Citigroup, Inc.

Hello and welcome to cities first quarter 2020 earnings review with the chief executive officer my Corbett and chief financial officer Mark Mason. Today's call will be hosted by Elizabeth Flynn head of city investor relations. We ask that you please hold all questions until the completion of the former remarks at which time you will be given instructions for the question and answer session. Also, as a reminder, this conference is being recorded today. If you have any objections, please disconnect at this time. Miss Lynn, you may begin.

Thank you. Operator. Good morning and thank you all for joining us on our call today. Our CEO Mike Corbett will speak first. Ben Mark Mason, our CFO, will take you through the earnings presentation, which is available for download on our website city group dot com. After work, we will be happy to take questions. Before we get started, I'd like to remind you that today's presentation may contain forward looking statements. Which are based on management's current expectations and are subject to uncertainty and changes in circumstances. Actual results, capital and other financial conditions may differ materially from these statements. Due to a variety of factors, including the precautionary statements referenced in our discussion today, as well as those included in our SEC filings, including without limitation the risk factor section of our 2019 form 10 K. With that said, let me turn it over to Mike.

Thank you, Liz. And good morning, everyone. Today we reported earnings for the first quarter of 2020 with net income of $2.5 billion. We had earnings per share of $1.5. Our earnings were significantly impacted by the covert 19 pandemic. We had strong revenue performance as the economic shocks caused by the pandemic weren't felt until late in the quarter and we continue to show expense discipline. However, as you would expect, credit costs produced our net income, the significant loan loss reserves we took also reflected the day to impact of the new Cecil accounting standard. In our institutional clients group, we had strong performance in our markets business as we help clients navigate severe volatility. That led to trading revenues that were higher than last year in what is typically a strong quarter for that business as it is. Treasury and trade solutions was impacted by the cuts to interest rates, but client engagement stayed very strong throughout the quarter. Investment banking matched last year's solid performance as we continued to gain share among our target clients. Global consumer banking also fared well from a revenue perspective, considering the environment. In the US, we had strong revenue growth and cards with branded and retail services up 7 and 4% respectively. We grew average deposits 8% with another solid portion acquired digitally. In Asia, we saw a slight revenue decline as the economic impacts of COVID-19 first materialized in that region. In Mexico, revenues rose modestly, excluding a one time gain from 2019 as the virus had limited impact on that country's economy during the quarter. Our tangible book value per share increased to $71.52 at the end of the quarter, up 9% from a year ago. The end of the quarter with a common equity tier one ratio of .2% as our risk rated assets increased significantly due to increased client demand. As I've said, this isn't a financial crisis. It's a public health crisis with severe economic ramifications. Although we did have good revenue performance this quarter, we exited the quarter in a dramatically different environment. While we've built significant loan loss reserves, no one knows what the severity or longevity of the virus's impact on the global economy will be. That said, we entered this crisis in a very strong position from a capital liquidity and balance sheet perspective. We have the resources we need to serve our clients without jeopardizing our safety and soundness. Now I'd like to take a moment to highlight some of the things that we're doing to help our people, clients, and communities, which you can see on slide three. I have to say I'm very proud of how our people have responded to this fast moving situation. We've been very aggressive, shifting to remote working to reduce our people's chances of becoming infected. Where the spread of the virus dictates it, we only have people going to our sites if there's no possible way they can perform their roles remotely. For example, last week in North America markets and security services, 98% of our people work remotely. And globally, our people adapted well to this new way of working with over 80% of our colleagues working remotely. Investments we've made in our technology have allowed us to operate very smoothly in a set of circumstances that would have been hard to imagine. With such a large share of our workforce working remotely at the same time. Those investments are also helping us to serve our clients through digital and mobile channels, whether it's a consumer depositing a check or a corporate treasurer managing liquidity. Our investments in risk management and controls, while never complete, are also serving us well in the face of a severe economic downturn and large swings across markets. Whether inequities, fixed income or commodities. We've tried to help keep our people financially healthy as well and reduce the stress they're facing. We decided last month to make a one time payment, $1,000 to employees who make $60,000 or less per year in the US that are making equivalent payments in our international markets. And we've halted new reductions in our workforce for the time being. From a consumer and institutional perspective, we're well positioned to serve the clients and the customer segments we've been focusing on. We know many consumers are facing real struggles and we're doing our best to support them. We were quick to implement the ways to reduce the burden on our consumer clients and announce additional accommodations last week in the US. While we haven't been a large player in small business lending, we're ramping up our efforts so we can support clients who participate in the payroll protection plan. And we have additional consumer relief programs in place in our international consumer franchise. We're working hard to support our corporate clients, many of whom are facing financial pressure. We've been able to support them while keeping within our risk and liquidity limits. We've also been helping the communities we serve during this extraordinarily difficult time. Partnering with groups like the World Health Organization, City's foundations have already committed $30 million to date to support those impacted and we'll make additional announcements in coming days. We've donated personal protective equipment to hospital workers and last week we started using our cafeteria in our headquarters to make meals for food banks. Our people keep coming up with new ways to help and I couldn't be prouder. And as a bank, we'll do everything we can to support the broader economy. We serve as a transmission mechanism for policymakers for both fiscal and monetary, which they can use as a bridge to the real economy. Looking forward, there are too many unknowns to count. The path the virus will chart, whether there will be successful interventions, the action government leaders will take to either reopen the economy or put in place measures that will further restrict it. We also have to bear in mind COVID-19 is a new disease and the medical guidance continues to evolve, as you would expect. But I feel confident in our ability to manage through whatever scenario comes to pass and with that, Mark will go through our presentations and then we'd be happy to answer your questions.

