite growing the portfolio by nearly 38,000 sites over the last year. And finally, AFFO per share attributable to AMT common stockholders was $2.49, reflecting a year-over-year growth rate of nearly 12%. Let's now turn to our updated outlook for the full year. I'll start by reviewing a few of the key updated assumptions. First, our expectations for organic growth across the business are consistent with our prior outlook. Carriers continue to deploy meaningful capital as they invest in network quality, and we are seeing numerous bands of spectrum being deployed for both 4G and 5G. We are also slightly increasing our expectations for services revenue for the year to around $235 million as a result of an outsized third quarter. although this implies that services volumes will moderate somewhat in Q4. Second, as a result of our focus on operational efficiency and cost controls, along with some one-time benefits, we expect to be able to take some costs out of the business as compared to our prior expectations. Combined with current services gross margin outperformance, this will drive our adjusted EBITDA margin expectations higher for the balance of the year. Third, in India, we are encouraged by recent regulatory reforms, which we believe can provide some much needed breathing room for capital constrained carriers in the marketplace and improve the telecom environment overall. While we believe this is a clear positive first step towards market recovery, we continue to expect flat 2021 organic tenant buildings growth in the region as we further evaluate the long-term impacts of these developments on the sector. Finally, incorporating the latest FX projections, our current outlook reflects negative FX impacts of $30 million for property revenue, $20 million for adjusted EBITDA, and $15 million for consolidated AFFO as compared to our prior expectations. With that, let's move to the details of our revised full-year outlook. Looking at slide 8, as expected, leasing trends remain strong across our global business. And as a result of an increase in pass-through, together with some modest core property revenue outperformance, we are raising our property revenue outlook by $10 million. This represents 14% year-over-year growth at the midpoint and includes $30 million in unfavorable translational FX impacts as compared to our prior outlook. Moving to slide 9, you'll see that we're reiterating our organic tenant billings growth expectations of approximately 4% on a consolidated basis. This includes roughly 3% growth in our U.S. and Canada segment, where 5G deployments are driving solid activity levels as we exit the year. As a reminder, we expect the first and largest tranche of contractual sprint churn to hit our run rate in the fourth quarter of this year. And while we expect growth activity to remain solid, our guide implies a Q4 U.S. organic tenant billings growth rate of negative 1%, as we communicated previously. On the international side, we continue to anticipate organic tenant buildings growth in the range of 5% to 6% as carriers continue to focus their efforts on enhancing and densifying wireless networks in the face of ever-rising mobile data demand. Moving to slide 10, we are raising our adjusted EBITDA outlook by approximately $50 million and now expect year-over-year growth of nearly 16%. This increase reflects continued strength in our services segment where we now expect to see roughly $145 million in services gross margin for the year, up from the $123 million implied in our prior guidance, with year-over-year growth of more than 180%. On the cost side of the equation, we continue to maintain cost discipline globally, helping to drive adjusted EBITDA margins up by around 40 basis points for the full year as compared to prior expectations. Turning to slide 11, We are also raising our full-year AFFO expectations and now expect year-over-year growth in consolidated AFFO of roughly 15%, with an implied outlook midpoint of $9.64 per share. The flow-through of incremental cash-adjusted EBITDA, coupled with the continued cash tax and net cash interest benefits as compared to the prior expectations, are being partially offset by around $15 million in negative translational FX impacts. On a per-share basis, we now expect growth of approximately 14% for the year, consistent with our long-term growth ambitions that we highlighted at the start of the year. Finally, AFFO attributable to ATC common