Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated

Good morning. My name is Christy and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Q1 2023 JLL Earnings Conference Call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speaker's remarks, there will be a question and answer session. If you would like to ask a question during this time, simply press star followed by the number one on your telephone keypad. If you would like to withdraw your question, press star 1 again. Thank you. Scott Einberger, Investor Relations Officer. You may begin your conference.

Thank you and good morning. Welcome to the first quarter 2023 earnings conference call for Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated. Earlier this morning, we issued our earnings release along with a slide presentation and Excel file intended to supplement our prepared remarks. Please note that we are now providing an enhanced version of the supplemental Excel file that includes a historical view of JLL's financial results by segment, including a view of fee-based comp and benefits and total operating expenses. In addition, the Excel file now includes a full balance sheet, statement of cash flows, and other relevant operating metrics. We hope this enhanced Excel file will make modeling our business easier. These materials are available on the investor relations section of our website. Please visit ir.jll.com. During the call and in our slide presentation in an accompanying Excel file, we referenced certain non-GAAP financial measures, which we believe provide useful information for investors. We will include reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP in our earnings release and slide presentation. As a reminder, today's call is being webcast live and recorded. A transcript and recording of this conference call will be posted to our website. Any statements made about future results and performance, plans, expectations, and objectives are forward-looking statements. Actual results and performance may differ from those forward-looking statements as a result of factors discussed in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year December 31, 2022, and other reports filed with the SEC. The company disclaims any undertaking to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements. I will now turn the call over to Christian Ulbrich, our President and Chief Executive Officer, for opening remarks.

Thank you, Scott. Hello, and thank you all for joining our first quarter 2023 earnings call. I'm pleased with our first quarter as we were able to deliver results broadly in line with our plan despite the further deteriorating operating environment. At the beginning of the quarter, several green shoots emerged in the commercial real estate market, highlighting investors' willingness to deploy capital when market conditions weren't. Rising interest rates and turmoil in the banking sector had a dampening effect on sentiment in the second half of the quarter. For real estate markets, elevated borrowing costs and the continuation of the tightening in lending standards limited investment sales activity in the first quarter. According to JLL research, global commercial real estate investments totaled $128 billion in the first quarter, a year-over-year decline of 54%. Institutional investors remain cautious, while private capital has been slightly more active with an increased focus on sponsor, sector, and asset quality. Although global fundraising has slowed, elevated levels of capital remain on the sideline, with dry powder and closed-end funds now at $389 billion globally. Looking ahead. It appears that debt costs will become more predictable and bid-ask spreads can begin to compress. This process is already underway with global real estate asset prices declining around 20% on average from their 2022 peak. Additional price adjustments are likely needed to bring bid-ask spreads back to more normal levels. Capital remains available and lenders are active in appropriately priced assets, especially in growth sectors such as industrials and multifamily. Macroeconomic pressures are also being felt in the global office leasing market, where volume was down 18% year-over-year in the first quarter, according to JLL research. Return-to-office assets are driving an uptick in attendance rates across much of the U.S. But this trend was offset by softening labor markets in certain sectors and delays in decision-making amid macroeconomic uncertainty. Global office vacancy rates ticked up modestly to 15.3% in the first quarter. In most markets, high-quality premium assets continue to significantly outperform the rest of the market as occupiers focus on upgrading space. These types of best-in-class sustainable assets continue to be a focus area for JLL. In the industrial sector, demand slowed in many markets during the first quarter. It declines in the US and Europe as a result of limited supply and occupiers desire to take a more cautious approach given the macroeconomic environment. In Asia Pacific, Net absorption was positive compared to both the fourth quarter and prior year. Overall, market fundamentals remain strong in the industrial sector, with low vacancy rates and healthy rental growth in many markets. In the retail and hotel sectors, high-quality retail space is in demand from growth-orientated retailers, and hotels are benefiting from pent-up leisure travel and growing group and corporate demand. JLL's first quarter financial results reflect the continued slowdown in our capital markets business as the tightening in lending standards and rising debt costs impacted the transaction market. Similarly, our leasing business saw declines both in volume and average deal size. In contrast, our resilient business lines collectively delivered positive fee revenue growth during the quarter despite economic headwinds. Our web dynamics business continues to show underlying strengths, and we have recently won several new mandates that will take effect later this year. JLL Technologies also demonstrated an acceleration in fee revenue growth in the quarter. As we talked about at our November 2022 investor briefing, JLL uses a built-by-partner invest technology strategy, both for the benefit of our clients and to create a material differentiation for our overall business. For example, our capital markets team is now leveraging our new AI-powered platform to identify, analyze, and source pipeline opportunities. In the first quarter, one in five of all capital markets pipeline opportunities globally was enabled by our AI-powered platform. Lastly, LaSalle grew advisory fee revenue during the quarter highlighting the resilient nature of this revenue stream. I will now turn the call over to Karen, who will provide more detail on our results for the quarter.

