This conference call transcript was computer generated and almost certianly contains errors. This transcript is provided for information purposes only.EarningsCall, LLC makes no representation about the accuracy of the aforementioned transcript, and you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the information provided by the transcript.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Greetings and welcome to Public Storage First Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are on a listen-only mode. A question and answer session will follow the formal presentation. To access the queue at that time, please press star 1 on your telephone keypad. If anyone should require operator assistance during the conference, please press star 0 on your telephone keypad. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. I would now like to turn the conference over to your host, Ryan Burke, Vice President of Investor Relations and Strategic Partnerships. Thank you. You may begin.
Ryan Burke
Vice President of Investor Relations and Strategic Partnerships
Thank you, Rob. Hello, everyone. Thank you for joining us for our first quarter 2024 earnings call. I'm here with Joe Russell and Tom Boyle. Before we begin, we want to remind you that certain matters discussed during this call may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain economic risks, and uncertainties. All forward-looking statements speak only as of today, May 1st, 2024, and we assume no obligation to update, revise, or supplement statements that become untrue because of subsequent events. A reconciliation to GAAP of the non-GAAP financial matters we provide on this call is included in our earnings release. You can find our press release, supplement report, SEC reports, and an audio replay of this conference call on our website at publicstorage.com. We do ask that you initially limit yourself to two questions. Of course, if you have additional questions after those two, feel free to jump back in queue. With that, I'll turn it over to Joe.
Joe Russell
CEO
Thank you, Ryan, and thank you all for joining us today. Tom and I will walk you through our recent performance and updated industry views. Then we'll open it up for Q&A. Our first quarter performance was in line with our expectations. As we anticipated, the new move in customer environment remains challenging. However, we are encouraged by positive trends across our business, which include industry-wide customer demand improves sequentially through the quarter, the ability to raise our move-in rates as we enter the peak leasing season, strong in-place customer behavior, including longer than normal lengths of stay and lower delinquency rates, moderating move-out volume, improving occupancy, and waning development of new competitive supply, a trend we expect will continue. As mentioned on last quarter's call, we were encouraged by month-over-month revenue growth re-acceleration in certain markets, including Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and Seattle. That momentum has continued, and additionally, we see accelerating trends in markets including San Francisco, New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Minneapolis. We anticipate more markets will be added to this list across our portfolio over the next few quarters. These bottoming to improving trends are particularly important for two reasons. First, they are in stark contrast to 2023 when all markets were decelerating as we normalized from record performance in 2021 and 2022. And second, they put us on track for improving company-wide financial performance in the back half of this year, as embedded in our guidance. Additionally, our high-growth, non-same-store pool of assets comprises 538 properties and 22 percent of our overall portfolio square footage. With NOI growth approaching nearly 50 percent during the first quarter, these properties remain a strong engine of growth. Overall, we are encouraged by what we are seeing on the ground. The team is very focused on capturing new customer activity as we approach the busy season, which will help drive our performance for the remainder of 2024 and into 2025. With that, I'll turn the call over to Tom to provide additional detail.
Tom Boyle
CFO
Thanks, Joe. Shifting to financial performance, we reported first quarter core FFO of $4.03, representing a 1.2% decline compared to the first quarter of 2023. Looking at the same store portfolio, revenue increased 0.1% compared to the first quarter of 23. That was driven by rent growth offset by modest occupancy declines. Move-in rates adjusting out our winter promotional sale activity were down 11% in the quarter. Positive net move-in volumes led to a modest closing of the occupancy gap at quarter end to down 60 basis points. On expenses, same store cost of operations were up 4.8% for the first quarter, largely driven by increases in property tax and marketing spend to drive move-in activity. In total, Net operating income for the same-store pool of stabilized properties declined 1.5% in the quarter. Our performance in the stabilized same-store pool was supplemented by very strong growth in our non-same-store pool, as Joe highlighted. With the non-same-store assets at 81% occupancy in the quarter, we have confidence in outsized growth from that pool to come this year and into the future. which is a segue to our outlook for 24. We reaffirmed our core FFO guidance for the year with a $16.90 midpoint on par with 2023. The first quarter was in line with our internal expectations. And as we discussed on our last quarterly call, we anticipate deceleration of financial performance into the second quarter and with improvement in the second half. Outlook for capital allocation remains intact with $450 million of development deliveries anticipated, which will be a record year for public storage, and $500 million of acquisitions in the second half. The transaction market for acquisitions remains subdued with limited volumes given a volatile cost of capital environment year to date. We're optimistic that there's a pent-up level of transaction activity likely to come, and we're eager to participate when that does occur. Finally, our capital and liquidity position remains strong. We refinanced our 2024 maturities in April with a combination of a three-year floating rate note, a 15-year euro note, and a 30-year reopening. Our leverage of 3.9 times net debt and preferred to EBITDA puts us in a very strong position heading through the year. So with that, I'll turn the call back to Rob to open it up for our Q&A session.
Operator
Conference Moderator
At this time, we'll be conducting a question and answer session. If you'd like to ask a question, please press star 1 on your telephone keypad. As a reminder, we ask that you please limit to two questions, and of course, feel free to jump back in the queue for any questions or follow-ups. A confirmation tone will indicate your line is in the question queue. You may press star 2 if you'd like to remove your question from the queue. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star keys. One moment, please, while we poll for questions. Our first question comes from Samir Canal with Evercore ISI. Please proceed with your question.
