POSCO Holdings Inc.

Greetings. I head up the Finance and IR Division at Posco Holdings. My name is Kim Sung-Chun. This is Posco Holdings' 2025 full-year earnings release. I'd like to welcome the participants, investors, and analysts. Thank you. In 2025, we experienced global trade policy shifts and economic slowdown. It was a challenging environment. We put our effort into protecting our short-term profits. At the same time, as a business group, we built a foundation for future growth. 2025 consolidated revenues declined 5% year-on-year, recording 69.1 trillion won. Operating profit declined 16% to 1.8 trillion won. While POSCO's OP grew from 3.9% to 5%, we failed to meet our goals due to the accidents at POSCO EMC that led to construction halt, as well as the ramp-up costs that enter the books for the new lithium and precursor plants that were commissioned at the end of 2024. The fourth quarter profits were especially weak. The reason was communicated in last quarter's release. Kohang HR plant and other facilities have gone into major repair schedules, triggering production volume cuts. Also, large volume imports that flooded our market prior to the preliminary AD tariffs on HR products were still being consumed, causing a temporary drop in sales volume. There's more. The divestment of PZS's plant in China caused employee compensation to enter our books, too. This is in addition to the loss incurred by construction stop issued at POSCO EMC, so sizable one-time costs were accounted for all at once. In 2026, we will likely serve up some significant inflection points for POSCO Holdings. First, we have for some time studied various ways to go overseas in steel. This year, we'll see some specific actions. Last year, we identified strategic partners, signed MOUs with the U.S. and Indian JV partners to begin negotiations. With these partners, we're in final stages discussing the terms of our action plan, so this year we'll be able to witness some action on our long-sought entry strategies into overseas markets. In parallel, we intend to strengthen our core by focusing on high-margin products in the domestic market. Secondly, asset-based lithium operations will begin to generate profits. Our Argentina Lithium Plant 1 will ramp up and begin commercial operation this year. Last year, we signed deals with Australia's Regina and Mount Marian mines. The acquisition procedures will complete in the second half of the year, making immediate contributions to group-level profits. In the past several years, we completed phase one of our investments, involving the purchase of lithium resources and plant building and ramp-up. With commercial production around the corner, lithium prices have recovered just in time. We're excited to enter the next phase of our business when we will begin to generate real profits. By business model, an examination of the sequence of benefits accrued to parties impacted by the lithium price hikes illustrate that lithium ores, a.k.a. spodumene, so Australian hard rock lithium producers, will be the first to enjoy the benefits. Next will be the brine-based lithium business in Argentina. Then the lithium processors, namely PPLS, who process the imported raw materials will be the last to enjoy the impact. Third, value chain expansion of the infrastructure business will drive up margins. Therefore, we believe 2026 will see the impact of portfolio management. And as long as we can keep the price at our current levels, we'll be able to see more profit. As a result of the infrastructure business expansion, again, we'll see the impact of our portfolio management reflected in our financial statements this year. Australia's Cenex Energy built out its expansion facilities for gas production in October, and in November, we acquired new palm oil production farms in Indonesia. The return on these investments will be fully reflected in our 26th annual performance. Also, last year, PZSS plant in China that registered $200 billion in red ink recently was approved by the Chinese government for divestment. Once the procedure runs through, it will be removed from our consolidated books. Please understand that we're also aware that regardless of the rosy picture, we also have other challenges to confront. Stagnant domestic steel demand, formation of global blocks, tariff wars that restrict trade, and the weakening one currency that has the effect of driving up costs and the risk of lithium price fluctuation, to name a few. This year, by taking advantage of the various positive factors on our doorstep, we hope to turn the tide that held us back in the past few years. So we hope this year will prove to be the inflection point. Thank you. Now I'll invite the head of IR to deliver our 2025 performance results and 26 business plan.