Thank you, Christian. Before I begin, a reminder that variances are against the prior year period in local currency, unless otherwise noted. The first quarter was generally consistent with the fourth quarter trends we discussed on our February call. While the macro environment has presented challenges to growth in certain areas of our business over the past couple of quarters, we see strong underlying momentum building across our entire business. Our growth-oriented investments in our people and platform over the past several years provide a strong foundation for the eventual rebound in our transactional business line, as well as continued growth of our more cyclically resilient business line. We remain focused on delivering high-level client service and capturing the significant market opportunities to drive both near-term and long-term growth, profitability, and cash flow. At the consolidated level, first quarter fee revenue was $1.6 billion, a 15% decline from a particularly strong first quarter of 2022. Looking at the two periods on a stacked year-over-year growth basis in USD, they totaled a 17% increase. First quarter adjusted EBITDA was $109 million, down 61%, and the adjusted EBITDA margin contracted 780 basis points to 6.6%. The declines were mostly attributable to the drop in fee revenue in our leasing and investment sales debt and equity advisory business lines, as well as a $21 million adverse change in equity earnings. The lower equity earnings contributed approximately 130 basis points to the margin decline. Higher fixed compensation expense tied to growth-related investments and headcount during the first nine months of 2022 was also a headwind to profitability, partially offset by the ongoing cost reduction action we discussed last quarter. Adjusted EPS of $0.65 declined 84% driven in part by higher interest on top of the lower adjusted EBITDA, partially offset by a 5% reduction in the average share count. Putting the first quarter results in perspective, our investment sales debt and equity advisory fee revenues were the lowest since the second quarter of 2020, the most heavily impacted pandemic period. Additionally, over the past six quarters, we have been investing in our capital markets and other businesses which has an amplified headwind effect on the quarter's profitability when combined with the decline in fee revenue. We expect the investments to help accelerate growth as the recovery unfolds. We continue to actively manage our business to drive further long-term improvements in efficiency. Of the $125 million of cost savings we discussed last quarter, we achieved approximately $15 million of cost savings in the first quarter. and anticipate the remaining $110 million to be fairly evenly split over the last three quarters of the year. In other words, the full run rate effect of the $140 million in annualized cost savings we previously announced is expected to commence in the second quarter. The cost actions are largely focused on non-revenue generating roles that we identified as part of our global realignment of our business lines last year. We continue to opportunistically invest in areas that we believe have attracted growth and return prospects. Moving to a detailed review of our operating performance by segment, beginning with markets advisory. First quarter leasing fee revenue declined 18% following a 46% growth rate in the prior year quarter for a two-year stacked USD growth rate of 26%. As macro conditions vary across regions, So too did our leasing fee revenue, with the Americas down 21% and India falling 12%, while Asia-Pacific grew 23%. The strength in Asia-Pacific was largely driven by the recovery in Greater China. Globally, all primary asset classes saw transaction volume decline, along with lower average deal size, but this was most pronounced in the office sector. Our first quarter office sector fee revenue fell 17%, slightly better than the 18% contraction in global office leasing volume, according to JLL research. In the industrial sector, the revenue declined 14%, which compares favorably with a 37% decrease in global industrial market activity, according to JLL research. The contraction in industrial sector leasing activity is directionally consistent with expectations. given the tight supply and significant growth seen over the past several years. As Christian described, we're seeing more sustained leasing demand for high-quality assets, despite softer demand more broadly. Our global growth leasing pipeline continues to show resilience, getting cause for cautious optimism for the full year of 2023. However, near-term activity is likely to be subdued, considering the economic backdrop. Also within markets advisory, property management fee revenue for the first quarter grew 12%, attributable in part to portfolio expansions in the Americas and incremental fees from interest rate sensitive contracts in the UK. The decline in the advisory consulting and other fee revenue was primarily due to the absence of revenues associated with the exit of a business that we previously announced in the fourth quarter of last year. The market's advisory first quarter adjusted EBITDA margin declined 380 basis points from a year ago to 11.2%, primarily due to lower leasing fee revenue. Shifting to our capital market segment. The market conditions Christian described were a key factor in the 39% decline in segment fee revenue. The contraction is off a very strong first quarter 2022 growth rate of 54%. resulting in a two-year stacked USD growth rate of 10%. Our global investment sales fee revenue, which accounted for approximately 35% of segment fee revenue, fell 56%. The decline was broad-based across nearly all geographies and asset classes and compares with a 54% decline in the global sales volume Christian referenced. For perspective, the first quarter market volume decline was the sharpest since the first quarter of 2009. and in terms of dollars, was the lowest overall market volume since the first quarter of 2012. Growth in EMEA valuation advisory fee revenue mostly offset declines in Asia Pacific and the Americas, leading to a 3% reduction in the total valuation advisory fee revenue. Our loan servicing fee revenue fell 6% on approximately $5 million of lower prepayment fees which masked about 5% growth of recurring servicing fees. The decline of the payment fees coincides with the rise in interest rates, which dampens e-financing activity. The underlying growth of the servicing fees was driven by the growth in our Fannie Mae portfolio. The capital markets adjusted EBITDA margin contraction was predominantly driven by lower fee revenue. and the impact of the growth-oriented headcount additions we made in early to mid-2022. With our investments in our capital markets talent and platform over the past several years, we are well prepared for a