Samir Canal
Evercore ISI
Hey, good morning, everyone. I guess, Joe, you talked about 1Q being in line with expectations. Maybe talk around April, kind of what you're seeing, you know, on move-in trends. sort of general trends you're seeing in April, and I guess how has April sort of played out versus your expectations? Thanks.
Joe Russell
CEO
Sure, Samir. Yeah, I would put April in the same context of sequential improvement that we saw through the first quarter, where, again, we've seen overall expected top of funnel demand, expected move-in activity, We've been pleased by that. It's matching our expectations, as Tom and I have outlined, the way the year's likely to play out. So no surprises, and I would say a validation of the reacceleration in a number of markets that I pointed to in my opening comments.
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, and Samir, maybe it's Tom here. Maybe I'll just provide a couple data points on April as well. Similar trends, as Joe mentioned, on moving rents into April. We are starting to increase those rents, as Joe highlighted, as we move into May in the peak leasing season. Existing customers performing quite well, something that Joe highlighted in his remarks. Move outs were again down year over year in the month of April. Occupancy finished the month down 50 to 60 basis points. So a pretty consistent April. And obviously, we're eager to get into May, June, and July here, the peak leasing season of the year.
Samir Canal
Evercore ISI
Got it. And I guess just shifting over to the transaction market, I know you mentioned it was subdued. possibly with rates spiking here in March and April? I guess what gives you the confidence that you'll start to see more transaction opportunities in the second half? Thanks.
Joe Russell
CEO
Yes, Samir. There's likely to be a range of motivations that's going to bring a seller to market. The fluctuation in those motivations has been up and down, obviously, as we've seen over the last few quarters with the volatility of with interest rates, et cetera. But having said that, we've been in active dialogue with a number of owners that will likely transact sometime in 2024. I think they're trying to gauge more precise timing based on what may or may not be coming through the discussion the Fed may be indicating relative to change in interest rates between now and end of the year, et cetera. But On one end of the spectrum, there are a number of situations that will require an owner to bring an asset to market, whether individually or in some level of a portfolio. So we do still anticipate some activity beginning to percolate. As Tom mentioned, it's been a pretty quiet couple of quarters, but the conversations that we've been having with a number of owners are giving us confidence that there's likely some pending trading activity that we may be able to capture, thus not changing our outlook for 2024 relative to the amount of acquisition activity we're likely to capture.
Samir Canal
Evercore ISI
Got it.
Joe Russell
CEO
Thank you. Thank you.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question is from Keegan Carl with Wolf Research. Please proceed with your question.
Keegan Carl
Wolf Research
Yeah, thanks for the time, guys. Maybe first, just curious for your expectations in the housing market that you currently have embedded in your guidance and if this has changed at all since your initial guide and commentary a few months ago.
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, sure, Keegan. This is Tom. So I wouldn't edit any of the commentary that we had in February around any of the assumptions really heading into the The peak leasing season here, you know, we obviously just provided that outlook a little over 60 days ago. And as Joe mentioned, and probably not surprisingly, providing that outlook two-thirds of the way through the first quarter, the first quarter played out very similar to our expectations. And I think that the range of outcomes very much intact there as well, and specifically to the housing market. we are not anticipating in any of the ranges a robust housing market. And based on where interest rates have moved, I think that's the right place to be as we sit here today as well.
Joe Russell
CEO
And again, just as a reminder, certainly that demand factor is one, but it's one of a number that particularly at this time of year can provide momentum and a higher level of Top of funnel demand, our view of a different customer cohort, i.e. renters, continues to be quite strong. So we're very pleased by the activity that's also coming from that type of customer. And with that, and then as your question alludes to a more subdued housing market at the moment, we still feel that we've got good demand factors that are going to drive the business going into busy leasing season.
Keegan Carl
Wolf Research
Got it. And then shifting gears, maybe just a big picture question. I guess I'm just trying to figure out what it would take in the broader environment if we think about our upcoming NAI REIT meetings in a handful of weeks here. What will it take for you guys to have a more positive or optimistic tone? In other words, I'm trying to figure out what can go right in storage given it feels like everyone's just focused on where weakness is going to persist.
Tom Boyle
CFO
Sure. Keegan, I'll preface some NAI REIT meetings then. So I would highlight maybe two elements that we would be pleased to be discussing at NAREIT and I think would give us a positive tone. One of them, going back to Joe's commentary, is adding more markets to that list of markets that are re-accelerating. As we think about the bottoms that are occurring in many of these markets and re-acceleration We're a collection of 90 markets around the country, not a one-stop moving portfolio. And so adding more markets to that list gives us more and more confidence in terms of the outlook and the performance of the portfolio as a whole, clearly. The second thing I'd maybe highlight would be more dialogue. I think to the questions we were just discussing around capital allocation, more dialogue with sellers, not necessarily more transactions over the next 30 days, but more dialogue, more underwriting activity as we set up for what is traditionally a busier time period for self-storage transactions in the second half of the year. We'll start to have some of that dialogue here over the next 30 to 60 days. Joe, I don't know if there's anything you'd add. Great.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Thanks, Keegan. Yeah, thanks.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question comes from Eric Wolf with Citibank. Please proceed with your question.