Thank you, Mike, and good morning, everyone. Starting on slide four, City Group reported first quarter net income of $2.5 billion. Results included a $4.9 billion increase in credit reserves this quarter. This reserve increase reflects the impact of changes in our economic outlook due to COVID-19. These bills are larger, given the significant impact this change in our economic outlook has on our estimated lifetime losses under the new Cecil standard. Revenues of $20.7 billion grew 12% from the prior year, primarily reflecting higher markets revenues and the benefit of mark to market gains on loan hedges in our corporate lending portfolio. Expenses were roughly flat year over year and we were able to deliver positive operating leverage and a 27% improvement in operating margin. Credit costs were $7 billion this quarter. Our effective tax rate was 19% for the first quarter below our full year outlook reflecting a small benefit associated with stock based incentive compensation. The ultimate economic impact of this health crisis and our performance will continue to evolve over the coming quarters. The impact that we are already seeing varies across our franchise. We saw the earliest impact on consumer behavior in Asia as spending slowed in response to restrictions on travel and other commercial activity. We're seeing the same pattern today here in the US and now beginning in Mexico, which is likely to put pressure on loan balances. However, deposit growth remains strong across regions and we're leveraging digital channels to engage with our clients. The rate environment has changed significantly. Our cruel businesses reflect the impact of the three US rate cuts seen last year, as well as some impact from additional cuts seen this quarter in response to the crisis. With an expectation for a more pronounced impact going forward. Although I would know that this is being partially offset in areas like TTS where clients are moving volumes towards us as a stable partner of choice. A similar dynamic is playing out in markets where we are also seen as a counterparty of choice. Additionally, we are seeing higher corporate loan volumes reflecting drawdowns and new facilities, given our clients response to the crisis. And finally, our performance and investment banking reflects the market volatility we've seen as well as the uncertainty that remains on the corporate side. From the onset, we've been focused on our employees and our clients and ensuring we maintain balance sheet strength to serve them through this uncertainty. As of March 31 our CET1 capital ratio was .2% below our stated target of .5% given our efforts to support our clients through this period. Additionally, we had over $800 billion in available liquidity to help support our clients. Including the $4.1 billion transition impact as we adopted Cecil at the beginning of the year, as well as the additional reserves taken this quarter, credit reserves stand at roughly $23 billion with a reserve ratio of .9% on funded loan. With the level of capital, liquidity and the reserves we hold today, plus significant pre-provision earnings power, we are operating from a position of strength. We're combining this financial strength with operational resiliency, given investments in our people, operations and technology, along with digital capabilities which allow us to partner with and support our clients as we all manage through this crisis. Turning now to each business. Slide five shows the results for global consumer banking in constant balance. Revenues grew 2% as growth in North America was partially offset by lower revenues in Asia, reflecting the initial impact of COVID-19 on customer behavior. Expenses were roughly flat, allowing us to deliver positive operating leverage and 5% improvement in operating margin. Total credit cost of $4.8 billion were up significantly from last year, including a reserve bill of approximately $2.8 billion, primarily related to the impact of changes in our economic outlook. Slide six shows the results for North American consumer in more detail. First quarter revenues of $5.2 billion were up 4% from last year. Although the impact of COVID-19 has only been felt in North America in recent weeks, we have leveraged our experience in Asia to inform our response strategy. We're one of the first banks in the US to provide assistance to help impacted customers starting in early March. We've since expanded that support and continue to evaluate whether additional support is needed. In addition, the enhancements we've made to our digital capabilities have prepared us to better respond and continue serving our customers as they manage through this crisis. Digital deposit sales remain strong this quarter at $1.6 billion. We continue to drive mobile adoption of 13% year over year. We made changes to allow our customers to use self-service channels for more transactions, including increased limits for ATM withdrawals, mobile check deposits, and Zelle transactions. And we continue to launch new digitally led value propositions such as City Wealth Builder, a new digital investment platform for clients in the emerging affluent segment. These capabilities are allowing us to remain engaged with our clients, even as roughly 40% of our branches in the US are now temporarily closed, driven by lower customer traffic, particularly in urban areas. Turning now to the businesses. Branded cards revenue of $2.3 billion grew 7% year over year, driven by 5% loan growth and continued spread expansion, with net interest revenue as a percentage of loans improving to 933 basis points this quarter. Client engagement remained strong through February with purchase sales growth of roughly 10% for the first two months of the quarter. However, as seen across the industry, purchase sales declined significantly in late March with the implementation of more extensive lockdowns in many states. Categories like travel and entertainment have seen the biggest impact, while there has been some offset from higher spending on essentials as well as higher online sales. So in total, we grew purchase sales 3% in branded cards in the first quarter, but the trend line over the past month would indicate a significant decline in purchase activity in the second quarter, which is expected to impact loan growth. Retail banking revenues of $1.1 billion were largely unchanged year over year as the benefit of stronger deposit volumes and an improvement in mortgage revenues were offset by lower deposit spreads. Our deposit momentum continued to improve with average deposits of 8%. As I noted earlier, digital deposit sales remain strong this quarter, even as we continue to adjust pricing given the current rate environment. We also saw strong engagement with existing clients, driving balanced growth across deposit products, including checking. While AUM declined by 6% due to market movements, we drove continued growth in city gold households and investment fees during the quarter and mortgage revenues grew as a result of increased refinancing activity. Finally, retail services revenues of $1.7 billion were up 4% year over year, reflecting lower partner payments and higher average loan. Purchase sales were down 3% year over year in the first quarter, again, including significant pressure in late March, driven by reduced client activity and store closures at some of our partners. This is expected to have an impact on new account acquisitions and loan balances as we move through the year. Total expenses for North America consumer were down 1% year over year as efficiency savings more than offset investment spending and volume related costs. Turning to credit, total credit cost of $3.9 billion increased significantly from last year. We built roughly $2.4 billion in reserves this quarter, reflecting the impact of changes in our economic outlook. And net credit losses grew by 8% year over year, reflecting loan growth and seasoning in both cards portfolio. Our NCO rates in US branded cars and retail services were 346 and 553 basis points respectively, consistent with the uptick we typically see in the first quarter. Historically, we've seen higher NCO rates in the first half versus the second half of the year. However, given the rapidly changing economic environment due to COVID-19, we are likely to see increased pressure on NCO rates in the back half of 2020, consistent with the reserve actions we took this quarter. On slide seven, we show results for international consumer banking in constant dollars. In Asia, revenues declined 1% year over year in the first quarter. Despite the early emergence of COVID-19 in the region, we saw strong investment in FX revenues through most of the quarter. This was offset by lower purchase sales activity and loan balances in our card business, driven by restrictions on movement and changes in customer behavior. We also saw an impact on customer acquisitions in products like insurance, which rely more heavily on -to-face engagement. However, average deposit growth remains strong at 8% this quarter, and we continue to drive digital engagement across the franchise. Today, we are seeing some early signs of a pickup inactivity in China, as movement restrictions have eased over the past week or so. But that is a small consumer business for us, and of course, many other markets are still in an earlier stage of managing through the crisis. Turning to Latin America, total consumer revenues were largely unchanged year over year and grew 3%, excluding a residual gain last year on the sale of our asset management business. Similar to other regions, we saw good growth in deposits in Mexico this quarter, with average balances up 4%. And we're also benefiting from improved spreads in cards. However, we continue to see pressure on overall loan growth. And while we haven't yet seen the full impact from COVID-19 in Mexico, we did see a slowdown in purchase sales in March, which is expected to continue as customer behavior will likely follow the pattern we've seen in other regions. In total, operating expenses for our international business were up 3% in the first quarter, driven by Mexico, reflecting investments as well as episodic items, partially offset by efficiency savings. And cost of credit increased to $939 million, primarily driven by the impact of changes in our economic outlook. Flight 8 provides additional detail on global consumer credit trends, which shows the seasonality we typically see in the first quarter. Overall, we have not seen a pronounced impact from COVID-19 on our credit statistics, but it is still early. We do anticipate rising unemployment and therefore higher loss rates than originally expected for this year. However, it is unclear what benefit the historic $2 trillion relief package, as well as our own customer relief efforts, will have in helping to mitigate some of the potential stress on consumers. I would also note that we are taking appropriate actions to manage new and existing credit exposures, including investments in our operation. And importantly, as I've noted on prior calls, we feel good about the quality of our consumer credit portfolios, both relative to the industry as well as Citi's historical risk exposures. If you look at our U.S. card portfolios as an example, the FICO distributions of our outstanding loans and -to-buy exposures skew much more towards the higher end than before the 2008 crisis. And as a result, when we stress today's card portfolios to the same level as 2008, our pro-forma loss rates are 25 to 30 percent lower than experienced in the last crisis. In Asia, as you can see from our credit metrics, we maintain a very low-risk portfolio targeted at high-quality consumers in both our unsecured