strong recovery when transaction volumes return. Looking ahead, the global capital markets investment sales debt and equity advisory pipeline is building at a slower rate than historical trends in a typical year. and is down mid-teens compared with this time last year. While we do see early signs of improving pipeline activity, particularly within the U.S., the amount and pace of revenue growth throughout the year will be heavily influenced by the factors impacting deal timing and closing rates that Christian described. Moving next to work dynamics. Fee revenue growth of 11% was consistent with the prior quarter. The growth was led by a 24% increase in project management, mostly attributable to continued project demand, particularly in the U.S., France, and the Middle East. Workplace management exhibited continued resilience, growing 3% on the back of a strong growth a year earlier. The slowdown in leasing activity, particularly in the Americas, adversely impacted portfolio services fee revenue growth in the quarter. The WorkDynamics adjusted EBITDA margin contracted 350 basis points from a year ago, driven by $9 million of losses on Tetris contracts in Europe, as well as incremental investment in sustainability and technology, partially offset by the higher fee revenue. Overall, we are pleased with the underlying performance of our WorkDynamics business and are confident in the segment's growth trajectory. The first quarter was one of the strongest on record for new finals, as measured by contract wins and expansion, and had a 98% contract renewal rate, supporting growing momentum for the rest of the year and into 2024. The near-term project management pipeline remains solid, and we are focused on securing mandates for the latter part of the year. As Christian mentioned, within workplace management, we secured several new contracts from Fortune 100 companies, which will begin in the latter part of the year, and our pipeline continues to build as the demand for professional management of corporate real estate increases. Turning to JLL technologies, fee revenue grew 29% and acceleration from fourth quarter 2022 organic growth of 21% as existing large enterprise clients continue to increase their utilization of our platform, particularly our solutions and services offering. As a reminder, the majority of JLL technology's revenue is recurring in nature, and we continue to see strong retention. The path to segment profitability remains a priority. Indicative of our focus, JLL technology's fee-based operating expenses, excluding carried interest, grew just 7%. The combination of the fee revenue growth and operating efficiency gain drove an improvement in JLL technology's adjusted EBITDA margins. tempered by an $8 million adverse swing in equity earnings, net of carried interest. Equity earnings in the quarter were driven by a handful of valuation increases, largely reflecting subsequent financing rounds at increased valuations. Now to LaSalle. Assets under management rose 8% from strong capital deployment and valuation increases over the prior 12 months. which translated to a 9% rise in advisory fee revenue, mostly within our core open-end funds. Given the evolving market environment, new capital deployment is subdued and impacting transaction revenues compared to the prior year. The pace of capital deployment may also impact how quickly growth from new mandates will offset the loss of the UK separate account mentioned last year. Moderating asset valuations broadly drove a $7 million decline in equity earnings from the prior year. The lower equity earnings were a 640 basis point headwind to LaSalle's adjusted EBITDA margin, which contracted 570 basis points. The increase in advisory fee revenue and platform scale benefits were offset by lower transaction fee revenue. Cost mitigation actions over the past few quarters lifted profitability. Shifting to free cash flow. Net outflow in the quarter was $766 million, consistent with a year earlier, as a $130 million improvement in net working capital was offset by $130 million in lower cash from earnings. The lower cash from earnings was in part due to the decline in capital markets and markets advisory business performance. The better working capital was driven by lower annual incentive compensation and commission payments in 2023 compared with 2022 and incremental cash inflow from trade receivables, partly offset by an additional pay period in the current quarter and incremental cash outflow and not reimbursable tied to growth of the workplace management business line within the work dynamics. Cash flow conversion is a high priority and we remain focused on improving our working capital efficiency. Now for an update on our balance sheet and capital allocation. As of March 31st, reported net leverage was 1.9 times below the high end of our target range and up from 0.8 times a year earlier, primarily due to net investment activity and share repurchases, together with lower free cash flow over the trailing 12 months. As a reminder, Our leverage ratio typically peaks in the first part of the year, and we have a history of deleveraging as the year progresses. Our liquidity totaled $1.7 billion at the end of the first quarter, including $1.3 billion of undrawn credit facility capacity. Though we did not repurchase any shares in the first quarter, our period end share count was down about 4% from a year earlier, as a result of our approximate $450 million of share repurchases over the past 12 months. We have reinstated our share repurchase program beginning in the second quarter and expect to repurchase a modest amount of shares in the quarter. The amount of share repurchases over the full year will be dependent on the evolution of the market recovery and the performance of our business, particularly cash generation. Approximately $1.2 billion remained on our share repurchase authorization as of March 31, 2023. Over the past two to three months, we've seen general stability in a number of key market indicators and business trends, even considering the recent bank stresses. Still, the prevailing economic conditions lead us to expect the softness in our more transaction-oriented fee revenues will persist into the second half of the year. We remain focused on achieving our full year 2023 target adjusted EBITDA margin range of 14% to 16%. We are navigating a shifting macro environment that creates short-term headwinds for certain areas of our business. The industry tailwinds we previously highlighted remain intact, and we do not expect the current macro pressures to undermine growth trends over the medium and long term. Accordingly, we continue to proactively position our people and our platform to both emerge stronger through the market recovery and enhance the growth of our cyclically resilient business lines. Christian, back to you.