Eric Wolf
Citibank
Yeah, thanks. Maybe just to follow up on your last answer, you mentioned that you're seeing a reacceleration in revenue growth and increasing number of markets. You talked about those markets, but just wanted a clarification on that. I mean, does that mean that your year-over-year revenue growth is accelerating in those markets, or does that mean that you're As your occupancy kind of goes up due to normal seasonal patterns, you're seeing sequential month-over-month growth in revenue, which I think you would probably expect just given normal seasonal patterns.
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, very good question, Eric, to clarify what we're meaning by that. So specifically what we're speaking to is month-over-month growth. improvement in year-over-year revenue growth. So if you think about, pick a market, it's growing 1% in the month of February. In the month of March, it's growing 1.5%. That would be a re-accelerating market. So not a seasonal thing or revenue on an absolute basis going higher because of higher occupancy or things like that, but actual year-over-year growth improvement.
Joe Russell
CEO
And contextually, it's part of the opportunity that continues to play through in many, many markets. We mentioned waning supply, so we're also going into an environment where the competition factor in the vast majority of our markets continues to decrease. Again, as we're starting to see this re-acceleration, that's also for the most part in many markets with very little new supply coming in. That's to an additive factor relative to the amount of demand that we continue to see an opportunity to drive more customers into the portfolio.
Eric Wolf
Citibank
That's helpful. And then I just had a question on the sales activity. You know, you talked about the impact on your move-in rents for the quarter, but was just curious, you know, what criteria you look at in order to determine why you should increase that sales activity. So if we look at last October or this March, why did you decide to increase sales versus the other month, especially given some of the recent, you know, positive demand indicators that you were just talking about?
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, that's a good question, Eric. So we've run these sales – consistently over time. And last year, we ran them a number of different time periods. And in the month of February, at the tail end of February and beginning of March, we ran one as well. The primary reason is we had some inventory that we felt like we could move. And so at different points in the year, we'll try different promotional tactics, sales tactics to drive customer activity, pairing that with advertising and the like if tend to see good traction there. We saw good traction during the winter season here, as we talked about, and we'll likely continue to use promotional activity, sale activity, and the like through the year this year, not dissimilar to what we did last year.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Thank you. Our next question is from Jeff Spector with Bank of America. Please proceed with your question.
Jeff Spector
Bank of America
Great. Thank you. In the markets that you talked about where you're seeing these accelerating trends, I guess, can you talk about that a little bit more? Like, what's driving that from your view? And tie that into the comments that you did say, Joe, that the new move-ins do remain challenging. So I'm just trying to tie those two together. Thank you.
Joe Russell
CEO
Yeah, Jeff, maybe to start with the second part of the question, yeah, challenging on a year-over-year base, but sequentially we're seeing a good trend up. So we hope to continue to see that build as we go into further months into the year, and our confidence grows month by month, even through the month of April, as we've talked about. So that's one powerful component. Thematically, many of the markets where we're starting to see this re-acceleration on the early side were typically markets that were not the high flyers in the peaks of the pandemic era. So they haven't had to reset relative to the more dramatic rate increases and overall demand increases. increases that we saw through the pandemic. So on the flip side of that, you're not hearing us talk about Florida, for instance. So Florida's got a ways to go before I think we'd add them into that re-accelerating bucket. But on a more active level and more dominant level across the portfolio, as we've listed out, market by market, we're starting to see that improvement, particularly where we've got markets that weren't those high flyers, but have seen more consistent performance, and we're starting to see that re-acceleration as we speak. So there's more to come, as we've also talked to. So we're confident as the year plays out, we're likely to add to this list of re-accelerating markets. And again, as I just mentioned, with many of these markets not dealing with an abundance of new supply as well.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Thank you. My follow-up then. They've revised their numbers a couple times now.
Joe Russell
CEO
Sorry, you cut out. Can you repeat? I'm sorry, you cut out for a second. Yes, can you hear me now?
Jeff Spector
Bank of America
Yes. Great, thank you. Sorry about that. My follow-up with Joe is on supply. I was saying that we subscribe to Yardi, and I think they've updated that now a couple times where this year is higher than last year, but expecting a decrease into next year. I guess Can you provide a little bit more on your supply forecast? Like, you know, are you seeing something different or the same for this year, let's say, and then for 2025 at this point?
Joe Russell
CEO
Yeah, Jeff, if you step back, I mean, I appreciate, you know, the way that Yardi attempts to track nationally both development activity and then More precisely, what I think can be more difficult is the reality of how many of those projects actually get put into production and then are likely to complete on a year-by-year basis. So we've been very consistent now for the last two to three years where we, in our own development activity, have seen the competitive factor of this supply taper down. It's tapering down in 2024. So I think I would say we have a bit of a difference opinion if they're pointing to some type of an uptick this year. What we see and has been very commanding on a day-to-day basis, and if you're actually doing development as we're doing on a national basis, the amount of headwinds, the amount of timing delays, the amount of complication market-to-market has not eased at all. Again, we've been very consistent about that. And then you layer on A, the cost of capital that Tom and I have been talking to, as well as the unpredictability in certain markets relative to demand, et cetera. There's more headwinds that any developer on an individual basis is facing. And by virtue of that, you're seeing a downdraft in the amount of deliveries, which we think are going to continue going into next year and the year after. We're frankly looking at development. If you're starting fresh in any given market, that could take anywhere from two to three years just to get through an entitlement process right now. So just think about that from a calendar standpoint. That puts you out into 2026 and 2027, and there's really not an easy way to combat that. So the risk factors tied to development continue to increase for all the factors I just mentioned, and we're pretty confident that our lens into that activity is far more accurate than others. Thanks. Very helpful. Thank you.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question is from Todd Thomas with KeyBank Capital Markets. Please proceed with your question.