stockholders per share is expected to grow by nearly 12% versus 2020, incorporating the minority interest impacts of our strategic partnership with CDPQ and Allianz in Europe. Moving on to slide 12, let's review our capital deployment expectations for 2021. As you can see, we remain focused on deploying capital towards assets that drive strong, sustainable growth in AFFO per share, coupled with a growing dividend, providing our investors with a compelling combination of growth plus yield. Working our way through the specific categories, our first priority remains our dividend. For the full year, we continue to expect to distribute $2.3 billion subject to Board approval, which implies a roughly 15% year-over-year per share growth rate. As a reminder, our dividend growth will continue to be driven by underlying growth in our re-taxable income, incorporating the impacts of M&A and other moving pieces in the business. Consistent with our prior comments, we anticipate growing our dividend by at least 10% annually in the coming years. Moving on to CapEx, we reiterate our expectations of spending nearly $1.6 billion at the midpoint, with nearly 90% being discretionary in nature. Driving a good portion of this discretionary CapEx is our continued expectation to construct 7,000 sites at the midpoint this year, with the vast majority in our international markets. Turning to acquisitions, including contributions from minority partners We have deployed around $10 billion so far this year, primarily for the Telseus transaction, as well as for smaller transactions, including Datasite. In total, of our nearly $14 billion in expected capital deployments for the year, we expect over 80% to be composed of discretionary growth CapEx and M&A. Moving to the center of the slide, you can see the composition of our $35 billion in cumulative capital deployments since the start of 2017, including our 2021 full year expectations. We continue to augment our developed market presence, which we believe positions us optimally to drive value from accelerating 5G deployments and next generation technology evolutions, as Tom laid out earlier. We are also allocating capital towards higher growth, earlier stage markets that are typically at least five years behind the U.S. and Europe in their network deployments. Taken together, we believe that our global footprint positions us to capture multiple waves of investments across the globe over a sustained period of time. Finally, you can see that more than a quarter, or around $9.5 billion of our deployed capital in the last five years has been distributed to shareholders in the form of dividends and share repurchases. We continue to view these components as critical to total shareholder returns. Moving to the right side of the chart, Supporting this phase of significant investment and growth has been our investment-grade balance sheet. We believe that our access to low-cost, diversified sources of financing has been a key differentiator in our proactively working to extend this critical competitive advantage into the future. In fact, incorporating our latest financing efforts, we now have a weighted average cost of debt of around 2.4 percent, a weighted average tenor of debt of approximately seven years. and over 85 percent of our balance sheet locked into fixed rate instruments. Finally, on slide 13, and in summary, in Q3, we continue to capitalize on a strong global demand backdrop, delivering our highest quarter of consolidated AFFO per share on record. This was driven by solid organic growth, record-setting services volumes, disciplined cost controls, strategic balance sheet management, and a creative portfolio expansion. As we look ahead, we believe our existing global real estate portfolio is well positioned to drive long-term recurring growth as carriers augment and extend their networks. And with the strength of our investment-grade balance sheet and diversified pool of funding sources, we expect to continue to deploy capital towards accretive investments that can enhance our growth path and enable us to create additional value. Given our positioning at the intersection of real estate and technology in an ever more interconnected world, we are excited to continue to deliver connectivity to billions of people worldwide in a sustainable way, while driving compelling total returns for our shareholders. With that, I'll turn the call back over to the operator for Q&A.

