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Operator
Good morning and welcome to the Sun Life Financial Q1 2020 What For conference call. My name is Gaylene and I will be your conference operator today. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise and the conference is being recorded. After the presentation, there will be an opportunity to ask questions. To join the question queue, you may press star then one on your telephone keypad. The host of the call is David Garg. Senior Vice President, Capital Management and Investor Relations. Please go ahead, Mr. Garg.
Garg
Thank you and good morning, everyone. Welcome to Sun Life's earnings call for the first quarter of 2024. Our earnings release and the slides for today's call are available on the investor relations section of our website at sunlife.com. We will begin today's call with opening remarks from Kevin Strain, President and Chief Executive Officer. Following Kevin, Tim Deacon, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer will present the financial results for the quarter. After the prepared remarks, we will move to the question and answer portion of the call. Other members of management are also available to answer your questions this morning. Turning to slide two, I draw your attention to the cautionary language regarding the use of forward-looking statements and non-IFRS financial measures, which form part of today's remarks. As is noted in the slides, forward-looking statements may be rendered inaccurate by subsequent events. And with that, I'll now turn things over to Kevin.
Kevin
Thanks, David, and good morning to everybody on the call. Turn to slide four. We continue to deliver on our client impact strategy during the first quarter as we build a leading asset management and insurance company. underlying earning results were mixed. Strong results in Asia and steady results in Canada and at MFS were offset by weaker performance in the US and at SLC. In Asia, individual protection underlying earnings grew 30%. Results were driven by strong sales in Hong Kong and international and a strong overall result in India. In the U.S., we underperformed this quarter as morbidity gains moderated towards pre-COVID levels in our health and risk solutions business, driven by rising U.S. healthcare utilization rates. Our U.S. dental business continued to experience negative impacts from the end of the public health emergency, driven by Medicaid member disenrollment and higher claims ratios on the remaining members. We are working with states to reprice our Medicaid business with 25% reprice during the quarter at levels consistent with our profitability goals and most of the remaining 75% to be repriced by the end of this year. We expect dental results will return to levels of profitability more consistent with our pricing targets and expect income levels for dental to be approximately $100 million U.S. for 2025. SLC management underlying earnings were impacted by seed mark-to-market losses. Overall, the alternatives business faces headwinds from higher interest rates, but we remain on track to achieve 2025 underlying earnings of $235 million. We experienced strong growth in insurance sales, CSM, and assets under management during the quarter. Individual protection sales were up nearly 50% year-over-year, largely driven by growth in Asia, with strong individual protection sales in Hong Kong. Asia was also a leading driver of Sun Life's new business, CSM, which reached $347 million this quarter, up 50% year-over-year, and contributed to Total Company CSM surpassing $12 billion at the end of the quarter. We continue to see growth in our asset management businesses, with Total Company AUM reaching an all-time high of $1.47 trillion this quarter, up 8% year-over-year, reflecting the continued strength of our asset management capabilities and market appreciation. We ended the quarter in a strong capital position, with a LICAT ratio of 148% at SLF. We also announced a 4% increase to our common share dividend and will continue our share buyback program in the second quarter, demonstrating our commitment to deploying capital efficiently. Overall, we continue to benefit from our diversified mix of businesses. taking advantage of macro trends like the emergence of the middle class and growing GDP in Asia, the increased demand for health products in Canada and the U.S., and the importance of having a broad set of global asset management capabilities from public equities and fixed income to alternatives to help meet client needs in a rapidly changing environment. Turning to slide five, this quarter we delivered on key business initiatives to drive our client impact strategy forward. In Canada, we made progress on several important initiatives. We've seen strong demand for the Canadian Dental Care Plan, with 1.7 million Canadians signing up by the end of April, and we are now successfully processing claims. This program allows us to play a critical role in improving oral health outcomes for Canadians, which we know impacts people's overall health. We also launched the Diabetes Care Program as part of our online Luminal Health Pharmacy app, This innovative signature solution helps plan members reach their diabetes goals and, where possible, reduce blood sugar levels and reduce medications. Our aim is to improve health outcomes for our clients and enhance the claims experience for our business. In the U.S., we are differentiating with the large employer group benefits market by offering HealthNavigator powered by PinnacleCare. This personal healthcare navigation and advisory service helps members get the medical diagnosis and access the right care for their specific needs. This service also improves health and productivity outcomes for employers. We're also leveraging our expertise on leave, absence management, and