Todd Thomas
KeyBank Capital Markets
Hi, thank you. Tom, I just wanted to go back to the guidance, which you affirmed, you know, and it sounds like the quarter was relatively in line overall. You know, I'm wondering, are you still anticipating move-in rents to cross the zero threshold later in the summer and occupancy to remain down about 80 basis pounds a year? Or has the mix shifted around a little bit following this quarter's and the April, you know, performance that you discussed?
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, Todd, no, I'd point you to all of that commentary that we had on the February call as intact as it relates to the assumptions that underlie the range there. And as you'd anticipate, the next three months are going to be important as to which directions we're heading on certain of those metrics. We've been encouraged by performance to date, and we will have more to talk about ranges and things like that as we move through the year.
Todd Thomas
KeyBank Capital Markets
Okay. And then following up on that, is there a scenario in which move-in rents remain a little bit weaker than you anticipated, down double digits or high single digits, but occupancy continues to improve and you end up closing that gap entirely? And if so, what would that look like? What would the sensitivity around the model look like for guidance purposes if you know, there was an outcome, you know, in that sort of direction?
Tom Boyle
CFO
Sure. I mean, there's definitely a range of outcomes and assumptions that you can make on the revenue modeling. I think what you're highlighting is if you have better occupancy performance but worse rate performance but if you end up in the same spot, you know, could you end up in the same place as you otherwise would have anticipated? Absolutely.
Todd Thomas
KeyBank Capital Markets
Okay, and just last question then, you know, one of your peers saw a slight uptick in vacate activity and, you know, sounded like that there was an expectation that there'd be some sort of continued normalization around vacates and in the length of tenants days, your vacate activity was lower in the quarter. versus last year. And I'm just wondering if you expect that to continue, or do you see potential for vacate activity and the length of stay trends to normalize a bit more going forward?
Tom Boyle
CFO
So I think there's a couple parts to that question, Todd. I think the first one is around length of stays and what we've seen trend-wise. And We've been really pleasantly surprised over the last several years at how sticky the length of stay has been. When we were sitting here on calls in 2021, we were concerned that maybe there'd be a pretty quick return to normal or quote-unquote pre-pandemic length of stays. And we're now sitting here in 2024 still talking about longer length of stays compared to pre-pandemic levels. But we're certainly off of those 2021 and 2022 peaks. And so there has been a quote-unquote normalization. But I think some of the factors that have led to longer length of stay are durable. We've talked about customers that are using storage because they ran out of space in their home. A less housing turnover likely leads to longer length of stays. All those things can be a positive as it relates to length of stay. And so while we're off the piece, we still remain encouraged by customer behavior and the length of stays that we're seeing in the portfolio today. So that may be the first part The second part is how are we thinking about move-out activity? And move-out activity, I think in the midpoint case, is for basically flat year-over-year move-out activity. So we're not anticipating a spike in that midpoint case.
Joe Russell
CEO
And then maybe just a third component from a macro health of customer standpoint is you know, with plus or minus 85% of our customers being consumers, you know, employment trends continue to validate, the economy's in, you know, very strong shape. We're not seeing any elevated level of stress play through that even takes us back to pre-pandemic levels, i.e. they're better. Payment patterns, delinquency patterns, et cetera, are still in a very good zone. We're not seeing any new and undue stress that's coming through on the customer environment as a whole. So we continue to be very pleased and confident about our ability to see that level of stability with our existing customer base.
Todd Thomas
KeyBank Capital Markets
Okay. Thank you.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Thank you.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question is from Eric Lubchow with Wells Fargo. Please proceed with your question.
Eric Lubchow
Wells Fargo
Thank you. Appreciate the time today. Just wanted to touch on same-store expenses a little bit. I saw slightly elevated growth in property taxes. I think you had guided that being up about 5%. So maybe is there any kind of seasonality to think about throughout the year in property taxes and also marketing expenses up significantly? How should we think about you know, how those trend throughout the year given the unique dynamics of this year with spring leasing coming up.
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yep, that's a great question. So, as you highlighted, operating expense for the quarter was above our full year outlook. And so, we are anticipating that overall operating expense trends will improve. And so, you've hit on a couple of the drivers of that, and I'll elaborate on a couple others. The first one, property tax, we still are anticipating property tax to be plus or minus 5% year-over-year growth for the year. The first quarter did have some reassessments that were earlier in the year this year that was kind of one-time related. On the marketing topic, similarly, if you look at marketing spend in the first quarter, it was pretty consistent with the fourth quarter, which is a little bit higher seasonally. We anticipate marketing spend both on an absolute basis but also on a year-over-year basis to moderate a little bit as we move through the year, obviously depending on customer demand activity and the like, but that's another driver. But I would also add two others. One is our capital investments that we're making in solar power on our rooftops. which has myriad benefits for us, obviously the environment and our customer base. And one of the factors there will be lowering utility expense. We had that in the first quarter, but that's going to continue as we move through the next couple quarters. And then also the technology investments that we've made around our customer interaction. Now over two-thirds of our customers are coming to us and renting digitally before they ever show up at a property site. That number continues to grow, and we've been very clear around some of the opportunities to utilize that for specialization and centralization of roles and lower payroll expense as we move through the year. And we'll see more of that heading through 2024 as well.