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, once again, if you would like to ask a question, please press 1, then 0 on your telephone keypad. You will hear acknowledgment that your line has been placed in queue. You may remove yourself from queue by pressing 1-0 again. One moment please for the first question. And we have a question from Michael Rollins with Citi. Please go ahead.

Thanks and good morning. Two questions if I could. The first question is on the domestic environment. Just curious if you can give us an update on US leasing, how it compared to your prior expectations entering into this year and what that means for the average of organic tenant buildings, road guides that you provided. I think the average for 21 and 22 was about 2% on a reported basis and about 5% on a normalized basis. And then just, Tom, to follow up on your comment on the edge and data centers, is it inevitable that American Tower needs to either partner with a larger data center portfolio or directly own a larger data center portfolio? Thanks.

Yeah, thanks, Michael. Maybe, Rod, why don't you take the first part of the question, and then I'll fill in on the second piece.

Okay, great. Good morning, Michael. Thanks for the question. So in terms of the U.S. leasing environment, we're seeing a very strong environment. Certainly all the major carriers have been active. You've seen that show up, most notably in our services environment. We've seen a kick-up in the contribution from co-location and amendment activity into our organic tenant buildings growth. So that's been accelerating through each of the last three quarters, just as we expected from the outset in the year. So in terms of our expectations, everything really – is right in line with what we expected. I don't want to get too deep into the second part of your question around growth and activity when it comes to 2022, but I will just reiterate a couple of points that we've already made. So, you know, directionally, your comments are correct. We guided to an average organic tenant billings growth in the U.S. for 21 and 22 of around 2%. You can see we're coming in here in 21 at around 3%. you know, that suggests around 1% organic tenant buildings growth for 2022 in the U.S. So that's where we would expect to be. And again, I'm not providing guidance for next year, just reiterating the components of our long-term plan. And maybe one thing that I will kind of highlight here just briefly is that that sprint churn hit us in Q4 for the first time, that first tranche, as you heard in my comments. So Sprint churn, now that it's active, I'll just give you the numbers there again. 2021, we are rolling off $195 million of annual sprint revenue in churn. In 2022, we'll roll off an additional $60 million. 2023, we'll roll off another $50 million. And in 2024, we'll roll off another $70 million. So that sprint churn there, that's what's really causing the lower organic growth rates in our U.S. businesses. Next year, the gross growth, you know, we see the environment being very strong, accelerating through 2021, and we expect that to continue going in. Just to give you a couple of the piece parts, in terms of the impact it will have on the fourth quarter, you will see organic tenant buildings growth rates in the U.S. at around a negative 1%. That will include churn for the quarter of about 6.6%, and embedded within that is about 4.5% just from the sprint churn. And, of course, all this will have an impact on AFFO in terms of going forward into future years. So we've guided that our goal is to hit double-digit AFFO growth on average from 2021 out through 2027. And, of course, some years it will be higher, some years it will be lower. The goal really is an average. And when you think about 2022 and this first tranche of sprint churn kind of rolling through, that's a year that I would say that it would be challenging to get to 10%. I'll also say, Michael, we haven't given up on it. There are certain levers that we can pull and things that we can do within the business to maximize AFFO and AFFO per share growth, and we're doing all of those things. So that kind of puts a little bit of context around the U.S. activity for this year and rolling into next year.

And, Michael, relative to your second question, you can tell that we're obviously energized and excited about the opportunity at the edge. I mean, the impetus right now is really 5G and driving all of these, you know, lower latency types of applications and needs out further into the market closer and closer to the end user. You know, we've always said, you know, from a digital transformation perspective, it's going to be cloud-based, it's going to be connected, and it's going to be distributed. And we think we're in a very good competitive position given the vast amount of distribution that we have in the 25 markets that we're servicing. So we're trying to position ourselves in this broader market to be able to take advantage of the opportunity. We're going to do it intelligently. Our execution strategy continues to evolve. We think we've done it intelligently in terms of picking up some of the metro sites, building out our own site We have some market agreements in place to drive access into those sites. And this is going to evolve. This is not going to happen overnight, as you well know. And so, you know, we've got partnerships in place to be able to look at this. We're going to be able to hopefully leverage some of those partnerships. And we'll just continue to monitor the best approach in terms of being able to best position ourselves to be able to take advantage of this opportunity. You know, we've done that in the past in terms of being smart in terms of how we allocate capital to these types of investments. Will it take the form of partnerships, further owning more metro sites? Unclear at this point in time. You know, that will continue to evolve as as the market continues to evolve. But we do think we're in a really good position in terms of being able to leverage our real estate, you know, our exclusive real estate, and to be able to take advantage of that neutral host model.

Thanks. You bet. Next, we move on to the line of Simon Flannery with Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead. One moment, please. Mr. Flannery, your line is now open. I apologize.

Okay, thank you. Good morning. First, Rod, I wonder if you could give us a little bit more color on the advance payment. It looks like about close to a billion dollars. What's going on there? Is that something that we will see again? And then there's been a lot of talk about supply chain. We're seeing higher inflation, particularly in markets like Brazil. Are you seeing any pressure on your customers in terms of their ability to source radios, to source tower crews, and the cost of that that might impact some of the installs? And do your MLAs protect you from any delayed installs? Any color around that would be great.