and mortgage portfolios, where our average LTV is less than 50 percent. In Mexico, we clearly serve a wider range of clients compared to our other regions, given our national footprint. However, we generally target a higher-quality segment than our local peers. The credit profile of our clients has improved over time as we have remained disciplined and tightened our lending criteria since the crisis, which is reflected in our more stable NCL rates over the past few years. We generate strong margins in Mexico as well, with a net credit margin in cards, for example, of roughly 20 percent. That said, clearly the impact of COVID-19 is not fully known at this point, and we remain vigilant in managing the portfolio. Turning now to the institutional clients group on slide nine. Revenues of $12.5 billion increased 25 percent in the first quarter, as strong performance in fixed income and equity markets, as well as the private bank, was partially offset by lower revenues in TTS and corporate lending. The quarter also benefited from the impact of $816 million of -to-market gains on loan hedges as credit spreads widened during the quarter. Total banking revenues of $5.2 billion decreased 6 percent. Treasury and trade solution revenues of $2.4 billion were down 5 percent, as reported, and 2 percent in constant dollars, as strong client engagement and solid growth in deposits were more than offset by the impact of lower interest rates. Our global footprint enables us to have a unique relationship with our clients. Given the breadth of that relationship, we're playing a pivotal role in helping our clients navigate through these unprecedented times. We continue to see robust underlying business drivers in TTS, including 24 percent growth in -of-period deposits in constant dollars, as well as 6 percent growth in cost-border flow. And we continue to see the benefit of our investment in technology, given the accelerated adoption of digital tools. In March, while we, as well as most of our clients, were working remotely, we opened close to 1,000 accounts digitally, three times the number we opened digitally in March of last year. We have also seen rapid growth in city direct users, up 25 percent -over-year in the quarter to over 580,000 users. And within that, active mobile users increased tenfold this year. But as we exited the quarter, we did see the full pressure of the lower-rate environment begin to take hold, with revenues down 9 percent -over-year in the month of March on a reported basis. Investment banking revenues of $1.4 billion were largely unchanged from last year, outperforming the market wallet as growth in M&A and equity underwriting were offset by a decline in debt underwriting. However, I would note that investment-grade debt underwriting was up double digits -over-year as we helped our clients source liquidity in this evolving environment. Private bank revenues of $949 million grew 8 percent, driven by increased capital markets activity as we supported our clients through turbulent market conditions. In higher lending and deposit volumes, partially offset lower deposit spreads, reflecting the impact of lower interest rates. Corporate lending revenues of $448 million were down 40 percent, primarily reflecting an adjustment to the residual value of the lease financing, as well as other marks on the portfolio. And while average loans were roughly flat, we did see a meaningful increase in -of-period loans this quarter, reflecting the drawdowns and new facilities that I mentioned earlier as we continued to support our clients. Total markets and security services revenues of $6.5 billion increased 37 percent from last year. Fixed income revenues of $4.8 billion from 39 percent -over-year, with growth across rates and currencies and commodities. As volatility, volumes and spreads reached record levels, we actively made markets during this turbulent period for both corporate and investor clients. Equities revenues of $1.2 billion were up 39 percent versus last year, reflecting a strong performance in derivatives, including an increase in client activity due to higher volatility. And finally, in security services, revenues were up 1 percent on a reported basis and 5 percent in constant dollars, driven by higher client activity and deposit volume, partially offset by lower spread. Total operating expenses of $5.8 billion increased 3 percent -over-year, as efficiency savings were more than offset by higher compensation costs, continued investments, and volume-driven growth. Total credit costs of $2 billion were up significantly from last year. We built roughly $1.9 billion in reserves this quarter. The increase in reserves primarily reflected the impact of changes in the economic outlook, as well as some downgrades, along with volume growth in the portfolio. As of quarter end, our funded reserve ratio was 81 basis points, including a funded reserve ratio of roughly 2 percent on the non-investment grade portion. We provide more details on the corporate portfolio in the appendix to our earnings presentation. Total non-accrual loans increased sequentially this quarter, but the ratio of non-accrual to total corporate loans remained low at 57 basis points. Overall, we feel good about our corporate credit policy, and like consumer, we remain vigilant in managing the portfolio and reserve levels relative to the stresses we see out there today. Slide 10 shows the results for corporate other. Revenues of $73 million declined significantly from last year, reflecting the wind down of legacy assets, the impact of lower rates, as well as marks on legacy securities as spreads widened during the quarter. Expenses were down 24 percent, as the wind down of legacy assets was partially offset by higher infrastructure costs, as well as incremental costs associated with COVID-19, including a special compensation award granted to roughly 75,000 employees who are being most directly impacted by COVID-19. And the pre-tax loss is $535 million this quarter, higher than our previous outlook, reflecting loan loss reserves on our legacy portfolio, marks on securities, the impact of lower rates, as well as the special compensation award. Slide 11 shows our net interest revenue and margin trend. In constant dollars, total net interest revenue of $11.5 billion this quarter declined slightly year over year, as the impact of lower rates was mostly offset by loan growth and an extra day, along with higher trading related near. On a sequential basis, net interest revenue declined by roughly $330 million, reflecting the lower rate environment, one fewer day in the quarter, and the adjustment in corporate lending that I mentioned earlier. And net interest margin declined 15 basis points sequentially, with lower net interest revenues driving roughly half of the decline and the remainder reflecting growth in the balance sheet. Turning to non-interest revenue, in the first quarter, healthy business performance for most of the quarter, as well as a strong pickup and trading activity in March, drove a significant increase in non-interest revenue. As we look to the second quarter, we expect both net interest revenues and non-interest revenues to decline, reflecting the full quarter impact of lower rates, as well as a much more pronounced impact from COVID-19. On slide 12, we show our key capital metrics. During the quarter, our CET1 capital ratio declined to .2% during mostly by the increase in risk-weighted assets. The increase in RWA reflected our support to our customers, as well as increased market volatility and widening credit spreads. Our supplementary leverage ratio was 6%, and our tangible book value per share grew by 9% to $71.52, driven by net income and the reduced share count. In summary, the environment changed dramatically this quarter, but we continued to operate well in a challenging environment. We ended the period with a strong capital liquidity position. We certainly saw the impact of slower global growth and macro uncertainty on our top-line results as we exited the quarter, but we feel good about our ability to manage risk through this cycle. We remain disciplined in our target client strategy and feel strongly that our focus on these higher-quality, more resilient segments is the right strategy in any economic environment. Looking to the second quarter and the rest of 2020, let me remind you that we are all operating with a great deal of uncertainty today, and our performance will continue to evolve over the coming quarter. With that said, given the adverse impact of COVID-19, we no longer expect to deliver a ROTCE of 12 to 13% for the full year. Based on what we are seeing today, on the top line, we expect the revenue trend in the latter part of March and the beginning of April, characterized by COVID-related lower levels of activity, particularly in banking and our consumer franchise, will continue through much of the second quarter. And in our markets business, revenue should reflect the broader industry. The first quarter is typically the strongest quarter, and clearly this year was particularly strong, so we would expect some normalization in activity levels here. And finally, we will see the more pronounced impact of the lower-rate environment on the top line. On the expense side, there are a couple things that are important to consider as we think about running the franchise and managing our expenses, including the uncertainty of the impact of COVID-19, how do we continue to protect our employees who are on the front line, and how do we ensure that we are able to help our customers manage through this? And from this standpoint, we are being thoughtful about where we need to deploy resources to ensure we can deliver for our customers in a period where roughly 80% of our workforce is working remotely. Here we feel good about the investments we have made over the last few years in technology. These investments are allowing us to manage through this period and support our customers and clients through digital means. However, I would also note that during these unprecedented times, we are also exploring all opportunities to operate as efficiently as possible and potentially repay certain investments we would have otherwise made in order to offset some of the headwinds created by COVID-19. We would also expect to see a natural reduction in some volume-related expenses, including T&E, meetings, and event costs. So again, there's a lot of uncertainty today, but we will have more to say on both the top-line impact as well as these efficiency efforts in the coming month as the impact of COVID-19 is better understood. But that should hopefully give you a sense of how we're thinking about the environment and our pre-provision earnings power. Turning to credit, looking ahead to the second quarter and the remainder of 2020, we do expect a higher level of losses given our current outlook. And as our outlook continues to evolve, it is also reasonable to expect additional increases in credit reserves if our outlook deteriorates further. However, given the credit quality of our portfolio, we remain confident in our ability to maintain our overall strength and stability, as well as continue to support our customers and win new business. Undoubtedly, every company around the world will feel an economic impact from this unprecedented situation. But we are confident that Citi will emerge in a position of strength, having demonstrated that we live up to our stated objective to be an indiscriminately strong and stable institution, and having shown that we stood by our clients and supported our customers and employees during this very difficult time. With that, Mike and I are happy to take any questions.