Thank you, Karen. The commercial real estate market is in a much stronger position today than it was following the global financial crisis. Of all banks are well capitalized, Balance sheets are strong and lending standards in recent years have been much more conservative. In addition, borrowers have a more diverse set of debt sources. While there will be pockets of distress due to declining property values and the rising cost of debt will likely be contained to lower quality assets in select markets. Recent turmoil in the banking sector has created an opportunity for our industry-leading debt and equity advisory business lines. As banks pull back on lending to commercial real estate, we are well positioned to help clients find alternative sources of capital. With an estimated 15% to 20% of commercial real estate debt maturing over the next 12 months, our debt and equity advisory services will be needed more than ever. According to the Mortgage Broker Association, JLL has the top US debt origination platform by a factor of two, as well as the leading equity placement platform, which makes us uniquely positioned to manage this upcoming wave of debt maturities. Meanwhile, inflation is moderating across continental Europe and the US, which will likely result in an end to the current rate hiking cycle that many central banks have been operating under. Our pipelines have been growing as clients prepare for a more stable interest rate environment and a narrowing of the bid-ask spread. These factors, in addition to the significant amount of dry powder sitting on the sideline, provides a clear path for recovery in transaction activity. Today, you have heard about our resilient business lines as well as on our ongoing commitment to improving margins, free cash flow and returning capital to shareholders. We continue to benefit from the platform investments and organizational changes we have put in place over the last couple of years. Our actions have been targeted and we are not reducing roles which we would need to rehire when the markets recover. Our clients put huge trust into our OneJLL global platform as well in our data and technology capabilities to help them navigate the current macroeconomic environment. This trust is demonstrated by the new client engagements we have won since the beginning of the year. I'm confident that we are well positioned to accelerate growth as the commercial real estate industry comes out of the current down cycle. Before I close, I would like to thank all our employees across the world for their commitment and hard work. which has positioned JLL to take advantage of the coming recovery in the commercial real estate market. Operator, please explain the Q&A process.