Eric Lubchow
Wells Fargo
Great, appreciate it. And just for a follow-up, you mentioned some of the risks to development right now. You're seeing longer lead times for things like entitlement, higher construction costs, higher interest expense. So it seems like PSA is really leaning in now. A lot of your competitors may be pulling back. But do you have any change in your outlook to get to kind of an 8% NOI yield bogey within three to four years, which I think was your historic underwriting? Anything you can call out specific for the markets you're developing today, the supply conditions, the competitive intensity, what gives you the confidence you can get to those type of returns?
Joe Russell
CEO
Yeah, I mean, we take clearly a multi-year view of that hurdle rate. It hasn't changed even out of some of the pressure points that we've spoken to, so we continue to see the opportunity to find very good land sites, Assets that will, from a competitive standpoint, not be burdened relative to any, you know, undue risk. That's another thing that we factor in with the amount of data and the knowledge we have sub-market to sub-market that gives us the level of confidence we can get to that hurdle, if not higher. So really haven't changed any of our hurdle expectations and or the risk that, you know, that might convey relative to what could play out in a market-by-market basis. To your point, yeah, there's definitely more things that we're evaluating relative to the costs, timing, rent level achievements, et cetera, that go under underwriting, but we're still confident that we're adding to and finding very good sites to continue to grow our scale in many, many markets nationally. So development teams working very hard to uncover those opportunities. Frankly, and maybe another point to your question, We have a different and more advantageous competitive advantage. We're seeing more land sites that might be further into entitlement processes that we are, you know, interested into relative to potentially accelerating some of those delivery hurdles that I talked about. So, you know, many factors in this environment actually play to our platform quite well, and we continue to, you know, one by one take advantage of those. Okay, great. Thank you.
Samir Canal
Evercore ISI
Thank you.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question is from Michael Goldsmith with UBS. Please proceed with your question.
Michael Goldsmith
UBS
Good morning. Thanks a lot for taking my question. Given what you've started to see in some of the markets, you know, turning, bouncing off the bottom and starting to reaccelerate, does that mean that ECRIs in this market could also start to pick up?
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, certainly. I mean, as you see momentum in a market, we've talked consistently about how we think about existing customer rent increases. One of the factors is certainly the cost to replace a tenant. And as we see moving rate and demand activity percolating in those markets, that will feed into our thinking about, well, should a customer maybe receive a higher magnitude or higher frequency of increase? So absolutely. And I think the second piece of our existing customer rate increase models around customer performance. And we've been speaking in a couple of previous questions around how we continue to be encouraged by that behavior.
Michael Goldsmith
UBS
Thanks for that, Tom. And my second question is around the type of customer that's acquired through the sale process that you did. Does that generate, does a sale generate incremental demand or does it help you take market share? Does that customer have a different demographic profile or length of stay customer? I'm guessing I'm trying to get at is, you know, it would seem that this would be a higher customer acquisition cost for this customer, trying to determine if there is a, you know, how does that customer lifetime value look for that customer?
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, Michael, I'd say across the board, you know, different pricing, promotion, and advertising tactics will lead to, drawing more, a little bit different mixes of customers and the like to our stores. And so we pull those different levers throughout the year looking to try to maximize NOI ultimately, so revenue less the advertising expense associated with it. And so we're toggling those levers trying to maximize that outcome. And so as you look at a sale, for instance, it will draw more customers And we'll use some different tactics around pricing and promotion and advertising to try to optimize that overall lifetime value of the customer.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Thank you very much.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question comes from Spencer Holloway with Green Street Advisors. Please proceed with your question.
Spencer Holloway
Green Street Advisors
Thank you. Consumer health continues to be topical, just given the economic backdrop, but I was just wondering specifically about the commercial tenant. Can you comment on the health or appetite of the business consumer, and how has that changed, if at all, in the last year?
Joe Russell
CEO
Yes, Spencer. I would say in like fashion, no stress points or any other headwinds that we're seeing from that type of customer. You know, there's obviously a very broad range of user types, different industries. Some are product-oriented. Some are service-oriented. Some are, you know, very specific to certain locations. But I wouldn't in any way characterize we're seeing any elevated level of stress. Actually, you know, still very good consistent Use of storage, particularly, as I mentioned, there may be certain factors that pull a commercial customer configuration into one property at a higher or lower level than another. But again, nothing that we've seen that indicates there's an elevated level of stress or concern. The economy continues to be quite good. We're seeing actually still good demand factors coming from business users overall.
Spencer Holloway
Green Street Advisors
Okay, and then on the marketing front, just curious if the dollars being spent on advertisement are fairly comparable across markets or other regions or particular sorry, or other regions, like a particular focus where you guys are either trying to push off, you can see, or where you're seeing greater top of the funnel demand that might entice you to spend more.
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, Spencer, that's a good question and maybe a follow-up to Michael's question on how we're managing pricing, promotion, advertising. All three are being utilized really at a local level to drive a combination of either traffic in the form of advertising or conversion rates related to pricing and promotion activity. And advertising is something that we can use either nationally or what we typically do is much more locally to to support top of funnel demand in local markets where we're getting both a combination of good return on that ad spend, but also supporting properties that would benefit from incremental top of funnel demand. So it varies pretty widely.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question comes from Nick Ulico with Scotiabank. Please proceed with your question.