return to work services to offer family leave insurance in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Tennessee, and Texas. We are the first major group benefits provider to offer family leave insurance in these states, broadening members' access for paid leave to care for loved ones and giving employers the option to provide a valuable benefit to their employees more easily. Our growth in Hong Kong reflects the strength of our quality distribution channels. Hong Kong delivered strong individual protection sales this quarter, driven by our broker relationships, our bank insurance partnership with Dossing Bank, and the momentum with our agency teams. We're also realizing value from our strategic investments. India continues to be an important growth market for Sun Life Asia. We have thriving life and asset management business as part of our joint venture with the Adida Birla Group. This quarter, we sold 6.3% of our ownership interest in our asset management JV, unlocking a $98 million pre-tax gain and helping meet the 25% public ownership requirement of listed companies in India. Since the initial IPO in 2021, Sun Life has generated pre-tax gains of over $450 million while still retaining 30.2% ownership of the listed entity. In the U.S., our health and risk solutions business is finding that generative AI can securely summarize and organize lengthy and complex medical records for pinnacle care clients. This solution is expected to reduce turnaround time from 14 days to one day, unlocking greater capacity to serve more clients. In our Sun Life global investments business, we're using a generative AI chatbot that creates better client experience by providing faster responses to clients on questions for segregated fund topics. We're embracing our responsibility to create a more sustainable and brighter future. Sustainability is critical to our purpose, and we're focused on increasing financial security, fostering healthier lives, and advancing sustainable investing. SLC management continues to invest in assets that generate a stable and attractive yield, and generate a positive environmental impact. This quarter, BGO completed Ontario's first all-electric, net-zero carbon industrial building, owned by Sun Life, a milestone in our efforts to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in investments and operations by 2050. BGO was also awarded the 2024 Energy Star Partner of the Year Sustained Excellence Award for the 14th consecutive year. Also, Infrared Capital Partners, our infrastructure investment manager, continues to invest in assets that are helping to build a sustainable future. Infrared acquired a portfolio of two operating utility-scale renewable energy assets in the U.S. In closing, we're confident in the resilience of our strategy, driven by our diversified business mix, our people and culture, and our sustained commitment to living on our purpose, to help clients achieve lifetime sense of security and live healthier lives. And now I'd like to welcome our new CFO, Tim Deacon, to his first earnings call. Tim joined Sun Life in April and brings extensive experience in asset management, wealth, insurance, real estate, and sustainability, all areas that are critical to Sun Life. He's a great addition to our Sun Life executive team and has fit in so seamlessly that in many ways it feels like he's been here for years. With that, I'll turn the call over to Tim to detail our first quarter financials.
Tim
Thank you for that warm welcome, Kevin. Before I begin, I want to thank my Sun Life colleagues for all the support I've received over the last month since joining. I look forward to actively contributing to Sun Life's strategy, continued growth, and value creation for our clients, employees, communities, and investors. With that, let's begin on slide 7, which provides an overview of our first quarter results. We delivered mixed results this quarter as underlying net income of $875 million and underlying earnings per share of $1.50 were modestly lower year over year by 2% and 1% respectively, and relatively in line with the prior year when accounting for the sale of our UK business in the second quarter of last year. Underlying return on equity was 16%. We remain confident in our ability to meet our medium-term ROE objective, supported by our attractive and diverse mix of businesses. Turning to our business performance, wealth and asset management comprised 42% of Q1 underlying earnings and was down 1% from the prior year, as higher asset management-related fee earnings was offset by higher compensation-related expenses and mark-to-market losses on seed investments in SLC. Group health and protection businesses comprised 29% of underlying earnings and were down 8% year over year. Results reflect business growth that was more than offset by less favorable morbidity experience and lower dental results. Individual protection earnings comprised 29% of underlying earnings and was down 4% last year, primarily driven by the sale of Sun Life UK. New business CSM of $347 million was up 50% from the prior year, reflecting continued strong sales in Hong Kong. Reported net income for the quarter was $818 million. The $57 million difference between underlying and reported net income was driven by unfavorable market-related impacts and amortization of intangibles, partially offset by acquisition-related and other items. Market-related impacts were driven primarily by unfavorable real estate experience, partially offset by favorable interest and equity market impacts. Real estate experience reflects modestly negative total returns driven by holdings in the industrial sector and, to a lesser extent, office in the current quarter versus our long-term expectations of approximately 2% per quarter. While we continue to be cautious on real estate returns in the near term, we