At this time, if you would like to ask a question, please press star, then the number one on your telephone keypad. We'll pause for just a moment to compile the Q&A roster. And your first question comes from the line of Anthony Pallone with JP Morgan.

Great. Thank you. My first question relates to the margin guidance that you kept at 14% to 16% for the year. And I was wondering if you can talk to how much reliance you need on, say, the second half of the year showing some improvement to get into that range, just trying to understand if sort of the trajectory we started the year on here would still allow you to get to that range.

Hi, Anthony. It's Christian. Let me answer that question with a bit more detail, and I want to kick it off going through the different business lines we have. Starting off with JLLT, we are very confident that they will deliver according to our own plans. The same is true for work dynamics, where we are very confident. But then move to markets, want to split up markets between property management and leasing. We are again, very confident that we deliver on our property management plan. And we are confident that we deliver on that leasing plan. Obviously that is very much driven by transactional revenues. And so there is some risk in it, but still we are confident that we deliver against our own plan. When I move to LaSalle, LaSalle, we have the advisory side. Again, we are very confident that we deliver on our advisory plan. There is some risk around the transaction fees and the incentive fees we're getting within the LaSalle business, but that is a reasonably small risk to the overall result of LaSalle. And then we come to capital markets. The easy part of our capital markets of all performance is the valuation advisory business, where we are confident that they will deliver. On the debt equity side, we should be fine. So the major risk in our capital markets business is clearly the investment sales side. And then before I explain that more deeply, I just want to quickly touch on the equity earnings side, which is fairly hard to predict on a quarter by quarter basis. We made a very thorough review of our LaSalle business and the portfolio where we have equity in there. And the vast majority of that looks good. And even if we have to take some write downs on a quarter basis, we are very confident that we will recover that over the coming years. And so that is obviously non-cash. And on the JLLT side, it's a pretty similar picture. There may be some smaller investments, which will face some challenges over the coming quarters. But more importantly, some of our very large investments have a really strong medium-term outlook. So even if we have to take some write-downs in the coming quarters due to some capital events, which we don't know about yet, we are absolutely confident that we get substantial appreciations in the years to come. So we would like to ignore those movements on the equity earnings side in the next couple of quarters because it's very hard to predict for us. So going back to what were our assumptions which led to our plan for this year and why we are still so confident that we deliver our in our margin guidance between 14 and 16 percent we expected a very slow first and a very slow second quarter in our own plans and then we assume a substantial recovery for our capital markets business starting in september leading to a really vibrant fourth quarter and what we delivered in the first quarter was fully in line with our own internal plans. And I said that's a positive one because when we did those plans, we didn't know that SVB would go down and that we would have those prices in the small and medium sized banking sector. And so that's why we are fairly happy with the performance in the first quarter. Now, the risk to our plan for this year are obviously the geopolitical situation. If there's further geopolitical disruption beyond what we already see, that can be a risk to our assumption for this year. But then on top of that, if the crisis of the small and regional banks get out of control, which we don't believe is going to happen, but I leave that to you to make your own risk assumption there. And then second, if the political program offered to all of us around the necessary agreement for the debt ceiling doesn't meet expectations. And again, I don't want to predict that. I leave that to you to make your own predictions. But if those things are not going in the wrong direction, we continue to be confident about the 14 to 16% for the reasons I described.

Okay. Thank you for all that, Carl or Christian. And then just May follow up on that with Karen. Can you put a bit more detail or some brackets around the cost side? Like was there much actually realized in 1Q or some of the initiatives there? Like we'll see it in the run rate in 2Q or just maybe how to think about that a bit more.

Sure. So of the $125 million of cost savings that we referenced last quarter, approximately $15 million of that came through in the first quarter. and the remainder will be fairly evenly spread in the remaining three quarters. I do want to also highlight that in the face of continued uncertainty in our multi-year transformation program, we're continuing to drive further cost out in the business. As we go through the year, we'll have more to update on that. We'll provide further color.

Okay. If I could just ask one more in work dynamics. In workplace management, I was under the impression that that's kind of the more recurring fee stream in that business. And it sounds like you all have had a lot of contract wins, but it was pretty flattish growth rate year over year. How should we think about that piece of the business?