Daniel Tricarico and Nick Ulico
Scotiabank
Hey, good morning out there. It's Daniel Tricarico. I'm with Nick. Following up on some of the earlier questions in your commentary, Tom, and sorry to harp on this, I know you've talked about ECRIs being a combination of price sensitivity and cost to replace. You know, the latter now increasingly elevated today in relation to the discounted pricing strategy you're using. So my question is, how do you think about the magnitude and velocity for which move-in rate needs to improve so that the cost to replace, or in theory the roll-down effect, is offset and revenue growth can reaccelerate again? Or is there another way I should be thinking about it?
Tom Boyle
CFO
There's a lot embedded in there. I think the first thing I would say is, as you look at cost to replace, you all can see some of the elements that go into cost to replace pretty clearly based on our move-in and move-out rates. Some of them are different and related to how long we think a unit will be vacant, what the advertising spend may be associated with the unit, what the promotional activity may be around it, and that's all managed at the individual unit level. And so big picture, one of the things we've highlighted this year is that we think overall contribution from existing customer rate increases will be pretty consistent with last year. And you say, well, how can that be if you think costs are replaced maybe a little bit higher? And I'd say, well, there's another element that I add to what I just highlighted, which is the mix of the tenant base. So we had success in moving in a meaningful number of new customers last year above and beyond the prior year. Those customers tend to get a higher frequency of increase earlier on in their tenancy, and that's contributing to performance this year of our ECRI program. And so I think there's a multitude of different components there. Cost to replace is certainly an important one. But as we look at the year this year, we think overall contribution will be relatively consistent.
Daniel Tricarico and Nick Ulico
Scotiabank
Thank you for that. Maybe a less convoluted follow-up. Could you share how you bucket the demand segments for the business, maybe to give us a better understanding of the current picture? Is the general job and home over 30% or 40% of demand, and then the longer-term business customer 20%, and then another cohort to balance? Any color you could share from any of your internal data would be great. Thank you.
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, sure. So I anticipate that overall demand contribution this year is pretty similar to last year. And the way we've bucketed the contribution to move-ins last year was about 15%, 1.5% of customers that are coming to us because of an existing home sale related move. And that was down from about 20% in a more typical year. So a relatively modest contribution. customers that are moving and they're renters, either single family or multifamily renters, tend to make up a larger percentage, call it between 40, 45% of the tenant base. And then you've got another group that we've consistently spoke of that's been elevated post-2020, and that's customers that have ran out of space at home. That's been consistently outpunching pre-pandemic levels. it is likely to be more like 15%, 20%. And then as you go beyond that, I'd call it other. There's a whole host of interesting use cases as well as commercial tenants that will make up the rest. And so we continue to see good, obviously, move-in activity at our stores. And as Joe mentioned, we've been encouraged by that activity year-to-date.
Desmond
Unknown
Thank you for the time, Desmond.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question comes from Juan Sanabria with BMO Capital Markets. Please proceed with your question.
Juan Sanabria
BMO Capital Markets
Good morning. Thanks for the time. Just on the acquisition front, can you remind us how much is assumed or baked into guidance for presumably accretion from the acquisition volume highlighted in guidance? And then kind of as a subset of that question, how are you guys thinking about Canada? I know the family, the Hughes family has some assets there, does that prohibit you from potentially getting involved there, or is there any time that the family may be looking for one reason or another to monetize their stake? Thanks.
Joe Russell
CEO
Sure. Yeah, so to, again, point to 2024 guidance on acquisitions, you know, we've pegged $500 million. Obviously, at this point in the year, it's going to be more back-ended, but some of the commentary won earlier in the call. relative to what we're likely to see with a range of different motivations from sellers. We've got, I think, good perception into the ways that we can get to that kind of acquisition volume as we sit here today. The Canada question, to your point around the Hughes family and their ownership and platform in that market, it does not impede our ability to go into that market itself. So there are no conflicts on either side for either party to continue to look at a range of investments in that market. So with that, no commentary relative to what the future may play out, but there are no constraints on our part.
Juan Sanabria
BMO Capital Markets
Great. And then just a question on labor and FTEs. You guys, in your investor day, which is now a couple years back, hit your targets in cutting down, I think, workforce utilization costs associated about a quarter from prior levels. I guess, where are you in further abilities to reduce FTEs or payroll costs? And could you just give us maybe a sense of kind of how the industry has changed in terms of FTEs per store, maybe five years ago to where you are now to where you ultimately think you can end up going?
Joe Russell
CEO
Yeah, I can speak to that and certainly our own platform. So the goals that we pointed to in our investor day presentation were achieved, um, plus or minus a couple of years ago. So we were very pleased with the opportunity that we saw to optimize labor hours with many of the tools that supported that, particularly tied to our digital platform. What has played out from, you know, again, the last two years through today and now even going forward, there's actually more to achieve. That comes from the continued improvement in our operating model, the digital tools that we're using not only for one type of day-to-day demand that comes in and out of a property which is tied to move-in activity, but it's overall customer support. We've rolled out a PS app that now we have about a million and a half customers tied to, so that's direct account management that takes the burden off of property labor hours. Very efficient for the customer as well, so it's a win-win in terms of not only time savings on our end of the spectrum, but efficiency and consistency from a customer standpoint. We continue to look at very different and robust digital tools and optimization tools that give us the amount of clarity and trajectory that we're going to likely see with continued reduction FTA hours. I think we're doing that in a very different way than the industry. has done, you can look at some metrics that you can benchmark our performance to others. So Tom already mentioned that about two-thirds of our customers now transact with us digitally. That's far in excess of not only what the industry is achieving, but what level of accelerated performance we're getting from that channel and that level of interaction with customers directly. So a lot of good things that we're continuing to tackle on that front. With the amount of data that we have, we continue to look at different ways of continuing to optimize and bolt on more, again, opportunities to not only drive down labor hours, but as importantly, maintain or increase customer satisfaction levels. So a lot of good things that we're continuing to invest in there and very confident about the trajectory we're on. Thank you. Thank you.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question is from Ronald Camden with Morgan Stanley. Please proceed with your question.