are long-term investors in real estate, and on a 10-year basis, our actual returns have exceeded our long-term expectations. We continue to view real estate as a key component of our diversified investment portfolio. Our balance sheet and capital positions remain strong, with a SLF-LICAT ratio of 148%, which was lowered by one percentage point from the prior quarter, primarily driven by strong organic capital generation that was more than offset by deployments, including our common share dividend and continued share buybacks and market impacts. Book value per share increased 2.5% quarter over quarter. Hold quote cash remained strong at $1.5 billion, and we remained active on our share buyback program for purchasing 2.4 million shares this quarter. Our leverage ratio remains low at 21.1%. Now let's turn to our business group performance starting on slide nine with MFS. MFS underlying net income of 189 million US was in line with the prior year as higher fee income from average net asset growth was offset by higher compensation related expense primarily related to the increase in the fair value of MFS shares. Reported net income of 180 million US was down 10% year over year driven by the fair value change in shares owned by MFS management. Pre-tax net operating margin of 37% was in line with prior year. AUM of $630 billion U.S. was up $31 billion from the prior quarter, driven by market appreciation partially offset by net outflows of $8.6 billion. MFS long-term investment performance remains good, with 97% of funds' assets ranked in the top half of their respective Morningstar categories for 10-year performance. Turning to slide 10, SLC management generated underlying net income of $28 million, flat compared to prior year, as fee-related earnings growth was offset by mark-to-market losses on seed investments. Fee-related earnings of $69 million was up 1% year-over-year on continued growth in fee-earning AUM. Reported net income of $42 million benefited from a gain on the early termination of a distribution agreement. Capital raising of $3.5 billion, primarily at BGO and Crescent, remained resilient and was up $1.3 billion, or 52%, year-on-year. Total AUM of $226 billion was up $8 billion from the prior year. This includes $21 billion that is not yet earning fees. Once invested, these assets are expected to generate an annualized fee revenue of more than $188 million. Turning to slide 11, Canada underlying net income of $310 million was modestly lower year-over-year as strong insurance business growth was more than offset by lower net investment results. Reported net income of $290 million included unfavorable market-related impacts. Wealth and asset management underlying earnings were down 4% year-over-year, driven by lower earnings on surplus. Group health and protection underlying earnings increased 20% year-over-year, reflecting business growth and improved disability experience. Individual protection earnings were down 19% year-over-year, which included unfavorable mortality experience. It is worth noting that there is a mostly offsetting benefit to the CSM from this negative mortality that is not reflected in earnings. Group health and protection sales were up 114% year-over-year on higher large-case sales, while individual protection sales were lowered by 4% due to lower par life sales. Turning to slide 12, U.S. underlying net income of $141 million U.S., down 20% from the prior year, driven by less favorable morbidity experience and dental results. Reported net income of $71 million U.S. includes market-related impacts. In group health and protection, our group benefits business benefited from strong revenue growth. This was more than offset by less favorable morbidity experience from a higher loss ratio in health and risk solutions, which is now normalizing closer to pre-pandemic levels compared to prior year. Lower dental results were driven by the continued impacts of the Medicaid redetermination process following the end of the public health emergency in the U.S. last May, which decreased the number of plan members. This contributed to an increase in the loss ratio, as those leaving the plan generally had lower utilization than those remaining in the plan. U.S. group sales of 142 million U.S. were down 43% year-over-year, driven by large case dental sales in the prior year. Individual protection results reflected credit losses in the quarter. Slide 13 outlines Asia's results for the quarter. Underlying net income of $177 million was up 27% year-on-year on a constant currency basis. Results benefited from strong business growth as well as favorable protection experience and higher earnings and surplus. Reported net income of $235 million included a gain related to the partial sale of our India asset management joint venture. We continue to see strong sales momentum, particularly in Hong Kong. The strong sales results also drove new business CSM of $230 million in Asia, up 128% from the prior year. Over the past year, Asia has added almost $1 billion, of CSM. Overall, while our Q1 results were mixed, we're pleased by the strong momentum in our Asia business, solid growth in expected insurance earnings across all business groups, and the steady increase to total company CSM, which is the store of future profits. We expect to generate earnings growth in line with our medium-term financial objectives underpinned by our strong fundamentals, capital position, and continued focus on execution. Finally, turning to slide 14, we're pleased to announce that we're hosting an Investor Day on November 13th, 2024 at our One York Street office in Toronto. This will be an opportunity to update investors on our strategic priorities and our progress against our strategic pillars. We look forward to seeing you at this event. With that, I will now turn the call over to David for Q&A.