Hey, Simon. Great. Thanks for the question and good morning. Thanks for being on the call. So with the advance prepayment, I'm not going to provide details around that. I will say it was a little over a billion dollars from one of our customers. It really is just a prepayment for lease payments going out over, let's say, the next 12 months. So it'll kind of run through our financial statements pretty quickly. And there's nothing more to it than just a prepayment of the next 12 months kind of leasing fees. So from our perspective, it's not a big deal. It helps with liquidity. It brought our leverage down a little bit. You saw we ended a little bit below five times in terms of leverage. So it wasn't a bad thing for us to do, but it's a pretty simple transaction. And I wouldn't want you to read any more into it than that. In terms of supply chain, you know, Tom may want to add a few comments here. But from a supply chain, we see no major impacts at this point, certainly across our business. As you can see in our services business, We continue to hit higher and higher levels of activity in bringing our outlook up, again, to another consecutive quarter here. So we've got access to the crews. You've also seen our margins expanding in the services business in particular. And in the U.S., we're not building a tremendous amount of towers, so we certainly don't have any restrictions or challenges from that perspective. One place I would say, you know, going into 2022, we will be keeping our eye on crew availability and labor and things like that. If the environment stays the way it is, we should be fine. If things get worse, we'll need to keep our eye on it. We do buy a lot of generators. We have generator orders out that are already in place that bring us out into the beginning to the middle of 2022. So from that perspective, we know we're going to get the materials we need or we expect to get the materials we need and feel pretty good about that. But in the second half of 2022, again, we'll continue to watch the supply chain issues And to the extent that there are any issues that get worse, we'll continue to keep an eye on it and kind of pull the levers. But from where we sit now, we don't think we'll – we don't see anything hitting us right now. We don't expect any challenges through the middle of 2022. And beyond that, it's too early to comment. We'll just keep our eye on it. Great.

Thank you.

And our next question is from Matt Nicknam with Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead.

Hey, thanks for taking the question. One on India. I guess there's some better organic growth this quarter, return to positive growth, I think, for the first time since 2Q20. So can you maybe talk a little bit more about the overall demand backdrop across your carrier customers and whether, I guess maybe to drill in a little bit more, churn was about a couple million lower than what we've seen in terms of recent run rate. And so I'm wondering if the 14 million we saw this quarter is maybe a better run rate to now think about and start modeling going forward. Thanks.

Yeah, thanks for the question and good morning. So we did see organic tenant billings in Asia kind of turn a corner here and get to positive. So we posted a 0.7% positive growth rate. We're still looking for the full year to be right around zero. And as we look at the market, we remain optimistic in terms of the growth So the way that even that 0.7 organic tenant buildings for the quarter, I'll give you a little bit of the breakdown there. So we're seeing high single digits, nearly double digit organic new business. That's been pretty consistent for at least six to eight consecutive quarters. And based on where they are in their development, kind of transitioning from 3G to 4G networks, We expect that that gross demand should continue. The escalators are locked in right around 2% to 2.2% or so, so we have that to count on. We have seen a moderation and a pretty sharp decline here year over year in terms of the churn rate. So a year ago, Q3 churn in India was about 13.5%. It's down now to about 7.5%. We think that's certainly a very favorable sign and one that we expected to see, and we hope to continue to see that going forward. In terms of the – you did see that there was some good news from the government in terms of regulatory support for the industry, and we think that that will help the market in general, the whole sector as well as the carriers, particularly the ones with the AGR dues, but all the carriers even with their spectrum fees, strengthen their own balance sheets, kind of regroup and gear up for competition in the sector there and to invest in the network. So we are optimistic about going forward growth rates there. But we would expect, you know, let's call it high single-digit organic growth with churn levels there in the mid-single digits and hopefully moderating down over time.

Rod, can I just follow up? One other question I wanted to sneak in is on capital improvement CapEx. It's been trending lower. I think year-to-date you've only done around 100 million CapEx. But I think the guide is for about $185 million for the year. I'm just wondering what's been driving the lower capital improvement CapEx year to date, and then is it fair to assume then a much larger step up that could weigh on AFFO and 4Q? Thanks.

Yeah, so the cap maintenance there is going to pop up in Q4. I think you see that. You just mentioned that in terms of our guide. It really is just timing. And it's a timing issue that we've seen in prior years. So if you look back at our last year spread of maintenance capex, you'll see kind of the same sort of cycle. It is a cash capex number, so it does lag a little bit in terms of the activity. So you see this kind of spike in leasing activity that's running through our services revenue, and then you kind of see following on from that, you'll see an uptick in the maintenance capex that we – that we run through to support the towers and maintain everything out at the tower sites. So it really is just a timing issue, Matt.

Great. Thank you.

And next we have a question from Eric Lugtow with Wells Fargo. Please go ahead.