Ronald Camden
Morgan Stanley
Hey, just two quick ones. One is just on Southern California. If you could just provide just updated thoughts. It's still one of your best performing markets. What's sort of the prospect of that starting to reaccelerate as you're sort of going forward? How is fundamentals trending on the ground?
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, that's a great question. So Southern California continues to be a strong market for us. both Los Angeles as well as San Diego. During the quarter, we were impacted by some storm activity and state of emergency restrictions that impacted the quarter's financial performance for a couple months. But those markets continue to see strong customer activity, and we have confidence in those markets heading through the rest of the year.
Joe Russell
CEO
And, you know, just again to bolt on a comment, Ron, that we've made in other questions, again, very, very little competitive new supply. It's one of the most difficult markets to either A, find land sites and work through entitlement processes, et cetera. Uniquely, though, it's the market at the moment we have the most development activity nationally in. So we uniquely are finding some interesting opportunities to expand our portfolio right here in Southern California. And to Tom's point, we're still seeing very consistent and good levels of activity
Ronald Camden
Morgan Stanley
Great. And then my second one was just to follow up on the marketing spend question. Is it fair to say it's at the highest level in five years as a percentage of revenue is number one? And then can you talk about the breakout of that marketing spend inflation between just cost per click going up versus just more marketing being done, if that makes sense?
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, so a couple questions, components there. So the first quarter and fourth quarter we tend to see higher percents of revenue as we think about supporting demand in quarters where we have seasonally more inventory to rent and we get good returns in those quarters to do that. And then we typically see the second and third quarter marketing spend come down a little bit as a percentage of revenue. As you look at the quarter, yeah, it was probably pretty consistent with some quarters we had back in 2018, 2019, maybe a touch under what some of them were, but a comfortable range as we think about the level of marketing support that we're providing the stores. As I mentioned on a previous question, that's dynamically managed around local demand trends and supporting the business. But I would anticipate from a – an absolute percentage of revenue that's likely to decline in the next couple quarters like it did last year before coming up again in the fourth quarter to support higher inventory levels at the lower levels of occupancy we experienced in the fourth quarter.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Thanks so much.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question is from Caitlin Burrows with Goldman Sachs. Please proceed with your question.
Caitlin Burrows
Goldman Sachs
Hi, good morning. Maybe just on acquisitions, looks like subsequent to the quarter end, you had $34.6 million in acquisitions. So just wondering if you could talk about how these properties came about. Were they four separate deals? What type of seller?
Joe Russell
CEO
Yeah, individual sellers, Caitlin. Smaller deal-by-deal opportunities. As typically we see, there's a range of different seller types that were in dialogue very actively. So These were, again, individual owners. I would tell you, as I mentioned earlier, we continue to have a whole range of different conversations with different owner types, whether family owners, individual owners, institutional owners, but You know, again, the deals that we've got either closed or under contract or just that very one-off, you know, smaller assets that fit well into certain markets that we're certainly interested in growing scale, et cetera.
Caitlin Burrows
Goldman Sachs
Got it. Okay. And then maybe just one on the move-in, move-out spread. It looks like it's flattened a bit. So do you have a view on whether we've hit the trough of that spread given where the move-out rates and move-in rates are at this point and, I guess, expectation going forward? Sure.
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, we would anticipate, Caitlin, that that spread does narrow in the second and third quarter seasonally before widening out again in the fourth quarter. So not dissimilar from a seasonal trend standpoint to what I was speaking about related to advertising.
Caitlin Burrows
Goldman Sachs
Got it. Thanks.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question comes from Keebin Kim with Truist Security. Please proceed with your question.
Keebin Kim
Truist Security
Thanks, good morning. So I'm not sure if I missed it or not, but did you give an update on April moving rate trends?
Tom Boyle
CFO
I did, Keeman.
Keebin Kim
Truist Security
Okay, I'll just go back in the transcript. When you look at the year-to-date changes in sequential rents, you know, how does that compare to what you would consider a normal seasonal pattern? Has it been better or worse?
Tom Boyle
CFO
I'd say on a year-over-year basis, it's been pretty consistent and they've touched better than last year, which is what we'd anticipate. And obviously, we're anticipating that likely to continue here through the peak leasing season. We'll update you on that as we move through the next three months or so.
Keebin Kim
Truist Security
Okay. And on your CapEx, you have $150 million for the Property of Tomorrow program. That's supposed to wind down next year. But just trying to get a better sense of it. I mean, does it go to zero or... Is there a certain level that you might have to keep for a longer time?
Tom Boyle
CFO
No, it's going to go to zero. Probably some of the cash payments on the cash flow statement will continue into the first quarter or so of next year just as we wrap up the program and make our final payments. But ultimately, that will go to zero.