Garg
Thank you, Tim. To help ensure that all of our participants have an opportunity to ask questions this morning, please limit yourself to one or two questions and then re-queue with any additional questions. I will now ask the operator to poll the participants.
Operator
Thank you. To join the question queue, you may press star then 1 on your telephone keypad. You'll hear a tone acknowledging your request. If you're using a speakerphone, please pick up your handset before pressing any keys. To withdraw your question, press star then two. Our first question is from Manny Grohman with Scotiabank. Your line is open.
Manny Grohman
Hi, good morning. I wanted to talk about the policyholder experience. It came in unfavorable, especially relative to expectations and impacted Canada and then in the U.S., Tim, you talked about some of the dynamics around the dental business, but I know it's also impacting stop-loss. I guess the real question is just how temporary you expect these pressures to be both in Canada and in the U.S., if you could address those both separately.
Tim
Hi, Manny. It's Kevin Morrissey. Thanks for that question. Maybe I'll start off with the experience, policy order behavior at the total company level. We had a small loss, as you would have observed in the quarter. That was coming out of Asia. It was quite small. It was across a variety of countries there. We didn't have any losses in Canada or the U.S. on policy order behavior in the quarter.
Manny Grohman
And just in terms of...
spk12
Sorry, my name is . Did you want me to address the insurance experience in Canada?
Manny Grohman
Yeah, please.
spk12
Okay, thank you. So the insurance experience is unfavorable this quarter. You might recall, by the way, that it was quite strong in Q2, Q3, and Q4 last year, and this was driven by disability experience and some life help. I want to point out that the disability experience is still quite positive. But what we're noticing this quarter is mortality losses in individual insurance resulting from the larger number of claims and larger amounts of claims. But as Tim pointed out in his remarks, this is offset by the release of reserves in the CSM, so we don't see mortality being outside of what I would call the normal volatility parameters, so not a trend. The other item that's coming up this quarter is the higher level of claims in the non-disability part. or Sun Life Health. These are the paramedical claims. They are seasonal, so Q4 and Q1 are typically elevated. The other thing I would point out is that there are built-in maximums in terms of coverage for these claims. So, again, we don't see that as a trend going forward.
Manny Grohman
Got it. Thank you.
Kevin
Good morning, Manny. It's Dan Fishbein. Just some quick comments on the U.S. insurance experience. As I'm sure you've noticed, the experience has been favorable in recent quarters, and that was primarily driven by better than expected results in the stop-loss business. As we've described, there has been lower utilization really throughout the pandemic and lingering for a long time afterwards because of shortages in the provider capacity. Those shortages appear to have largely resolved and stop-loss experience, while still quite favorable, has returned closer to pre-COVID levels. So the favorable experience we had been getting above expectations in stop-loss has certainly largely moderated. And then, of course, in addition, there was unfavorable experience in the dental business this quarter. On the other hand, there was quite favorable experience in the group business. So when you add the three together, we had a small negative experience item in the U.S.
Manny Grohman
Just to follow up in the U.S., so it sounds like on the stop-loss side, it's just sort of normalizing back to pre-COVID levels. But in terms of dental, and you addressed this last quarter as well, but just wondering what the timeline is there in terms of,
Kevin
improving like could it actually get worse um before it gets better on on the uh experience side well you know as we've been saying for quite a while this is about a four-quarter problem uh and of course the background on that is there were no disenrollments from the medicaid program at all medical or dental or otherwise uh for more than three years as a result of the covid public health emergency That ended in April of last year, and the states were able to start disenrolling people as of that time. Hence, we, you know, have seen declining enrollment in the third and fourth quarters of last year and the first quarter of this year. That's a 14-month process by regulation that will be complete by the end of June, so there likely are some additional membership declines, you know, still in progress and still ahead of us. The primary result of that that's affecting our results is not just the membership itself, but the fact that those who were no longer eligible for coverage were utilizing care at a meaningfully lower rate than those who remained in the programs. That means the average experience of the people who remain is higher than the experience of the program as a whole when the disenrollments began. The key will be the states adjusting the rates which is mostly an annual process as those rates renew. About 83% now, actually, of our contracts will renew this year with revised rates. Through the end of the first quarter, about 25% of the contracts had already had new rates established. So getting the right rates is key to this. as are other initiatives that we have in progress, including additional claim management initiatives as well as expense management. So with continued membership losses, we would not necessarily expect things to improve materially in the second quarter, but in the second half of the year, the results should start to reflect both the higher rates and those initiatives. And certainly, and as Kevin mentioned in the introduction, we expect much better results when we get to 2025. That's great.