Star 1. Please limit your questions to one question and one follow-up. To withdraw your question, press the pound key. Your first question is from the line of Glenn Schor with Evacor.

Hi, thanks very much. I'm curious if you could give us a little bit more of the assumptions behind the reserve bill. The cost card is a little bigger for you guys. I'm curious if you could talk about the reserve and how you think about it from a branded versus retail services partner card perspective. Thanks.

Sure. Good morning, Glenn. You can turn to page 20. We've broken out some additional details here. You can see we started or ended the year, I should say, with about $14 billion in reserves. You're right. The lion's share of that is in cards and split between branded and retail. Our focus obviously tends to be on the higher FICO scored clients. That's certainly the case in cards and tends to be higher on retail services but not quite as high as on the cards side. That's going to impact a little bit the split between the two. You can see in terms of the day one impact, that was about $4.1 billion. We talked about that on the last call. We built another $4.9 billion. That gets us to a total reserve balance of almost $23 billion. What I point out is the cards piece obviously is at roughly $9.5 billion, .5% of LLR to loans. Again, we tend to think of this as a higher quality book. In terms of the factors that become important, there are a host of variables that we run through our model as well as combined with severity of a recession, probability of a recession. I would say that the two most critical as it relates to cards, and again, they're all important and understanding how they work together becomes important. Two very important ones become obviously GDP and unemployment and how that affects the underlying behavior of the consumer in each of those instances. Obviously, the retail services, there are partners that we have that are more directly impacted by the COVID-19 situation, but we also have the $2 trillion relief stimulus that's been introduced and a little bit unclear as to how that ultimately plays out and impacts the behavior. Lots of puts and takes going through the model. Those economic assumptions change straight through the end of the quarter, but the short of it is that based on our outlook as of then, this additional build of $2.4 for cards was the appropriate amount for us

to take. That's a very helpful slide. Thank you. Maybe just one follow-up. I'm curious your view, because you're in the midst of all of it, of how much has the financial plumbing been improved by some of the government actions and then where, most importantly, where you see that we need the most improvement, less to come on the plumbing, things like money markets, CP I'm talking about. Thanks.