Page three. 2025 consolidated OP decreased 347 billion won year on year, recording 1.8 trillion with consolidated EBITDA of 5.9 trillion won. POSCO's OP grew from quarter one to quarter three. Quarterly OP was on the rise with a slight decline in quarter four to 12.7 billion. First, POSCO E&C had construction stoppage and bad debt expenses, recording 190 billion yuan of quarterly deficit. Second, PZSS divestment is ongoing and employee compensation and other temporary costs were administered, deficit totaling 131.9 billion yuan. And end of December, Chinese merger approval was completed and the sale will be completed within Q1. Third, Costco's OP recorded 337 billion won, decreasing from Q3. Op season is one factor, but another factor is stockpiling of cheap imports prior to the hot-rolled 80 measures. And we decreased our sales volume by 6% quarter on quarter. Also, Pohang hot-rolling line is under major maintenance, so production was adjusted by 4%. With these efforts, Market inventory of low-priced imports are balancing out, and from quarter one, we expect production and sales volume to return to previous levels. In 2026, as our CFO mentioned, restructuring of businesses in the red will show the impacts, and Argentina lithium phase one will begin commercial production, and we can expect RBM profits to improve. Last year, we acquired a palm farm, expanded capacity of Australia Cenex gas fields, and these new investments will also contribute to profits, page four. This year, group-wide serious injury cases increased to nine. POSCO Group is enhancing safety systems, increasing employee participation, and boosting operability on the ground as priority goals. focusing our best efforts to foster a safe workplace. Last year, we established the Group Safety Innovation TF Team as CEO direct report and launched POSCO Safety Solution to strengthen safety expertise. Furthermore, we applied world-class safety consulting techniques to supplier companies. Also, we have outside specialized organizations regularly perform unscheduled inspections. We will continue to share our safe workplace metrics, improvements, and actions with you transparently each quarter. Page five. In 2026, I will describe the key business activities in steel. In 2026, for domestic steel, we will develop decarbonization technologies and promote high margin products to strengthen our business. In overseas steel, we will establish JVs to drive our end-to-end localization growth strategy. First, to address the carbon-reduced steel market, we will begin construction of the HIREX demo plant in Pohang. Also, Gwangyang EAF will continue operation in June. To enhance our profit structure in the domestic market, we will pursue growth in premium steel and specialized products. We will advance specialized capacity at each steelworks. At Pohang Works, we – Pohang Works will lead hydrogen, LNG, and power grid innovation. as leading mill of energy, and Guangyang Works will be specialized for future mobility markets. We will continue to manage these aspects to increase our mix. We will continue to leverage technology to structurally cut costs under Cost Innovation 2030. Finally, will be the year we act on overseas expansion. In the U.S., we have the Hyundai Motor Group EAF integrated mill project for which we confirmed share participation. Cooperation with Cleveland Cliffs and the India integrated steel mill project with JSWR also ongoing. Page six. First, Costco Argentina's ramp-up is near its completion stage. Generally, South American brine-based plants take two to three years to ramp up, but we have worked with the goal of completing it within a year. Major parts that needed to be replaced had some supply issues, delaying normal operation for two to three months, but by March end, we will boost utilization rate to more than 60%, and from July to August, we will be in full operation, meaning it will be our first year of commercial production. Recently, lithium prices increased substantially. Argentina plant owns brine assets, so we have a lot of operating leverage in face of lithium price hikes. In Q1, we still have volumes remaining for low priced orders, and the utilization rate is rather low, but it will rapidly increase thereafter, and profit improvements are in sight. Furthermore, in the first few years of commercial production, production efficiency improves gradually, boosting cost competitiveness. So we believe this can be the beginning of a positive cycle. As for POSCO Argentina Phase 2, considering the brine charge and evaporation schedule, construction is planned to be completed by Q4. Once completed, technical grade lithium carbonate production capacity will be at 25,000 tons per annum. Recently, we acquired LIS brine asset at a competitive price, which will serve as a valuable asset for future expansion. Next, POSCO Pilbara lithium solution. TPLS's major clients include POSCO Futur-M and other domestic and North American customers in its sales structure. However, demand from these customer base has been slowing down, requiring the company to diversify its customers. European and global top-tier OEM companies are among the new customers that we are working to secure. And there are some positive developments. Regarding the recent lithium price hike, PPLS imports spodumene from Australia to produce lithium. Recently, spodumene price increase has been higher than lithium price increase. with the spodumene to lithium hydroxide price ratio reaching 11%. Therefore, the higher lithium price has not been an immediate positive factor, and there are some temporary difficulties with margin spread, but in the long term, we expect positive impacts. Third, the JV investment with Australia's mineral resources. Currently, foreign investment approval and merger filing is currently underway. Once they are complete, the final contract will take place near March, and the payment will take place within Q2. Therefore, profits from this mine will be included from the second half through gains on equity method valuation. Once investment is approved for the next four years, the spodumene concentrate price we estimated was around $1,000 per ton, but currently the price rose to more than $2,000. Considering the market situation, we expect the mine to immediately begin contributing to gain on equity method valuation. And next year, the impact of the price hike will be bigger. For production volume, cash costs, and other basic details, please refer to MINRA's website.