Manny Grohman
Thanks.
Operator
The next question is from Tom McKinnon with BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead.
Tom McKinnon
Yeah, thanks very much. Just a question with respect to SLC. I think if Steve's feature there, he talked about a 50 million kind of run rate for underlying earnings. for that, and it's 28 and a quarter. I think there's talk of some mark-to-mark losses on some seed capital there, so just some color with respect to SLC and the outlook there, please. Thanks.
Steve
Yeah, thanks, Tom. It's Steve. Yeah, a few comments on the quarter relative to our run rate, which is really your question, given that the $28 million is lower than the run rate that I'd indicated on the last quarter. earnings call. And there were two things that impacted us. I'll say that we think our run rate hasn't changed, our core run rate. Two things pushed us lower this quarter than our normal, what we view as our quarterly run rate. One was, as you mentioned, the mark-to-market on seed assets. So let me give some color on that. That mark-to-market related primarily to a portfolio of industrial properties at BGO that we've seeded. The impact on this quarter's results from that was about $10 million after tax. There were a few other items in there, but the primary driver was the marked market on that portfolio. That is a very strong portfolio of industrial properties across the U.S., and in fact, that portfolio was marked up in the second half of last year because of meaningfully strong performance in the underlying properties. That was actually one of the factors that helped us in the fourth quarter. This quarter, we gave up a portion of those gains, and you saw valuations across industrial properties, not just in this portfolio, but kind of across the industry, fall in the first quarter as valuations reflected higher cap rates, and I think in appraisers' view, more modest assumptions for lease rate increases going forward. But net-net, that portfolio fell. has had a positive mark to market over the last 12 months. It's just that in the first quarter, we gave back some of the positive mark in the second half of last year. The other thing that impacted us versus our run rate this year is that we have some seasonality in compensation in the first quarter. Like many firms, we pay bonuses in the first quarter. We accrue for those bonuses throughout the year. In Q1, we paid out bonuses that were slightly higher than our accrual for the year, so that impacted us. But the bigger impact was that those bonus payments trigger related payments, such as contributions to benefit plans, and that impacts Q1 proportionately. So if you adjust our results for that mark-to-market versus what we'd normally expect for seed on a kind of a run rate basis, and you reflect the seasonality, it gets us back to a run rate of almost that $50 million figure that I mentioned last quarter.
Tom McKinnon
Okay, thanks for that. And as a follow-up, MFS, there seems to be some higher expenses in the quarter, too. Is there any seasonality associated with them? Are they kind of related to any extra compensation at MFS that can be volatile and may have happened in the first quarter? Thanks.
Tim
Hi, Tom. It's Tim. Good morning, Tom. Yeah. Go ahead, Tom. Thanks for the Thanks for that question. There were two pieces, really, on the compensation costs for this quarter. There is some seasonality in the first quarter. We have shares that vest that are issued to MFS employees, and when they become retirement eligible, they immediately vest, and that always happens in the first quarter of the year, so we do get a bit of noise coming through that. But that relates to the second piece, which was the more material part in the quarter, was really the mark-to-market part. GAIN ON THE APPRECIATION OF THESE SHARES, THAT FLOWS THROUGH AS COMPENSATION EXPENSE. AND YOU'LL RECALL THERE'S TWO PIECES TO THAT. ONE THAT'S IN OUR UNDERLYING EARNINGS AND YOU CAN THINK OF THAT AS A LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN AND THOSE SHARES ARE MARKED TO MARKET BASED ON THE FAIR VALUE OF MFS AS AN ENTERPRISE VALUE. And we saw gains in the overall increase in the MFS shares, so that flew through as compensation costs. And then on the reported net income side, we have a component that relates to vested shares. So these are shares that have already been awarded and fully vested. We have to set up a liability for that, and that gets marked to market through income, and that flows through on the reported income side. So it's really the two pieces. We had a share appreciation, which caused compensation costs, both in underlying net income and reported net income, plus seasonality.