I would say that the actions that we've seen out of the combination of the Fed and the Treasury are truly extraordinary, not just in terms of the volume of dollars and programs, but I think the breadth that's there and the speed at which they've implemented them and whether it's been the CP facility, the money market liquidity facility, the repo facilities, the broader corporate pieces, the SBA loans. And now not something that's being talked about that much, but it's this Main Street program that's there. And I think from a plumbing perspective, your question's a good one because obviously the real economy doesn't have direct access to the Fed or to the Treasury. And I think it's the banks and in particular the big banks' role, one of many roles that we play, to be that transmission mechanism between fiscal monetary and the real economy. And I think you can just see in terms of in the early days how the markets were trading, a lot of the fears and concerns that were there, and whether it was the early fears of draws, whether it was the early fears of money funds and being able to get liquidity, or whether it was the early fears of withdrawals. And I think the programs have gone a long way. I think that there's still a few things out there that probably need some work. Certainly as an institution, as an industry, we're in constant dialogue with the Fed and the Treasury on those. And again, as I suspect, as those things create challenges, it's likely that we will see a reaction come out of those bodies to be able to address it. So I think the plumbing is actually working pretty well. I think that in spite of working remotely in the numbers that Mark and I spoke to, we had in late March record volumes of trading in terms of settlement, clearing, margining in the system. And again, most of that done remotely. And we all would have said to each other six, nine, twelve months ago, we're going to model for this type of stress. We probably all would have been skeptical in terms of how the system performs. So I'm proud of how we've performed, and I'm quite pleased so far how the system has performed.

Thank you both.

Your next question is from the line of Erica Najarian with the Bank of America.

Hi, good morning.

Good morning.

I just wanted to- Good morning, Erica. Thank you, Mark. Hi. I wanted to clarify your statement on card losses. So I just wanted to make sure I was interpreting it correctly. You said that the losses today, the cumulative losses today, could be 20% lower than the global financial crisis experience. And when I look back at the regulatory data, 2009 and 2010 would add up to a 20% loss rate. So I wanted just to make sure we were interpreting that correctly, that we could see losses of 15% to 16% in card in a cumulative loss scenario, which is about in line with both the company-run DFAS and the Fed stress test.

Sure. What I said was that if you take the cards portfolio we have today, which is of a better quality than it was back in 2008, and you were to stress it for the 2008 financial crisis, that yes, our pro-forma loss rates would be 25% to 30% lower than what we experienced in the last crisis. That's what I

said. And I think to be clear, Betsy, that's not a prediction. It's just a level setting based on historic data. Yep.

Got it. And one of your peers noted in a call yesterday that they were comfortable going below their regulatory minimum of .5% to serve as clients. And I'm wondering what city stance is on going below that 10% bright line, especially since that's where the automatic distributions on dividend and other payouts kick in.

Yeah, why don't I start, Mike? Sure, go ahead. Look, I think our view is we are clearly living in an uncertain period of time. The crisis we're facing is unprecedented. And if I think about our objectives, primary objective, ensuring the safety and well-being of our employees, second to that or in addition to that, ensuring that we are positioned to serve our clients, our customers, and to play an important role in stabilizing the economy. And so when I think about the combination of those things, we want to be there for our clients. And I think we're expected to be there for our clients in a period like this. And you've seen our CET1 ratio drop to 11 to this quarter. And as the needs of our clients evolve, we're going to be there for them. And if that means that our ratio takes more pressure, then we'll manage through that. If we were to drop below the 10% you referenced, there's still plenty of room between that and the use of the buffer that the regulators have authorized. And so we're managing it thoughtfully, diligently, but in the context of those priorities that I mentioned.

Thank you. Your next question is from the line of Betsy Grazet with Morgan Stanley.

Hi, good morning. How are you? Good morning, Betsy. Question. Question as it relates to the use of that capital, part of it is coming from the drawdowns. And I wanted to understand how you think your clients are going to be using those drawdowns. Do you expect them to persist for many quarters, many years, or do you think that we will over the next 12 months see some pay down of that through terming out in the capital markets? And maybe also give us a sense as to the associated deposits, how much of the drawdowns came back into your liquidity via the deposits and persistency there as well would be helpful. Thanks.

Yeah, so Betsy, I would say kind of looking at the numbers, we had roughly right around about -$32 billion worth of draws in the first quarter. So somewhere 10%, 11%, 12% of our outstanding but unfunded. So I wouldn't call that an overly meaningful number. And I think going back to my earlier comment to Glenn, I think that the extraordinary actions taken in the CP facilities in terms of some of the corporate facilities, some of the SBA or probably more likely the Main Street lending facilities alleviates a lot of that pressure. I think we saw two things there. There were clearly those industries that were under stress and those were pretty easily identifiable along the list that Mark had described. And then I think there were those that just believed that it was a good time to bring in liquidity. And I think as the Fed programs and the Treasury programs came into place, the bond markets reopened. You saw record issuance of debt in the late first quarter. And again, when you look at our portfolio, it's predominantly an investment grade portfolio. And that investment grade portfolio in times with those programs in place has access to the capital markets. And so we saw people shift there. Obviously something we were paying attention to. We're in constant dialogue with our clients. But again, I think certainly coming into the second quarter, we've actually seen really de minimis draws on the facilities. And I think in our dialogues, we don't see or feel that pressure right now.

Got it. And then on the deposit side, can you give us a sense as to the percentage of the draws that went into deposits and how you think about the persistency of those deposits as well?

Let me comment a little bit more broadly on the deposits. So the ICG deposits that we saw come in in the month of March were about $92 billion. So deposits grew pretty significantly just in the month of March. And if I break that down, about a third of that were from corporate clients that built liquidity through draws or issuance. And it's not necessarily just liquidity, just draws from us. But about a third of it we would attribute as being tied towards that increase in liquidity draws or issuances that they've done. About a third were from broker dealers and clearing houses and financial institutions as they bolstered kind of their liquidity buffers. And then a third were from investor clients derisking and moving to cash. And so that gives you a little bit of a sense for the mix. We obviously look at the persistency of the deposits. And some of those are certainly operating deposits. And I think part of what will inform the view to some extent is, as Mike described, the additional channels that are now available for clients to access additional liquidity as needed, but also how long this persists. And there's a fair amount of uncertainty, as you've heard us reference, as to how long this crisis we're managing persists. Hopefully that gives you a sense.