Great. Thanks for taking the question. Perhaps you could talk about Verizon real quickly. I think your holistic pricing structure with them expires at the end of this year. So wondering if you could update us on the nature of conversations with them around that aspect of the MLA. And then secondly, on the European side, it's nice to see the improvement in organic tenant billings growth. Can you just kind of talk about how the outperformance is coming from, whether that's churn from Telefonica versus new bookings? And then on the new bookings front, you know, any update on conversations with one by one as they contemplate the new build and how you think you're positioned there? Thanks.

Yeah. Thanks for the question. I'll take the first part there. And so from, uh, when you look at our, our business over in Europe, we are very pleased with the trajectory of the growth rates over there. You've seen a couple of sequential quarters of increased, um, organic growth rates, just as we expected to see now that the market has kind of seen a reduction in churn, they're gearing up for 5g, uh, deployment. So that's been, that's been really good to see in terms of the piece parts of the organic tenant billing, certainly the Telefonica, additional sites plays a role in there. One of the biggest ways that it plays in early on, it's still very early in terms of bringing those assets in, but I think we've talked before about the assets there in Europe that, you know, they basically have a long-term contract and there aren't other tenants, material other tenants on there. So there's really very little churn that's possible on that portfolio. So we have very low churn expectations on that portfolio and it's a big chunk of revenue, that certainly helps kind of inflect the growth rates to go up higher. And then in terms of the question with Drillish 101, we really don't want to comment on ongoing negotiations, but negotiations continue there, I can assure you.

And we will move on to the line of David Barden with Bank of America. Please go ahead.

Hey guys, thanks so much for taking the questions. First, Rod, just to follow up on the Europe situation, at our conference last month, you kind of talked a little bit about how you perceived the European marketplace being ripe for incremental consolidation. I was wondering if you or Tom could kind of elaborate a little bit on how you see the European market evolving as it matures from a tower third-party infrastructure provider perspective. And then second, if you could elaborate a little bit on what is going on now with Telefonica in Mexico and its network sharing agreement with AT&T and how that relationship between the two of them is evolving for America.

Hey, David, it's Tom. I can start and Rod can add in. You know, with regards to Europe, we think we have a really solid position in a few of the critical markets. We've got good scale in the markets. We've got a great relationship, obviously, with Telefonica and Orange in particular. And so we're energized by the type of growth that we're now seeing in the marketplace. But we continue to look at opportunities to further build scale, not just in the three markets that we're in, but also if there are other opportunities, but only if it makes sense, like everything else that we do. And so, you know, there are, I think, a lot of opportunities in the region, and we're evaluating them as you would expect. And to the extent that there's some opportunities there to secure some of that portfolio to gain further scale, even in the markets that we're in, in relationships with key customers, we'll clearly look to do that. And so Europe is as we've said, an area or part of the world that we look to continue to further develop, if it makes sense. You know, with regards to Telefonica, you know, again, we've got a great global relationship with them. They're positioning to an MVNO, as you well know, and they're going to have some time for that to be able to, for that to occur. There will be some turnover time, but the contract that we have with them I think goes out for several years at this point in time. And so we'll continue to monitor that. And we've managed these types of events, I think, quite well over our history. And I'm sure we'll do that here.

Thanks, Tom. Sure, Dave.

And our next question is from Rick Prentice with Raymond James. Please go ahead.

Good morning.

Hey, Rick.

A couple questions, guys. First, appreciate you guys breaking out the attributable AFFO. I really think that's important to focus investors on cash to common, and you continue to exclude non-cash amortization from your organic rates, so appreciate that counting stuff. First question, we get a lot on interest rates and inflation. Can you talk a little bit about how you guys are viewing the interest rate environment and inflation environment today? how it affects, say, your financials, any potential deals like David was just asking about, and just the fundamentals of the business. So a little bit of primer on interest rates and inflation as you see it.