Meanwhile,

To verify lithium DLE, direct lithium extraction technology, we are investing in the technology. Costco HY Queen Metal was the first to begin normal operation. And since October 2025, it has sustained a beta surplus. Black mass price is on the rise and the supply and demand is tight. but it has confidence in its stable production technology and is discussing opportunities to expand business with global companies. Now for solid-state battery, we are also active on the scene with robust technology development. POSCO Future M is working with the U.S. solid-state battery maker, Factorial, making strategic investment. And POSCO JKSS recently developed Commercialization technology for sulfide solid-state electrolyte mass synthesis method, which gained recognition. Page 7, portfolio management update. 2025 was the second year of restructuring. Including the divestment of all NSC shares, 28 projects were completed, generating cash of 1.1 trillion won. Thus, since 2024, we have generated cash cumulative of 1.8 trillion won. We aim to continue restructuring 55 additional projects by 2028. This will generate 1 trillion won of cash.

Page eight, KPEX administration and plan for this year.

Last year, RBM phase one investment was nearly completed. Thus, the total consolidated KPEX administered fell to 7 trillion won from 9 trillion won in 2024. This year, in addition to the lithium investment, we have also reflected the budget for upstream investment overseas, which will temporarily increase the CAPEX size. Next, performance by operating companies. First, Costco. Costco's operating profit improved from the previous year with the operating margin ratio So we believe that our profitability enhancement has taken place. Q4 price increased from Q3, but coal unit price rose, leading to high raw material prices. So the mill margin fell moderately on quarter. The low-priced import market inventory adjustment efforts led to sales volume falling to 7.7 million tons. putting pressure on profits. But this year's Q1 will see sales volume return to previous level years and we plan to raise the selling price of some products. The effective price increase will show from Q2. In 2026, we expect EU and other countries to strengthen protectionist policies and challenges will continue, but by expanding sales of high margin strategic products and accelerating global expansion strategies, we will do our best to continued to turn profits. Page 9, Overseas Steel. As for Overseas Steel profits, despite a weak global market, we optimized our marketing strategy and cut costs, improving our profitability. PTKP in Indonesia expanded exports to high-margin European markets, which improved profit structure. And Posto Maharashtra in India increased ratio of auto sheet sales. PY, VINA, and Vietnam also shifted to profits in 2025. But if you look at Q4, it showed 135.9 billion won of deficit. This is mainly from PCSS, which is undergoing divestment. It will be excluded from consolidated data in 2026, which will lead to decrease in deficits. Page 10, possible future M. Last year, energy materials, including CAM and AAM, saw revenue decline from slowdown in EV demand. But by boosting efficiency and cost-cutting, we kept the level of operating loss similar to the previous year. Next, POSCO International. In 2025, energy and materials trading both demonstrated higher OP, recording strong performance. Last October, Australia's SANEX Energy production expansion was completed, and in November, Indonesia Palm Firm was acquired, which will contribute to additional profits this year with forecasts for profit growth. Next, page 14, POSCO E&C. Last year, the POSCO E&C had the Sinansan Accident Loss Recognition, additional costs from suspension of construction, and losses from overseas projects. These one-off costs and bad debt expenses were reflected, recording a sizable deficit. However, we anticipate a turnaround to profit in 2026. This concludes the overview of possible holdings performance. We will now have Q&A, thank you.

We will begin the Q&A session. If you'd like to pose a question, please press star one. If you would like to cancel your question, please press star two. The first question is from Hyundai Motor Securities, Mr. Park Hyun-woo. Please pose your question. Hello, my name is Ms. Park. Thank you very much for this opportunity to pose a question. According to your presentation, POSCO's performance is looking pretty good this year. I have three questions. The first one is regarding the steel market outlook. In the first half in automotive and shipbuilding, major demand industries, what are some of the negotiations that you're looking forward to? What do you expect? And some of the Japanese and Chinese HR products have posed some challenges last year, and some of the impact of those products will manifest in the first half of this year. So, When will we begin to see POSCO's market share increase? Secondly, lithium prices have been rising significantly. So it's about $18,000. How do you forecast the lithium prices for the rest of this year? And based on current price levels, Argentina's salt lake as well as Hard Rock Lithium. What do you think about their prospects?