Got it. And the fact that the drawdowns have slowed dramatically, de minimis in your words, Mike, the pressure I would expect going forward on CET1 is going to pull back as well. So maybe you could give us a sense as to how you're thinking about that and then in the context of that how you're thinking about the dividend.

Sure. So I think as Mark described, the way we thought about you saw us kind of put our balance sheet to use, and you saw the CET1 move from the 11.8 to the 11.2 clearly leaving us lots of room, lots of buffer. And again, we're early in this. We don't know where this will go, but our gut or how we're thinking about this is this recovery is going to be uneven. I would say that as a team, we've pretty well discounted a uniform V-shaped recovery. The question is, is it U-shaped, is it W-shaped, are parts of it L-shaped? And I think we want to retain a lot of flexibility and capacity to be able to step into the situations that count. And again, I think as we said, I think there's two roles. One is how do we use our own balance sheet? And then how do we actually use and bring to life a lot of these programs and continued programs that are being put out there by the Fed and the Treasury? So in the right situations, we're prepared to let that ratio go down. We're in conversations with our board. We are in conversations with our regulator. And I think Mark said, you know, we feel that we've got a lot of capacity in terms of capital and things that we can do before we get near triggering any conversations around dividend. But again, we're going to treat that as a time when it comes. But to be clear, in our capacity here and in the way we're looking at things, we remain committed to paying our dividend.

Got it. Thank you.

Your next question is from the line of Ken Houston with Jefferies.

Thanks. Good morning. A couple more questions on the card business if you don't mind. So just if you kind of separate the branded cards from the retail services and just can you help us talk about just what you're seeing, you know, relatively speaking in terms of we can see it in the rate of change that happened in the first quarter. But would you expect divergence in either spending trends, volume balances, and credit as this evolves or any color you can help us with there? Thanks.

Sure. Why don't I start just in terms of the spend? And so, you know, in the quarter, if I think about kind of the last week of March, the card spend activity, you know, just broadly for us was down about 30%. U.S. spend by category down a total of 30%. The big, you know, categories, if you will, impacted are not going to be of any surprise to you. Travel down 75%. Dining and entertainment down some 60%. You know, discretionary retail, which would include, you know, apparel, the department stores, et cetera, down 50%. You know, essentials were up 10%. And so, as you would, as I think you would expect, and again, that got us to a total of down about 30% in just the last week. We all have seen what has continued to happen over the past couple of weeks. And so I would expect, we would expect there to be continued pressure on purchase-sale volumes through most of the second quarter in light of the way this is persisting. And that should play out as well on ultimately loan volumes in which we expect to see some top line pressure there. You know, similarly, as you referenced, we have a large retail services business and we have partner clients who we advise in that regard. And we've been working with them to help drive sales digitally. But obviously the shutdown of most of the economy and the stay at home orders, as well as the temporary store closures across most of the country, will certainly impact our partners and our results, including a slowdown in new customer acquisitions, as well as, again, a lower purchase-sales volume through that part of our business. That said, we've got a number of partners who do operate, or large partners I should say, who do operate as essential resources to the economy. And while they'll have lower store traffic, they will be able to continue to kind of serve. And ultimately, as I said, we would expect the second quarter to have some of that top line pressure play through. And over the course of the year, to see a pickup in NCL's subject, too, of course, how things like the $2 trillion relief package and some of the other customer relief offerings that we put out take hold.

Yep. And thank you. And just a follow-up. Should and if balances come down, just given that card is such a bigger part of your balance sheet, is there a positive offset that comes through with regards to the reserving needs? Just wondering how cards specifically for you guys and that in and out with regards to spend and outstandings informs how the ins and outs of card reserve builds, if that's a fair question.

Yes. I mean, if you think about if you think about Cecil and how it works in the idea of building expected lifetime losses in any given quarter, there are a number of factors that come into play. So your probability of recession, your severity of recession, a view on the important economic variables and how they're going to play out, as well as balances. And so as the balances shift and the mix and makeup of those balances shift, that's going to have an impact on what we would expect in the way of those lifetime losses and therefore what we would expect in the way of how that reserve balance would move. Got it. OK. Thanks a lot. Thank you.

Your next question is from the line of Matt O'Connor with Deutsche Bank.

Good morning. So in the U.S., there's obviously a lot of efforts underway to kind of soften the blow to the consumer. As we think about credit losses, there's the fiscal help, there's payment deferrals. Maybe you could just talk about kind of what's going on in Mexico and in Asia in some of your bigger markets there in terms of things that might soften the blow for the consumer. And is it as meaningful as kind of what we're seeing here? Or how do you factor that into your thought process on potential losses?

Yeah, Matt, I think that's a great question. And I think as you think about it, as we think about all the places we come to work, I think we've got to use a series of lenses to really look at where these countries and these economies are. I would say one is that you've got to look first at the health crisis response. Have the government taken it seriously? Have they put measures, have they put social distancing, have they put stay in place types of things? And what's the trajectory of that look like? I think the second piece is around what you see in terms of both monetary and fiscal response and not just what's been to date, but what's been the capacity of those economies to be able to implement those and more things potentially into the future. And I think the third important piece that we look at is the underlying demographics of the economy. As an example, do they have big exposures or are they dependent on oil exports or other commodities or other types of things where there's concentrations around that? And so I would say that it's not by region. It is really, and we are taking really a country by country approach to what that is. And I think you've seen it all over the map in terms of very strong responses out of the U.S., out of Japan. You've seen some responses out of Europe. And I think you've seen some of those that are slower. In particular to your question on Mexico, we know the president has labeled himself a fiscal hawk, and I think he has been reluctant to use any type of outsized spending to go at this crisis to date. And obviously we're watching that carefully. We've tried to be pretty prudent in terms of our credit standards there and the things that we're doing. And we're obviously watching it closely.

Okay. I just want to follow up on that. I mean, remind us, I think your targeted customer base in Mexico is much higher than say the broad-based customer. So maybe just remind us about some of the credit metrics in the card portfolio in Mexico specifically. Thank you.

Sure. Mark, do you want to? I don't have the credit metrics available. What I would say is that while we do appeal to the broader population there, we do tend to focus on the higher end certainly relative to our peer players in that Mexico market. And so we do skew to the higher end in terms of the credit profile. They have a different system than the FICO system per se. And we actually have been very closely monitoring, as you've seen over the past number of quarters, our loan volumes have in fact trended lower than that of the broader industry as we've been quite vigilant about focus and staying inside of our risk parameters, which again do skew higher than most of the peers in that country.