Tom McKinnon
One of those components, maybe the second one you mentioned, is that part of that margin that you give? I think you give a U.S. GAAP margin as opposed to, and this might not be a U.S. GAAP item, but it might be an IFRS item. Do I have that right?
Tim
Yeah, so the comments that I just made around the competition, that's all IFRS accounting. And so the margin guidance that we give is on a U.S. GAAP basis. And so those vested shares, as an example, those flow through equity. Those don't hit the P&L under U.S. GAAP.
Tom McKinnon
Okay. It would be helpful if we could have something that wasn't U.S. GAAP related, at least an IFRS 17 margin, just so we could look at that thing on an IFRS basis going forward.
spk18
And I would add, thanks, Tim, for that. This is Mike Roberge. Tom, I would just add to that. Obviously, as we run the business and think about the business, year over year, U.S. gap, revenues were up 5%, expenses were up 4%, and pre-tax income was up 7%. So if you think about those things that are controllable here, and then long-term compensation just runs through. And so when you're in a period where stock price is going up because year over year the business is driving better results, that's going to flow through earnings. That goes the other way. When the stock's going down, it's a benefit to us. But that clearly isn't how we're thinking about running the business quarterly.
Tom McKinnon
Okay. So it seems to be more accounting nuances than anything fundamental with respect to MFS. Is that the way I should be thinking about that?
spk18
Yes, from an MFS perspective. And, Tim, I'll let you answer from yours.
Tim
Yeah, no, I think that's exactly right.
Tom McKinnon
Okay. Appreciate that. Thanks.
Operator
The next question is from Mario Mendonca with TD Securities. Please go ahead.
Mario Mendonca
Good morning. Can we start first in Asia? So Sun Life's Hong Kong sales were very strong, and I understand that Sun Life is strong in the broker channel in Hong Kong. So what would be helpful, I perhaps recommend it, is what did you see in the broker channel? Was there any sort of behavioral changes in the broker channel in response to the regulatory investigation And then how did Sun Life do it? Because the message we're getting from the domestic players and the players, like I'm saying folks, the domestic players in Hong Kong, is that this is having an effect on the broker channel. So perhaps you could speak to these investigations and what it might mean to Sun Life.
spk15
Good morning, Mario. It's Manjit. So as you noted, we have a strong, we had very strong results in Hong Kong this quarter. And part of those sales results are driven by sales that we do through brokers. There are a number of different businesses that we do have that we use brokers for. So about a third of the sales are related to MCI client business. About half of that is for high net worth clients where we work with brokers who have established relationships with global private banks. And the remainder is for local Hong Kong and Pan Asian clients. I think the issue that you're talking about really relates to the first portion, which is the MCI clients, which I said is a smaller part of our overall business. And one of the things that's driving our growth is also we were underweight in that business prior to the pandemic, and we've made some investments over the last few years to grow that business. And so that includes establishing strong relationships with quality brokers, also looking at our product lineup and revamping our product lineup, enhancing the services and interactions that we provide to our clients, including opening up our new client center in the TST, enhanced digital capabilities, more Mandarin-speaking staff, and improved after-sales client service. And we've also made significant investments in our brand, which is also paying dividends. So the other thing I would note, Mario, is that our overall business that we are writing continues to have very good margins and, more importantly, strong persistency, which suggests the quality of business that we're writing is quite high. So overall, we're very pleased with the momentum in our Hong Kong business.
Mario Mendonca
So, Manager, do you expect any effect from the controversy in the brokerage channel in subsequent quarters?
spk15
As you know, that was just something that the HIA conducted last month. To date, we have not seen any impacts to our business.
Mario Mendonca
Okay. A much broader question now, probably for Kevin, maybe for Tim. When a company of Sun Life's caliber reports a quarter like this, like a meaningful miss relative to what the street was looking for, it can go one of two ways. Either management confidently declares that this quarter was the anomaly and earnings power is not meaningfully affected, or the message is estimates are just too high for the company, not just for the quarter, but on a go-forward basis. It'd be helpful to hear probably from Kevin first if Like, let me know which of those two is it. Is this a message that our numbers need to come down, or is this the anomalous quarter? Thanks for the question, Marius, Kevin.