And this year, I think some of the construction is continuing.

Currently, when can we expect to hit VEP? Third question. You have invested as Posco Holdings in lithium mines. You're also investing in India and North America. So there are a lot of sizable investments being made. But I think there's still lingering concern about HMM acquisition in the market. So we are watching this. We'd be really curious to hear what your position is.

That's all of my questions. My name is Noh Sung-Mae, Marketing Strategy Officer at POSCO.

So in the demand industry, such as automotive and shipbuilding, you asked about the market outlook. Here's my answer. The steel market this year, first on global steel market, will see some appeasement from China. And because of some of the other expansion plans, I think we'll see some improvement, but we'll see some differences by region. In China, real estate market is still in a recession. So this year, still demand is likely to continue to decrease. So they will experience a negative growth. But in Europe and the United States, they have already hit their base point. So we believe that they will be recovering. But because of the policy uncertainties, whether demand will actually increase, that we'll have to wait and see. In the emerging economies in India and the ASEAN countries, we will see some strong demand increases. In India in particular, because they're increasing manufacturing as well as infrastructure building, I think we'll see strong growth signals in 26 as well. In domestic markets, we'll see some disparities by industry as well. In shipbuilding and defense as well as power industries, we'll see some strong growth continue. But in home electronics and construction, we will continue to experience recession. In automobiles, tariffs and some of the sharp demand decreases will continue to pose challenges on them. And so there will be a little bit more, there will have to be a little bit more time before we can see recovery. on price negotiations with the auto OEMs. Since last year, tariffs have become an issue. So against the negotiation formula, they are asking for additional discounts. We are going to try to stick to the formula as much as possible. For shipbuilding companies, because they have a stable supply of orders, and because they are trying to dominate or take a larger share of the market, we will take that into consideration when we negotiate with them. For the out-rolled AD tariffs, what kind of impact can we expect was your question, I believe.

I believe the flat products

have seen a decrease of about 300,000 tons in the fourth quarter against the third quarter of last year. But we believe that the flooding of these products into our market has come to an end. And by March or April, we'll be increasing our selling prices. And the impact of these raised prices, we'll begin to see them in the second quarter and beyond. So we'll continue to make these kinds of efforts. My name is E.J. Young, Energy Materials Business Management Office. On lithium price, IBs have refrained from publishing prices. But one has forecast $20, so it'd be similar to the current price. And Chinese inventory, it's not increasing. So to This price doesn't reflect an effort to increase that inventory. It's actually reflecting actual demand. So for about two years, lithium prices have fluctuated, and so we went through a pretty harsh cycle. I think the lowest point was in 2018, and then we saw it go up continuously. sorry, in 18, we hit a high point and then it began to fall. And then it began to rise again for about two years and took that up to about $80. And by the end of last year, we saw those prices drop. And so this rise is only about three months old. So based on past lessons, I think, we will see it continue to rise. We have to be very careful here. We have past lessons to reflect on, but I think very gingerly, I make the forecast that we will see it rise. In Kuan Yang and Argentina, we were deep into ramp up in both locations. So no profits there, but we will go into commercial production this year, in particular in Argentina. In January and February, we had some issues. The membrane component was in short supply. So in January and February, our volume did not hit our goal. And because we will be shipping out orders filling orders for which we offered a lower price, that will not be generating too much profit either. So because of the component that was in short supply, and because we're still delivering on low priced agreements, we will not be generating profit anytime soon. But as all plants do, we have to certify the plants. And so Our clients and automakers will be making a visit out to our plant in Argentina. They have scheduled that, and so our hope is that we will be turning this tide this year. Let me now speak about Pilbara, their hard rock lithium. Ore lithium price is important, but the price of the raw material is just as important. Budgetman price was about 4% of spodumene at lithium price. Because we need seven tons of hard rock spodumene to make lithium, 40% of raw materials price was the formula we used. But recently, we've seen that price go up. So LH is $19,500, and spa domain is $24,000. So it went up by about 17%. So if we use seven tons, the cost of our raw materials will be about 80% of our total cost structure. So this price increase needs to hit our books in a timely manner for us to be able to generate meaningful profit. So exactly how this will reflect in our books it will depend a lot on the spread of the price of spodumene and hard rock lithium. But what we can predict is that our loss will be much smaller than last year. So we will be engaged in diverse activities in order to enhance our profit. On HMM acquisition, I will answer that inquiry. We've already made some public disclosures on our position. And we've consistently said that this is in the preliminary review stage, there are no specific decisions that have been made. Since then, there has been no progress.