Yep. Okay. That's helpful. Thank you.

Your next question is from the line of Mike Mayo with Wells Fargo Security.

Sorry if I missed part of this. In terms of additional reserve bills ahead, another $5 billion in the second or third quarter, yes, no, maybe?

Hi, Mike. Let me make a couple of comments to that. One, again, a lot of uncertainty here dealing with a significant crisis as you well know. Even as we have closed out this quarter, the variables that we look at continue to shift meaningfully. I would expect that with that as a backdrop, and again subject to a lot of things, including how customers respond to the relief programs that are out there, so on and so forth, that we would see additional bills in the second quarter. That's kind of where we are. We've got the rest of the quarter to play out. We've got analysis and models that we have to do. We have consumers that have to respond to much of the stimulus that's out there. We've got to understand how it continues to impact the different businesses that we're in. It's way too early to give you any sense for what that number is.

Okay. What lessons have you learned from Asia? The virus was there first. You should have a little more of a head start than other banks that don't have that experience. What are you seeing in terms of volumes and credit losses and your ability to work with the clients?

I would say that in some ways, Mike, if you want to call it that, we've been fortunate to have lived that. I think we took a lot of lessons that I think you saw in our actions in terms of the moves we took in terms of getting people remotely, getting people home, the types of client engagement. I would say lesson one that we're watching very closely is the resurgence of cases as people start to come back in. I think we've got to be very mindful about how and when or when and how we in fact do that. You saw us in very early March go out, I think is the first U.S. bank to go out and engage around, in particular, our consumer customers in terms of opening up channels and talking about some forbearances and some forgiveness on fees and other things to get them engaged. I think to Mark's point, and you can see it in the credit numbers that so far relatively benign. We've been putting programs in place in most, if not all, of our Asian countries in terms of similar types of forbearance programs and really trying to engage around that. It's early, but again, you can see the numbers that were probably 60 days in or so, that we probably had a reasonably full February and March in terms of COVID, in terms of Asia. Again, we're watching the numbers closely, but it's around the engagement and the programs and some of it was dusting off the playbooks from 08 and some of the things in between.

If I can just follow up, you talked about the resurgence of cases when people come back in in Asia. I mean, are your employees coming back yet? Are you seeing this or is this just third-party medical advice that you're receiving? Are you seeing this firsthand? When do you plan to open Asia back up, you know, city Asia? I mean, how many people are working remote? How many people are in the office?

Yeah, you may have missed it, but we talked a little bit earlier, Mike, in terms of the unevenness of this. When you think of this virus, it's not only uneven in terms of pacing, in terms of where we are in the world. We've got at least a two to three span just in the United States in terms of where the virus is. And, you know, within Asia, you know, we've seen probably the most concerted efforts to get people back in in terms of China. And I would say we are largely back there. I think last numbers I looked at as of yesterday, we were about two thirds back in terms of Hong Kong. And I would say most of the rest of the region at lower levels than that. And so we're taking a very specific or very site by site view in terms of how we bring people back. So, you know, first criteria is where is the virus in its trajectory? Second criteria is what are the things that happen at a site that are very difficult to replicate in a remote environment? And then in terms of addressing that, what's the safest way we can begin to bring people back?

So I think

that's

pretty that's pretty remarkable. Two thirds back in Hong Kong. So that's, you know, cautiously optimistic for what's ahead here or don't read too much.

Again, I think it's I think it's I think it's place by place. So I think we've you know, we're taking a kind of a site a site by site. And and but but at the same time, you know, understand and again, you probably missed this part of it. We're absolutely open for business. We're just working differently. And if you look at the things that we've accomplished just in the in the month of March, it's not that we're we're not at work. You know, as an example, yesterday, you know, we had over one hundred and eighty thousand people accessing our systems remotely. At one time, our peak surge was one hundred and thirty two thousand of those people on simultaneously. You think about the things that have accomplished Mark and his finance team, you know, close the quarter on a two trillion dollar balance sheet. You look at the submission of CICAR, you look at all the things, the remediation efforts, the small business programs all being applied remotely. So again, it's going to be bespoke in terms of how we do it, as Mark said, with an eye towards making sure we keep our people safe and at the same time doing everything we can do to service our customers and clients through this extraordinary time. And it's going to be it's going to be case by case. All right. Thank you. Thank you.

Thanks. Your next question is from the line of Paul Martinez with the UBS.

Hi. Hey, good morning, guys. Good morning. Couple of Cecil questions. So please bear with me. But, you know, first, I want to get your perspective on the fast stress losses and whether you think it's a good reference point to judge reserve adequately. See under Cecil, because we do get a lot of questions asking why allowance levels are so much below what the nine quarter stress losses are in the severely adverse scenario and in the adverse scenario. And I think that's true of you guys. And, you know, my personal view is that DFAS is a useful data point, but that there are fundamental differences, you know, obviously, beyond the differences in the economic scenarios used. The point of DFAS is to estimate loss absorbing capacity in a severe downturn. And maybe estimates are going to be on the conservative end of losses, whereas under Cecil, these are point in time estimates that are your best guesses of what your losses will be over the life of the loans under an economic scenario. So let alone a lot of methodological differences in terms of how you calculate those things in terms of things like weighted average or minimum life or whatever it is. But I'm curious if you have a perspective in whether you think the stress losses should be sort of a reference point or how useful they are to measure whether a given bank or your bank has adequate reserves.