Kevin
Outside of the U.S., and more specifically DentaQuest, the negative items that hit us this quarter were largely normal volatility and were unique to the quarter. So for Canada, MFS and SLC, we'd expect results to normalize. And as you noted, Asia showed a good momentum, in particular in Hong Kong and international. I think you heard from Jacques and Mike and Steve on that. And as I already discussed in my opening remarks, SLC, we should see building nicely the rest of the year towards a $235 million target from their investor day for 2025. So that sort of puts those pieces in context. The US, outside of DentaQuest, is in a similar situation to the other businesses. In fact, in the quarter, as Dan mentioned, group benefits business maintained very strong margins. DentaQuest is going to take some time, and we expect DentaQuest will take the rest of the year for the repricing to work its way through, and claims experience, by the way, in dental continues to be high in April. So, in 2025, we're looking at getting closer to the U.S. $100 million for DentaQuest, but this year I think there will still be some headwinds in terms of the DentaQuest piece. I would also point out that the global minimum tax is expected to begin as early as next quarter and will impact us by 1% to 2%, which we previously signaled. So, you know, I think the answer to your question is probably specific into the business groups. And the one piece that I think continues to have a bit of that headwind is DentalQuest, and it's to do with the repricing that Dan talked about, but also the continued sort of higher claims experience.
Mario Mendonca
That was a very precise answer. So if I could paraphrase that, if DentaQuest is the one area that may take more time to get back to normal and everything else feels like it should normalize relatively quickly, then what I'm hearing then is that a very modest part of Sun Life, because let's be clear, we're talking about $30 million of the best of quarters in terms of earnings from dental against the much, much bigger companies than that. It sounds to me then that for the most part, this was the anomalous quarter with that modest exception of dental.
Kevin
I think, Mero, your math is accurate as always, and I think that's a good interpretation of what we're seeing. Got it. Thank you.
Operator
The next question is from Doug Young with Desjardins. Your line is open.
Doug Young
Hi. Good morning. Maybe back to Dan. You talk about or Kevin, you talk about repricing the Dentiquest business. And so I assume, you know, before you were thinking of growing earnings and revenues in 24 versus 23, I assume that's off the table, but you can kind of correct me if I'm wrong. But what I'm more curious is how hard is it to push through price increases by state in Dentiquest? I mean, can they just say no? Like, can you talk a bit about that? Obviously, when you would be involved trying to push through pricing in states for certain categories of the population, it can get difficult. So just curious.
Kevin
Yeah, thanks, Doug. Just a quick comment on the revenue. DentaQuest continues to win business, and in fact, more so than competitors and from competitors in some situations. So we're actually anticipating... from a revenue perspective, being largely back to where we were. There's a little bit of a range there, but we're approximately or will be approximately in the pre-COVID range. And then expect to continue growing from there. Medicaid historically has a 6% compound annual growth rate just in the program itself. And then we continue to win contracts. So in the longer term, we think that the business is very well positioned from a growth perspective. Obviously, this is a once in a you know century pandemic that we're dealing with with very unique uh... after-effects uh... in this case in particular the government saying that no the normal disenrollment from medicaid which is substantial annually was frozen in place for more than three years so this this after correct uh... in terms of the price changes now that these really aren't uh... you know a typical negotiation the state government set the rates. Now, they certainly listen to the input of the contractors, and there are many contractors, not just dental but medical as well, and we're not the only dental contractor. We certainly provide input and data where we can, but ultimately the states set those rates. Now, the reason we're confident that they will reset the rates to the appropriate level is there's a more than 20-year history here of of the states setting the rates very fairly and within a very narrow range of what's needed. This is obviously a shock event that's never happened before. The states really, even though I think they anticipated some of this impact, did not anticipate this big of an impact on the average utilization and the loss ratio as they disenrolled the nonutilizers or the lower utilizers. The states have the programs properly funded. That's a long history, and we fully expect that they'll put the rates back at acceptable and appropriate levels. But they do that per their natural schedule. So that's why we talk about – there's actually 18 major contracts that constitute the 83% of the business that should be fully repriced by November – And so far, we've gone through eight of those contracts, and seven of them have repriced at or better than the rates that we think are needed based on the emerging experience. So, so far, so good, but we have a ways to go as well.