So this is the clear answer to your question. The next question will be from IM Securities, Kim Yoon-Sang.

Please ask your question. Hello, I am Kim Yoon-Sang from IM Securities. I have a few questions for you. The first question I'd like to ask is regarding steel and also infrastructure, Costco International and EMC and my sector. I would like to ask about the business plan. and specifically what kind of market situation you are referring to. And the second question is, this is more detailed questions about your business plan in RBM. There are some parts, for example, canceling of orders and difficulties with the hard rock lithium compared to this year. Do you expect things to improve this year? I would like to ask, I would like you to specify. And for the third question, you provided more than 6 trillion won.

In terms of CAPEX, and I wonder if this needs to be adjusted downward. And finally, Cleveland Cliffs.

You mentioned partnerships. And recently, the strategic investment, are there any considerations that you're making?

I will answer the second question first.

What will improve is the lithium price increase, and the negative factors are maintaining the North American customers, but the orders have been on the decline. So we are currently exploring other customers. And spotting win prices are also factors that are on the negative. But whether or not this will lead to improvements will depend on our operating profit. And we expect things to improve greatly compared to the previous year. especially POSCO Argentina, is expected to perform very well and the operating profits to improve decisively.

You have also asked about the profits guidance.

I would like to mention a few things. In steel, we expect Costco to do a bit better than last year because there are a few factors. Exports can be a little bit challenging, but the domestic market is improving. So compared to the overall operating profit in the previous year, we expected to improve. In overseas steel, compared to last year, around 200 billion won of deficit will be taken out because PCSS will be excluded. So we expect it to improve as well. In infrastructure, compared to last year, there are two factors that we would like to ask you to consider. First is the acquisition of Palm Oil. More than 100 billion won of profit occurs from the Palm firm. And

effect of the investment so the incremental profits uh may drop a little bit below 100 billion one and then we had 540 billion in losses in construction but we are hoping to see about a hundred billion profit this year so The size of the profit that we'll gain in infrastructure should be meaningful in rechargeable battery materials. Lithium price fluctuations define a lot of our business, but the deficit that we experienced in Argentina last year was about $100 billion. Although impacted by lithium prices, if the price is maintained. I think we can definitely get to BEP, perhaps a little bit more. Perhaps not in the first quarter, but with some of these assumptions, I think we can look forward to an improvement. At Kilbara Lithium Solutions, in 2024, or 25, we had a $2 billion increase loss there as well but we'll be able to compensate for that as well so uh when these pan out i think we'll definitely be able to turn the tide add all of these numbers up and you will see that there will be some pluses and some minuses but generally speaking i think you'll be able to get to a good number for the third question we mentioned that more than

6 trillion won will be invested in steel, and you asked about this. Regarding steel, the India Integrated Steel Mill project will take up around 400,000.

400 billion, and then the U.S. blast furnace will be another sizable amount.

And Hyrex plant and other investment will total 6.8 trillion. Additionally, in steel investment, this is our budget. But basically, we have included all of the overseas investment that we have planned. And with the progress, this can be adjusted. In the 11.8 trillion, this includes in the 11.8 trillion,

All of this is included. Last year, we talked about 8.8 trillion, but our execution is at 7 trillion. So as we continue with the negotiations, we have reason to prove that there can be adjustments made.

I am Chae Dong-young from Corporate Strategy Office. Third question regarding the rare earth and other considerations with Cleveland Cliffs. We are cooperating with Cleveland Cliffs focusing on steel. So Cleveland Cliffs at the last IR, they announced, they made announcements regarding rare earths. Regarding rare earth cooperation, we have not made any reviews.

We'll take the next question.