Look, I think you've said a lot there. I think that it is a reference point. I think you've highlighted, you know, some meaningful differences in the approaches and perspectives, everything from, you know, the modeling, the assumptions, etc., etc. And so I think it does serve as a reference point. But I think what we're experiencing now, and even as we submitted the plan from a CCAR point of view, is that, you know, that's a scenario. It certainly is a stress scenario. But we're now living through a real life stress situation. And I think, you know, that scenario is meant to, those scenarios are meant to inform, you know, a firm's ability to withstand stress. But we've got a real test here that has put us and I think the industry in a position where we are constantly, you know, modeling and demonstrating our ability to withstand real time pressures and the prospect of real life losses. Now with that said, you know, Cecil, you know, a new approach, I think that the timing is interesting in that we get to see a, we see a meaningful shift between transition and day one, which I would think in a normal environment, you wouldn't see that type of dramatic shift. But again, you know, that's informed by, you know, a view, a forward looking view of what is now a crisis and a stressed environment. And so that magnitude of the change that we see in the day two is a direct byproduct of that. And I think what we'll see is that continues to, you know, that what we do in the way of forward reserves will continue to be informed by that. And what we ultimately experience in losses, however, will be informed by how much of the uncertainty that I talked to plays out. So again, no stress scenario that's been created, you know, thus far, you know, would have contemplated the amount of fiscal response and monetary response that we've seen in short order. You know, and so that's not modeled. And how customers, our consumers react to that is not, is not part of any CCAR, DFAS model that we would have run. How that offsets the impact of, you know, unemployment or ultimately losses is completely unclear. And so there's a fair amount, you know, yes, it's a data point, you know, but there's a fair amount of uncertainty and now differences I would expect in light of now managing through a real life scenario.

That's helpful. If I could follow up, you, you guys use one scenario, most large banks use multiple scenarios in calculating their reserves. But, sorry if I missed this, but can you just outline, you know, the sort of big picture, some of the big picture assumptions you're using, whether it's, you know, global growth or US growth or unemployment that underlie that scenario? And I guess it's sort of an adjunct to that. Does using one scenario create more volatility? Because if you use scenario analysis, you know, you can kind of calibrate between different outcomes, whereas, you know, it's more of a, you know, a big change if you change your outlook. It's just, you know, one scenario to another in your case as opposed to maybe a grade of different outcomes if you were to use sort of a weighted average scenario analysis that most banks use. Do you think it creates more volatility and more jumps and releases than you otherwise would have?

Yeah, so we do use, you know, we do use a model approach where we use a scenario. But what I would say is that that scenario is informed by kind of a further management adjustment. And the factors that are considered are, you know, not only thousands of variables like GDP and unemployment and many, many, many more. And we can't just ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and ignore that and And I think that's a very important model in one scenario. There is there is, you know, flex there if you will in terms of ensuring that we we capture what we think best reflects the forward view of the economic outlook. In in in our analysis and you know in terms of as we as I may have mentioned, I think I mentioned earlier. You know, at some point you've got to put a stake in the ground at the end of the quarter and look at the assumptions that that we have to work with in terms of those thousands of variables and certainly the key ones that I mentioned and this quarter in particular. And so even the view that we would have taken at the end of the quarter, you know around many of those metrics they've they've couldn't be outlook on them have to have has continued to shift. And so we find ourselves running, you know, various scenarios to understand the impact on on our ratios and and and on our estimated losses, including, you know, ranges of unemployment from, you know, 10 to, you know, 15% and GDP declines from 20 to 40%. We're constantly kind of running those scenarios to understand the implications on on our CT one ratio and other important metrics that are required to properly run and manage and and and plan at the firm.

Got

it.

Okay, that's really helpful. Thank you.

Your next question is from the line of Brian Klein Hansel with KBW.

Great. Thanks, Mark. Just a quick question. First on the ICG and the reserve coverage there. I hear that you said that you're comfortable with it. But we kind of look at the reserve that you have against the total exposures. It's about an 80 basis points against all the exposures. But yet you're looking at non investment gravy and 21% of the portfolio. So what kind of metrics are you keying on to get comfort there doesn't seem like it takes a large amount of delinquencies all of a sudden have a large increase in losses.

Yeah, look, we've got, you know, there are there are a series of metrics that we use in the case of the ICG GDP is an important metric. Obviously, a view on downgrades is an important metric. A view on, you know, energy prices, oil prices is an important metric. And, you know, as you we don't have the entire portfolio parsed here, but, you know, that that 81 basis point is going to be a mix of where we feel as though we need to have more, you know, more reserves. And so, you know, one example is that when you, you know, we built additional reserves and you can look at kind of our reserve ratio for the energy sector, for example, and that's, you know, closer to .1% in terms of the funded reserve ratio. And so I highlight that is just a simple example of, you know, obviously, they're going to be some higher, some lower, you know, and in terms of the broader non investment grade, similar to that example, I just gave you the broader non investment grade bucket is closer to 2% in terms of the reserve ratio. So again, I can understand the question given the 81 basis points, but we are obviously are using, you know, good judgment as we look through the different risk profile of the portfolio.

And then what regards to the guidance that you're giving about, you know, how March and April could trend out to the rest of the quarter? I mean, is there any way to give an update on kind of, and I'm sorry if you gave it already, but how purchase sales were trending in April and how the revenues and TTS were trending in April? I mean, you said March, they were down 9% in TTS. Has that gotten worse in April? Thanks.

Sure, I don't have the spend activity at hand. As I look here for, you know, for April, I'm not sure if you caught what I said earlier, but the card spend activity towards the end of March, the last week in March, has been around 30%, down 30% with a mix across the differences in the different categories. In terms of TTS, you know, again, I don't have the April stats. You know, we did see kind of pressure in the month of March, and what I was referencing there was the rate pressure playing through in terms of commercial card activity, just as another proxy for spend, similar to the retail card or consumer card. That was down pretty meaningfully, which says a lot about our corporate client base in terms of T&E commercial card spend was down almost 60% and kind of B2B business to business commercial card activity was down some 19% in the month of March. So, likely those trends continue. However, I would kind of just note that we continue to see very good engagement with our TTS client base, and we see that in the higher volumes that we saw in Q1. We see that in the new accounts that we're opening with them, we would expect for that to continue, including utilizing many of our digital capabilities there. And frankly, as this continues to evolve, with all of the uncertainty that it comes with, you know, we would expect that we're going to be a critical partner to these large multinational clients as they think about what the new norm looks like. And so the metrics will move, the top line will move in light of the rate environment, but I think those underlying drivers, if you will, say a lot about what the future prospects are for the firm here. Mike, you want to comment on?

If I can just quickly, Mark, before we close out here, I just want to go back to Mike's question and apologize for having flipped my numbers. We've got globally over 80% of our staff working remotely, and the number in Hong Kong is that we've got about a third back and two thirds still working remotely. So, Mike, I apologize for getting that one inverted. Operator, with that, I think that concludes the call.

Thank

you all for joining us today. Please feel free to reach out to us in Investor Relations if you have any follow-up questions. Thank you and have a good day.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for calling. You may now disconnect.