Yeah, sure, Rick. Good morning. Thanks for the question. I'll take that one. So let's hit interest rates first. So you've seen us, Rick, over the last several quarters, even the last couple of years, very active in the capital markets, very active in terms of our debt structure, capital structure, and different things like that. So we've been focused on strengthening our balance sheet in a very proactive way. So we now have our average maturities out over about seven years with an average cost of debt down to about 2.4% or so. And 85% of our debt is now fixed out over the long term. So that's That's a heavier weighting to expect to variable compared to our kind of standard financial policy. So we've been preparing for an environment where interest rates may tick up. So we think from an interest rate perspective, our balance sheet is very solid and ready for it. There's nothing we can do about preventing interest rates from rising. We do think they may rise over time modestly, but we're very well prepared for it. The other thing I would add is in terms of global capital allocation and looking to invest capital, The strength of our balance sheet really does represent a competitive advantage for us, particularly in a time when interest rates may be rising. So we'll keep an eye on that and look to be very opportunistic as we go forward from that perspective. And then when you think about inflation rates, one of the ways you'll see that run through our business is many of our contracts internationally, particularly in Africa and Latin America, are all geared towards inflation. inflation rates and the escalator is adjusted based on inflation rates. So as and when we see higher levels of inflation in the international markets, we'll see higher levels of growth as well. In the U.S., I'd remind you that our escalators are fixed at around 3%. That's been consistent for a long time. So we're pretty well insulated from, you know, interest rates rising in the U.S. from a balancing perspective, but we still lock in that revenue growth of 3% on the U.S. escalator.

And I think in your prepared remarks, you talked a little bit about acquisition opportunities even outside of Europe. David was asking about Europe. How should we think about how you view the potential opportunities in Africa, Latam, or other markets as far as portfolios coming up, and what makes for attractive, intelligent decisions, as you kind of alluded to?

You know, Rick, it comes back to the same model that we've been executing for the last decades. You know, it's looking to build up scale, looking at the counterparty, looking at the market itself, and then looking at the transaction itself, what additional capital has got to go into the portfolio to be able to ensure that we can support a second or a third tenant. What does the growth profile look like? I mean, you know, there are probably a dozen different elements of that evaluation that go into deciding, you know, whether in fact we would be interested and then driving what that price is. We've used it. the same 10-year discounted cash flow approach and continue to use it. Obviously, the variables change, but largely the actual numbers, but largely the variables themselves from a qualification perspective are the same. And so, you know, we'll look at those and look at all of those opportunities as we think about globally how to allocate capital.

Any change in the pipeline as far as deals going and what might be changing that pipeline as far as potential deals?

You know, you're talking about the pipeline of transactions?

Yeah, yeah.

Yeah, I mean, you know, it's been very consistent. I mean, the pipeline itself, there are, you know, there's more activity, as you've seen, and as you report on in Western Europe. But in terms of the pipeline, in terms of the opportunities, they remain relatively consistent. Overall, if you look at our total portfolio, the last count I did, we own about a third of the inventory in all of the markets. And so there's still a lot of opportunity in the markets that we're in, given how carriers, our existing customers' carriers, are continually looking at trying to monetize their portfolio. Smaller tower co's are you know, looking for opportunities to exit. There was private capital involved in some of those smaller tower codes. And so, you know, they're looking to monetize some of their funds. Some increased opportunity in Southeast Asia that's going on as we speak, as you've well seen. But it's been, the pipeline has been very consistent. I would say where it's a little bit outsized is probably all of the noise that's going on in Western Europe. And there just seems to be a lot of activity going on there, as you've seen, as we've seen in all the public comments. And so there's probably a bit of an outsized pipeline in that region. But other than that, it's been very consistent.

Makes sense.

Never dull.

Hey, Rick, you mentioned a tributary. Maybe I'll just give you a couple of data points there because we have You've seen over the last quarter or so, we've had a few moving pieces with closing the Celsius transaction and numerous tranches we also brought in private capital. It may be a good time to just kind of level set that. So for the full year, we're looking, you can see in our presentation, in terms of AFFO attributable to our minority shareholders is about $100 million. That breaks down to $75 million roughly for the European business and about $25 million The way our partners kind of break down is, you know, CDPQ owns 30% of our Euro-European business, and Allianz owns about 18% of that business. PGGM holds about 17% in Germany and about 13% in Spain. And we have Macquarie as a partner over in India. They own about 8%. Now is a good time to kind of think about the run rate aspect of that minority interest. When you look at Q4, now that all the dust has settled, we think the run rate, a good ballpark run rate is about $40 million for Q4. So if you annualize that, you get a range of $150 to $160 that would be attributable to the minority interest partners. The one question I would say is we did receive the put from a quarry. You've seen that in our filing. So We will eventually close on that, and that will be an adjustment to the numbers at that time.