Next question is from HSBC . Please ask your question. This is at HSBC. Thank you for this opportunity. I have two questions. The first one is on lithium business. U.S. automotive OEMs are electrifying, so POSCOs Lithium business, are there some target clients in the U.S., as well as the business targets in the lithium business for the U.S. market? Next is on steel. This Saturday, I believe there were some proposals made by Blue Scope, And NFC was involved. If you have any updates on this, I'd like to hear some more and any strategies regarding the steel business you can share. On the automotive OEMs, yes, there is a slowdown in electrification in the U.S. This year, LFP will see about a 30% increase. NCM will likely stay. So in terms of client base for cathodes and Pilbara lithium solution, because their client base is mostly predominantly in the US, we are trying to make a shift to Europe. So we are deeply involved in the marketing activities that are bound for Europe. So we also need to diversify our portfolio. For POSCO Future M, we will focus on LFP. And in the lithium business, we will focus on LC or lithium carbonates. And so these are some of the shifts that we are planning. Mid to long-term strategy. Lithium capacity is 100,000 tons. So we want to be able to establish our client base to be able to exhaust this capacity. And because we've made new investments in hard rock lithium, we will definitely review expansion of facility, but no decisions have been made on any schedules. Additionally, I made a brief comment about our profitability outlook, and I want to add to that. So the lithium mine that we acquired, that will be entered into our books based on the equity method. In 2027, we are planning additional production volumes. So please have a look. With that in consideration, I think you will be able to accrue more meaning. And next, we will address the question about steel. Australia's Blue Scope Equity Shares proposal is, I think, the question. Currently, POSCO and NSD have a consortium with BlueScope to acquire the Wyala Steelworks in Australia. So we already have a consortium. We have not had any discussions about acquiring BlueScope. On China's steel restructuring, my name is Noh Sung-Rae again. The Chinese market on the oversupply in order to respond to criticism from other economies about the oversupply, decided to embark on restructuring. So they have decided to abolish the tax refund on exports as one measure, and they're making adjustments to certain country-bound fuel products. In January of this year, they announced a new policy for low-priced, low value added cheap products and to constrain exports of these kinds of products. But because the Chinese domestic market is in a recession, we believe some of this will continue. It will not be in large volumes. And we are going to be able to see some positive signs on this end. That concludes my comments, and now we'll take the next question.

The next question will be from Hana Securities. Park Sung-bum, please ask your question. Hello, I'm Park Sung-bum from Hana Securities. I also have three questions. First question, EU's CBAM and other global export regulations will be in place. How much impact will POSCO take and how will you address this? And I also have a question about lithium. You mentioned that you expect profits for a lithium business to improve. Are there any specific volumes that you have forecasted for sales and production? And finally, there were a lot of safety accidents within the group. these investments and costs related to safety, do you expect it to go up in the future? And will it have meaningful impact on profitability?

And can we believe that safety has been secured? Regarding EU CBAM and quarter,

I will tell you about our response measures. EU CBAM will come into force from October. And currently we are talking with EU commissions regarding the national quotas. And we are doing our best to make sure that we can have an advantage in this aspect. But we will have to assume that the quota will decrease. And therefore, we will have to take out the low-priced products from our export mix and take that volume into Central and South America and other markets. And next year's steel sales policy focuses

The focus is on the domestic market, so we will focus on premium products overseas to be able to complement some of these losses to be able to maintain similar levels this year.

For the second question, the sales volume is expected to be $55,000 to $60,000. Our plan is to secure enough customers to sell this volume. And this volume is twice that of last year. So our basic plan is $55,000 to $60,000, but depending on the market conditions in the second half, we will review whether we can increase this volume.

I am Yuying Zhong from POSCO's Group Safety Special Assessment Task Force.

Regarding investment and costs for safety and whether it will increase in the future, the facility and other investments that are being made into improving our group safety, I looked into it and I believe that the amount that we invested into safety is not low compared to other companies. And putting and enhancing the facilities and putting safety, safety equipment in place will not, we don't need to do mass scale improvements. So we may need to improve bit by bit, but it will not impact the profitability of our company as a safety officer. And whether safety levels increase with more investment, the efforts to improve safety, the technology, and other measures, the level of safety investment that we have is much higher than other companies. I don't believe that accidents happened here because we didn't make enough investments. Regarding smart safety technology, this is being talked not only in Korea but all across the world. The technologies that actually help improve safety hasn't been applied on the ground. We are actually leading the industry in this front. But technology that can actually save time and effort to enhance safety, we are making the efforts to apply this. So making, we don't believe that making the investment itself will significantly impact.

We'll take the next question. DB Securities. I'm . Please ask your question.

Greetings. My name is .

I have about two to three questions.

First, the steel business rationalization and restructuring have been discussed. Do you have any specific plans on these grounds for the future? Next is on lithium. You talked about brine-based lithium plant 2 and technical grade production. If you want to make the shift to battery grade lithium, what kind of capex, additional capex do you need to expend? and the lithium price increase. What is the reason, rationale behind that? If you have more information on why it's rising, that would be very helpful.

The third question.