Yeah, listen, they had a very strong start, as you can see on the top line. slightly ahead of our own expectations. And as Karen alluded to, we had some significant contract wins over the last couple of weeks. So that's why I just said a moment ago, we are very confident about our work dynamics business for the year. We use the outperformance, which we have had against our internal budget in the first quarter to clean up within our Tetris business on three contracts, which were unprotected against inflation-driven cost increases. That was substantial, the 9 million. But as I said, we decided that this is a good moment to take that risk out. And going forward, we are pretty confident, not only around our Tetris business, but around the overall performance of our work dynamics business for this year.

Okay. So those Tetris contracts, those coming out affected both the top line and EBITDA for that business line in the quarter? Just trying to see where that works.

No, they didn't affect the top line. We just took provisions because those three contracts were not protected against inflation. So the cost increases which we faced on those contracts, we couldn't lay that over to the clients. And so we had to eat it. And so we took some substantial provisions on those contracts so that we should be fine going forward. Okay. Thank you.

Your next question comes from the line of Michael Griffin with Citi.

Great, thanks. Christian, in your prepared remarks, you highlighted green shoots that you're seeing. I think of the transaction activity. It seems like maybe rates are becoming more predictable. You talked about bid-ask spreads narrowing the process being underway. Full say for a hypothetical that bid-ask spreads are at 200 basis points, maybe a bit more narrow for industrial and multi, maybe a bit wider for office. Do you think you can quantify maybe the second derivative change in where those spreads have come in?

Well, you know, you almost answered the question yourself. We have seen a real appetite from various sorts of lenders, which the majority is non-banking lenders. But over the last couple of weeks, we also saw the banks now coming back in and also those banks which have been very absent for the first three months have come back now. And just in the last two weeks, we closed a deal where a couple of banks were competing quite hard for the debt side of it. And so it depends very much on the underlying assets. We have seen spreads going below 200 basis points on industrial, for example, on multifamily, on some retail assets, where we still see some hesitancy is clearly around the majority of the office products where spreads are still above 200 and where just the LTV ratios are still fairly low. But overall, the moment we have calmness and predictability and what happened this week around the Fed in the US, but also the Fed today, this is all within the range of what was predicted. And that will provide confidence to the market, and that will lead to transactions. And if that continues, that would support our case for this year, because there is debt available, there's enough product available which wants to trade, and that will then lead also to the closure of those deals.

And just on the banks that are lending, I mean, what kind of size are those if we've seen some softness and issues in the mid-sized regional bank market? I mean, are they larger institutions, smaller, international? Any color around who the banks are is helpful.

Well, what we have seen over the last two to three weeks is we were able to close quite a significant deal, and we saw kind of As I said, those banks coming back, which were more or less absent in the first quarter. So I just take that, and I don't want to speculate here, but from my personal view, I take that as a sign that the banks seem to believe that both the overall need to devalue the commercial real estate assets is coming close to the point where it has to kind of get to. I'm not saying that everything is done, but we have seen overall quite a significant devaluation already. And that they also believe that that crisis of the small and mid-sized banks, regional banks in the US, is under control. And that seems to provide them the confidence that they are back into the market. So we are not dependent on all those deals now on alternative lenders. or on international lenders, but it is domestic banks as well as the large major banks in the US who are back into the market and providing competitive bids on deals. And for us, the most encouraging sign was on some of those larger transactions, which we were able to do over the last two to three weeks, that we had numerous bids coming in from banks. So that is exactly what you want to achieve, that you have a competitive environment again, and not only one or two who are offering a proposal.

And then just one on office, if I may. I think you talked about RTO, return to office, maybe improving some of the U.S., but I think it lags AMIA and then certainly APAC. Do you have a sense, one, of maybe your portfolio, maybe of some proprietary data, of where RTO is across the U.S. as a whole, and then how that compares. I'd imagine that AMIA is sort of above where the U.S. is, and then the APAC is above that as well. So color around that would be helpful.