Keebin Kim
Truist Security
Okay. Thank you.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question comes from Teo Akasana with Deutsche Bank. Please proceed with your question.
Teo Akasana
Deutsche Bank
Yes, good morning out there. Just give me some of your comments around improving trends in more markets. You talked a little bit kind of January, February, March, specifically around street rates kind of on a year-over-year basis, how that was improving throughout the quarter.
Desmond
Unknown
Like, did we kind of start off at, like, negative 15 and now we're, like, at negative 10 and heading towards the zero? That's kind of embedded in some of your guidance going forward.
Tom Boyle
CFO
Okay, so there's kind of two parts to that question. One is the accelerating markets, and those accelerating markets are driven by a whole host of things, and not just individually moving rents, right? But as we think about that, we highlighted on the previous call two or three markets that were accelerating at the time we were sitting there in February, and we added a handful of markets to that, so we're definitely seeing improving trends across that group of markets. I think your next question was just sequentially as we think about year-over-year declines in move-in rents. And on the February call, I had highlighted that January, February move-in rates were down in the 10%, 11% zip code. And we finished the quarter and had April right around that same sort of level. Obviously, there's periods of time where it's a little bit better than that period of time where we're lowering rates to drive move-in volumes. So It's been relatively consistent, which is what you'd anticipate really through the first part of the year because you're at the trough point of rents. And as I noted, we're at the point of the year now where we are raising rents now. And that's when we're likely to see some changing activity as it relates to those trends, as we've discussed in our outlook. That's helpful.
Teo Akasana
Deutsche Bank
And if an ECRI increases, are they also kind of consistent versus what we've been seeing in recent quarters?
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, pretty consistent in terms of trends, with the exception of what I highlighted earlier around more newer tenants added to the program, given that strong move-in volumes last year.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Okay. Thank you. Our next question is from Mike Muller with J.P. Morgan. Please proceed with your question.
Mike Muller
J.P. Morgan
Yeah, hi. Sorry to drag out the call longer here. But what are some of the attributes of the markets where you're seeing the improvement that you flagged? Is it just less supply? Because it seems like that list that you rattled off was dominated by kind of bigger cities. And as a follow-up to that, is the momentum you're talking about, is it better momentum in move-in rates or is it just more traffic-oriented?
Tom Boyle
CFO
Sure, Mike. There's a number of factors. You've rattled off some of them that are contributing to it. We listed a series of markets. Each market is a little bit different. Certainly, supply plays a component in some of those markets, meaning a lack of supply, higher barriers to entry, as Joe spoke to, on certain of those markets. But I'd also highlight stronger demand trends, better move-in rent trends, better move-out activity. It's really a handful of different drivers that are unique to each market. But as you characterize them all, I would categorize them into markets that didn't have the same really strong levels of growth in 21 and 22, and so don't have the same level of really difficult comps to come off of. And as Joe mentioned earlier, you can put Florida, for instance, as a big winner over the last couple of years is likely to take a little bit longer to normalize, but still has been a really strong performer over the last several years for us.
Mike Muller
J.P. Morgan
Got it. That helps a lot. Thank you.
Operator
Conference Moderator
Our next question is from Brandon Lynch with Barclays. Please proceed with your question.
Brandon Lynch
Barclays
Great. Thanks for taking my questions. Maybe I could get your thoughts on what's behind the lower delinquency rates that you highlighted in the script. Some macro data suggests that consumers are facing some incremental challenges, but that doesn't seem to be what you're seeing.
Joe Russell
CEO
Yeah, I would say, Brandon, on a macro basis, we still see a very healthy consumer base. We've got plus or minus about 2 million customers, so a full spectrum of the economy at large, and not really seeing any undue pressure market by market or, again, that would indicate that there's some elevated amount of risk that's coming from relative to stress points, etc., I think you're hearing a fair amount of commentary, even now that we're well into 2024, around consumer balance sheets. Employment levels are quite strong. I think this is part of the angst that the Fed's having relative to their timing, relative to tapering, et cetera. So the employment and behavior from consumers at large continues to be quite good. And we're very pleased by that, obviously. You know, on a day-to-day basis, we're not seeing the type of, you know, range of when you see a customer go into some level of delinquency, et cetera. The pace and the nature of that pattern isn't as elevated as it was pre-pandemic. So keeping a very close eye on it, but no material shift and continues to give us, you know, an outlook that the consumer environment is going to be quite healthy. Okay.
Brandon Lynch
Barclays
Great, thanks. That's helpful. And maybe just one more. You ran some TV ads in the quarter. Can you just talk about your thought process around when and where to use TV advertisement versus other types of advertising?
Tom Boyle
CFO
Yeah, we did use a little bit of TV advertising. It's one of the things that... we can utilize pretty uniquely in the industry given our national scale and platform. And so that's something we will use periodically. In this case, we used it to advertise some of our promotional activity, which we saw a good reaction to in the quarter.
Brandon Lynch
Barclays
Great. Thanks for taking my questions. Thanks.
Operator
Conference Moderator
We have reached the end of the question and answer session. I would now like to turn the call back over to Ryan Burke for closing comments.
Ryan Burke
Vice President of Investor Relations and Strategic Partnerships
Thanks, Rob, and thanks to all of you out there for your continuing interest and time, and we'll talk to you soon. Have a good day.
Operator
Conference Moderator
This concludes today's conference. You may disconnect your lines at this time, and we thank you for your participation.
Disclaimer