You're investing in Hy-Rex and you are going to soon operate the electrical furnace. Looking at the group-wide energy mix, what is your plan? And Costco International has plans to import one million tons of gas from Alaska. So what implications does this have on the group-wide business?

I'll answer the second question first.

So price is rising sharply. The reason behind that is about threefold. First, the abolishment of the export refund tax. So I think there was some excess demand because of that. And the recent growth of the ESS market. So the actual demand is manifesting here. And the third is The expansion of production in China, there are salt lakes in China too, but they cannot. They have some structural issues in expanding that. And in the middle of last year, some of the mines had to be closed. And so these are the three key reasons that I would provide as rationale for the sharp rise in lithium price. And our lithium is technical grade. Brine-based lithium is all technical grade, it's not just us. So to make that shift to better grade, we need to adopt equipment. So technical grade is 99% purity. Battery grade is 99.5%, so we need to be able to reduce impurities by about 0.5%, and equipment is required here. So we are studying some of our options. One is in Guangyang to bring LC from Argentina and to convert that to LH. And so we have a plant called PLS, which is being built now. It's almost completed. So we will refine to produce LH. If we inject CO2 in the process, then it can convert to LC. So this is the very backend that needs to be refined. It's not a huge investment. It's a tweaking of the last part of the process here. So it's going to be a small investment if we decide to invest. And so within the first quarter, we will be reviewing to make a decision.

I will address the first question, steel industry restructuring.

My name is Hongyun Shik. I'm in charge of steel business management. For steel pipes and long products, I think we're hearing also some restructuring efforts and efforts made to downsize. But no one is really closing down blast furnaces or making new ones. So there is no oversupply. And so this is not an urgent need. But yes, we do need to consider this for the future. So we are in negotiations with COSA and K-Steel to forecast when or if this needs to happen. And in line with the changes in the steel industry, we will be aging out some of our older facilities. And we've already done our own equipment restructuring. If we see more facilities that are inferior against the current market trends, then we could consider other investment decisions, such as maybe additional hyrics as well.

Let me address the third question. I'm Kim Sung-Joon, Carbon Neutral Strategy Office,

We have announced NDC 2035. NDC 2030 was a 5.3% reduction in forced seal, and so this is achievable with the current technology. But for NDC 2035, we need to reduce more, and so we need to transition some of our equipment. At POSCO, glass furnace base. CO2 reduction and EAF-based CO2 reduction are the two-pronged reduction efforts that we'll be making. In 2030, we will read the situation to assess what will be most efficient, most effective, and so that ratio will change based on what we assess then. In 2028, we will complete the Hirex pilot plan and The energy that will be used is crack LNG and pink hydrogen. It's something that we want to be able to make possible there. After 2030, we are in discussions with the government to use nuclear energy. My name is , Infrastructure Business Management Office. Let me address the Alaska project. One million ton LNG imports. The volume has been agreed to, but we haven't signed any contract. And the conditions, the terms of the agreement are very favorable, but we do have an NDC, NDA that is, and so I cannot share any more details. But how will this impact the energy mix in the country? I can't answer that. effectively because for POSCO International, it imports LNG to generate power.

And for POSCO, it has its own LNG demand.

So just because POSCO International imports LNG, will that impact POSCO's LNG price? Not necessarily, because POSCO will buy its own LNG from other channels, and so the bidding conditions could change numbers, but we are two different entities. The cost required to reach carbon net zero, whether this will help POSCO achieve that, I don't think that's an appropriate statement to make. And by importing inexpensive LNG, POSCO International will be able to add efficiency to their power generation. So I think it will assist POSCO International in a meaningful way. That's what I can say. Energy Materials Business Management. I think I misspoke. CP2 has not yet completed construction, so

So 67,000 tons is our cap.

And this year we can sell, we plan to sell 50,000 tons. And so this is still twice the volume that we did last year.

I'd like to make a correction. There is one more person who wishes to ask a question.

Let's take that question.

The next question is from KB Securities, Chaeyoung Son. Please ask your question. Hello, I'm from KB Securities, Chaeyoung Son. I would like to ask about lithium. And you mentioned 50,000 as the lithium volume. Does this include Tilbara? The margin spread is a bit big, so I'd like to ask about your final figures.

It will be half and half Pilbara and Argentina. Thank you. No additional questions. Since we don't have any additional questions, I'd like to conclude the earnings release for 2025.

Thank you very much for your participation.