Sure. Let's start with APAC. APAC is, generally speaking, back to pre-COVID levels. In fact, in our own offices in China, where I was just spending some time, we don't have assigned seats there. And so we have predicted when we arranged those offices many, many years ago, a certain ratio on desk we need for the numbers of employees. And at the moment, we have more employees in the office than our desk ratio offers us because they're also keen to be back into the office. That will hopefully go back to the normal numbers of occupancy which we had pre-COVID, but generally, this is a non-issue in APEC, the question of return to office. In Europe, it depends, as in the US, very much country by country and even within countries, it's city by city, literally. It's very cultural. I would say we are roughly at a level, and this is really in the air when you generalize across Europe, but we are roughly at about 65 to 70% of pre-COVID levels. And in the U.S., we are still, again, very, very cultural, great occupancy in Texas, pretty good in New York, still really, really bad in the San Francisco Bay Area, and also pretty bad kind of in the Chicago area. So overall, I would say we are sitting at around 50 to 60 percent of pre-COVID levels. But as I said, that can be absolutely like pre-COVID levels in Texas and really low still in the 30s, 35, 40 percent in the San Francisco Bay Area. But, you know, again, what is important to reiterate? we see a very strong trend from the most successful companies where we have a very high market share to try to offer their people stunning office space. And that means that they need to do a lot within the existing space with regards to upgrade their existing space, but also move into other locations, move into other buildings, especially when they don't meet the green credentials, the well-being credentials, So there's quite a bit of activity taking place, pre-planning taking place. And so we shouldn't run into the mistake that we think, oh, wow, it's only 50 to 60 percent of pre-COVID levels. And that means that transaction levels will stay that low, not in the area where we are planning.

And then just maybe one for Karen on capital allocation. You talked about reauthorizing or putting back into play the share repurchase program in the second quarter. But as you think about other opportunities, maybe it's a bigger M&A opportunity, maybe it's a tuck-in acquisition. Has your underwriting criteria and sources of uses in capital changed at all?

Well, let me pick that up on M&A and then Karen can talk about share repurchases. On the M&A front, honestly, We don't have anything to change what we said in the last two protocols. We look at our own opportunity to grow organically. We look at our own share price and what return we can achieve when we buy our own stock. And then we look at the opportunities which are in the market and the risk of integration. And so we don't find, unlike some of our competitors' comments, we don't see that much opportunity in the M&A environment. And so we are keeping our underwriting discipline, as we had said over the last couple of quarters. And so don't expect us to aggressively change that philosophy over the coming months or quarters. But Karen, you want to give some highlights on the share repurchasing?

Sure. So on share repurchases, I mentioned that we are reinstating our share repurchase program beginning in the second quarter. We certainly find our current valuation an attractive price at which to repurchase our shares. As we've mentioned on prior calls, you certainly look at the return available from repurchasing your own shares relative to that with potential M&A transactions and think about that overall mix and long term growth for the business. So we continue to share repurchase is attractive and we'll just tailor those based on overall cash flow expectations and as the business evolves over the course of the year.

Great. That's it for me. Thanks for the time.

Your next question comes from the line of Chadney Luther for Goldman Sachs.

Hi. Good morning. Thank you for taking my question. This one's for Karen. Could you give us some free cash flow thoughts for the rest of the year? What are the moving pieces? And how should we think about the free cash conversion rate for 2023? Thank you.

So first, let's just recap what happened in the first quarter. On the positive, we had improvements in our working capital. that were primarily from improvements in trade receivables collections and then also lower accrued comp because we had lower bonus and commission payments in the first quarter relating to the prior year. We also had some headwinds in our working capital, an extra pay period and then some growth of the work dynamics business impacting the reimbursables and the timing of that reimbursable cycle. And we also had lower earnings, kind of offsetting some of the gains we made in the working capital side of things. From an overall full year perspective, we are planning to be cash flow positive, looking at the levers we can pull over the course of the year while we're managing for growth, certainly closely tracking our DSO, managing our CapEx, and really try to have as strong a cash flow conversion ratio as we can.

Got it. And as a follow-up, I think, Christian, you mentioned this last quarter. You talked about record office leases expiring in the near term. Could you discuss what you are seeing with respect to discussions between landlords and tenants as these leases are coming to? Because, you know, data points would suggest that office vacancy rates continue to climb. So we'd love to hear your thoughts on what's going on at the ground level. Thanks.

Sure.

Just to be clear, office vacancy rates, especially in some of the major US markets, will continue to climb. But it is predominantly around those B to C office buildings. And unfortunately, the grading of space will evolve. And so what was formerly perceived as A, A-minus will move into that B space because it doesn't meet going forward the expectations of tenants anymore. And so on those buildings, you will see an increase in vacancy rates. But at the same time, we see good demand on the best space in all of those markets. And that's why we still have that very unusual situation which we saw around the world in every major market in 22 that vacancy rates went up and and and the top rents went also up so we had an increase of the highest rents in all major markets around the world whereas also the vacancy rates went up we hadn't seen that before but that will continue to be a trend in 23 and probably in 24 that you see top rents move up and vacancy rates moving up.