That really helps. Thanks, Rod. I really think it's important to focus on that. Thank you.

And next, we will go to the line of John Atkin with RBC. Please go ahead.

Thanks very much. I wanted to ask about Latin America. I'm hearing an echo here. The churn has picked up in recent quarters, and I imagine some of that might be health vodka, but I wonder if you can provide some color on what's driving that.

Yeah, Jonathan, good morning. Thanks for the question. I don't want to go through the churn carry by carry, but I think you do know that there are a few customers in Latin America that are exiting the businesses or that have been consolidated. So we do have the next exit down in the – In the Brazil area, we do have Telefonica kind of transitioning to the MVNO in the Mexico market and moving on to the AT&T side. Some of that churn's begun. You've seen kind of a bump up in our non-run rate activity in Latin America for some deconditioning in Brazil that is related to the Nextel sites coming down. That'll continue into next year, so you'll see a bump up in churn, and then you'll also see kind of a bump up in that non-run rate as well. And then there are you will see some benefits to some of the churn that come through as settlement payments. And there are a few other smaller customers, but that probably gives you a flavor of kind of who's there and kind of what's happening in Latin America from a churn perspective.

And then on Nigeria, I just was hoping that you could give us a little bit of a qualitative view as to the tailwinds and headwinds to expect as it pertains to organic growth. You obviously have a little bit of a different portfolio than – than IHS given how you entered the market, but how do you think about or what are the factors to keep in mind around organic growth in Nigeria going forward?

Yeah, I think in Nigeria we've seen very strong growth for the last several quarters here. We expect that to continue. We've got a great portfolio in Nigeria with a solid anchor tenant with MTN in there as a partner of ours. So that's been really good. I would say that as long as the economy in Nigeria is largely driven by fuel prices, as long as that's good, I think we're in really good shape because we've got a great portfolio and the country and the carriers will continue to invest capital and build out sites. We've got a pretty robust build program there. So you've seen the guide with 7,000 sites that we expect to build. There's a good chunk of those in Africa. And in Africa, a lot of them are in Nigeria. So I would say that we are very bullish on Nigeria in terms of the growth rates. We're seeing high single-digit, if not double-digit, organic growth rates in Nigeria. As long as the economy there continues to roll forward, I think we're in really good shape. And that's largely, I believe, based on fuel pricing.

Lastly, I think you were asked about Lysen and the holistic MLA. And I wondered if you had any kind of response to that.

Hey, John, you know, it's consistent with what we've said in the past. We've got, I think, a terrific relationship with Verizon. I can't comment on anything specifically relative to negotiations or those types of things. But, you know, we want to be able to service our customers and be strategic to them as makes sense for them. And so we'll look to continue dialogue and if necessary. You know, if they're looking for more a la carte type of pricing, we'll go in that direction. If they're looking for renewal of the ballistic, we'll go in that direction. So, you know, more to come. But they're very active in the marketplace. They're, you know, very aggressive in terms of building out their network. And I think we've seen it. They've talked about it. And they're doing a terrific, terrific job. And we're here to support them however best we can.

Thank you.

Next we go to Nick Del Deo with Moffitt Nathanson. Please go ahead.

Hey, thanks for taking my questions. One on Telusius and then one on domestic spectrum deployment. So first, how long does it take you to typically get acquired carrier-owned sites, or I guess in the case of Telusius, quasi-carrier-owned sites, kind of plugged into your systems and effectively marketed to so that you really see the least improvements from being independently owned flow through? And will it happen faster than normal for Telsea since, again, they were kind of quasi-independent before you picked them up? And then second, in the U.S., you know, we oftentimes, you know, talk about urban markets seeing activity first, you know, with spectrum deployments, especially for like the upper mid-band spectrum that the carriers are deploying today in force. Are you seeing that play out in practice across your portfolio, or is it more even than we might suspect?

You know, on the Telseus, I can tell you day one we were marketing those sites. Okay, so, you know, we're as aggressive as we possibly can in terms of providing those sites out to our customers. I mean, the integration has gone really well, I think, and it takes time from a system perspective in getting that all organized, getting them into systems and integrating systems and things like that. And that can take six months to a year. But that doesn't prevent us from marketing those sites to our customers and making them available to all of our customers. We'll be aggressive from a capital perspective to the extent that there are some sites that we need to attend to from a structural perspective to be able to support them. But as I've said all along, I mean, this was a really terrifically built portfolio, and that was one of the attractions to the portfolio to begin with. So, you know, we're being as aggressive as we can to really be able to take advantage of these sites, particularly markets like Germany and Spain, where 5G is really picking up. You know, from a U.S. perspective, you're right. I mean, if you go back to even the old analog days, I mean, you know, the The markets were generally built up from your urban markets because that's where you're able to get the best bang for the buck when you're rolling out capital. This one, though, I would say with 5G is broader. I mean, it is a goal to get nationwide coverage for all the customers and then to continue to fill it in as demand and as capacity requirements are required. What's Not a surprise to us, and I reiterated my comment, the macro towers is the main asset that our customers are deploying 5G on. And I never had any doubts of that, simply because I've been involved in the industry for 30 years. So the macro tower is just the best way for our customers to get that signal out to their customers. And so we're seeing that. But we are seeing it more across the entire country. again, as customers are really trying to be able to get to that nationwide coverage.

Got it. Thanks, Tom. You bet.

And, ladies and gentlemen, we have time for one final question. That's Tim Horan with Oppenheimer. Please go ahead.

Thanks, guys. Two clarifications and one question. Do companies pay – when they install the equipment or, you know, with the MLA, do you have to pay regardless of whether or not they install equipment? One. Secondly, Tom, you've been able to kind of raise prices in the U.S. about double the inflation rate historically. Now, right now, it's almost half the inflation rate. Do you think over time you would have the ability to kind of increase prices faster than inflation? And then lastly, lastly, I know you mentioned a lot of new technologies out there. Are any that you think are a risk to the business model that you're concerned about or watching? Thanks.

Sure, Tim. I'm not sure. Oh, go ahead, Rod. You take that first.

Yeah, I'll take the first one, Tom, around the payment cycle and equipment installation. So, Tim, I would say that it really works in a variety of ways, depending on which contracts you're talking about and how it's structured. Certainly on a pay-by-the-drink type of an a la carte contract, carriers would pay us lease by lease as and when they install the equipment, or probably better, more precisely said, when the when the contract gets executed and the commencement date is triggered. And that's typically when the building permit is pulled and construction starts, or certainly by the time that the equipment is installed. If you're looking at more of a holistic transaction, then there's a disconnection between fees and exactly when equipment is put on. You've heard us say it before, in the holistic type of environment, we price out activity over a multi-year period. You know, we know exactly what the carriers want to do and what they are willing to pay for. We give them those rights, and we put a payment cycle to it as well, which we spread out over time in a little bit more of a consistent manner so it's not as volatile as the activity. So in that context, you may see payments hit before equipment is installed, and you could also see payments hit after the equipment is installed. It really depends on the payment timeline that's in the holistic deal.

Yeah, and Tim, on the other two questions, you know, relative to technology, you know, we have a number of technology consultants that we use that I talk with weekly as well as all of our own internal. We continue, as I said before, believe that that macro side is the most efficient way for customers worldwide to be able to deploy their networks and continue to be so. And as I just mentioned and is what you've seen from our customers talking about, rolling out 5G, it's all on the macro sites. So the answer to the question on the technology side is no, we don't see any competing technologies that will get in our way there. From an inflation perspective, 95% of our contracts in the United States are on a fixed escalator. And my sense is that that you know, that's a very important element of our agreements. And that's going to continue to stay. There are going to be some years when it may be a bit higher, although it hasn't been for many, many years. And so, you know, generally it's underneath it. But it's also consistent with how we look at our land in terms of the landlords as well. So it's a balance as well between the landlords as well as our customers. So I don't think that there's any unique opportunity to be able to really change that. As you well know, you know, we were really price our contracts where it makes sense for our customers to want to be on our sites. And so we continue to look at our, our pricing along those lines.

Thank you. And I'll turn the call back to the speakers for any final closing comments.

Great. Thanks Leah. And thank you everyone for joining the call. Have a good rest of your day.

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