Doug Young
Okay, perfect. And then just, Kevin, I know I think I've asked you this before, but I'll throw it out here again. You know, you have this enforced management business from time to time. It gives you a little volatility. This quarter, I think it was on the credit side. And I get the argument about not needing the capital and it generating the nice earnings and ROE. But, you know, again, it puts up volatility from time to time. At what point do you pull the trigger and reinsure that business and What would be the driver to do that?
Kevin
So there's a number of things. That business continues to hit our hurdle rates for ROE and how we think about it. It's also a good provider of cash flow back into SLC. If you think about a lot of SLC's competitors in the U.S., they're buying closed blocks of business because they like the cash flow. So those would both be parts of us factoring into our thinking. We're always looking for different solutions to make it more capital efficient, so we would – time to time see different things and assess them, but at this point the combination of the results and also the cash flow into SLC we think is important. Kevin wanted to add a comment.
Tim
Doug, it's Kevin Morrissey. The only thing I wanted to add there is on the credit side, what you're seeing in that credit line is the losses that we experienced in the quarter, and the release of the provisions is in the expected investment earnings. So on a net basis, we actually had a net gain. So if you look at credit writ large from an overall perspective on that block, it was a net positive contributor to underlying earnings.
Doug Young
So, Kevin, and I understand that, can you tell us that maybe at the consolidated level, you know, what is the typical annual release of the credit provision? And then in the credit line, like, typically, what would you expect? Like, would you expect between the net between the two to kind of be break-even? Like, can you kind of talk a bit about that?
Tim
Sure. I can give you a kind of high level. We see a release in the expected investment earnings of about $35 million per quarter. And so you can see that that's a net positive. Longer term, that's our expectation, right? So we would expect to see kind of that largely neutral that has an expected component and a risk margin. So maybe over time we'd expect to see a slight positive from that in terms of net release of those risk margins. But that gives you a sense for kind of what we would expect longer term.
Doug Young
Appreciate the comment. Thank you.
Operator
The next question is from Gabrielle Duchesne with National Bank Financial. Please go ahead.
Steve
Good morning. First question, just on the CRE stuff, both in the investment experience and it sounds like at SLC, I heard the negative investment experience in CRE mostly was tied to industrials this quarter. And then in addition to that, there was seed capital losses or no gains, whatever, in an industrial fund. Is that what I'm hearing?
spk02
Randy Brown Hi, Gabriel. It's Randy Brown. So thank you for the question. Yeah, the losses that we saw in CRE this quarter, I'll talk about at the overall level. And then if Steve wants to comment on SLC. So we were down about 1% total rate of return. So despite the headlines and everything we read about the disaster in real estate, the portfolio is actually faring quite well, really benefiting from the restructuring that I've talked about in the past. The valuation drops was mostly industrial but also office. On industrial specifically, the valuation changes, Steve touched on it, were really based on a couple of factors. For us, for the general account, it was primarily in the inland empire, inland from L.A., so it services the ports. We had seen outsized gains there in prior quarters. This quarter we had a cap rate and yield decompression, which we expect, but also a drop in the achievable rents. So there had been very strong development completions and extensive growth in that specific area throughout the pandemic, which led to an oversupply bubble that's putting downward pressure on rents. So it's not only cap rates decompressing, you saw forward rank growth expectations drop. Now that oversupply, we expect to be temporary, as industrial completions dropped to the lowest level in 14 years there. Overall, that being said, our portfolio there, 100% occupied, strong tenants, extended lease terms, so doing quite well. Office continues to experience negative valuation changes again as the market seeks a floor. But we've seen the pace of those drops slowing down.
Steve
Yes, it sounds like a temporary supply issue, not a secular type thing we're seeing in office.
Lamar Prasad
Yes, completely.
Steve
Okay, and moving on to this DentaQuest stuff, this is an awkward question and a silly one, but were you caught off guard by the redetermination impact and then the claims dynamic where the coverage that was trimmed or purged had lower utilization rates? It certainly caught me off guard. And because this is the year where we were expecting to hit that, you know, $100 million of, you know, USD and earnings contribution. And that, I guess, is getting pushed back to next year, right?
Kevin
Yeah. So, you know, we certainly expected the redeterminations to happen. And, you know, there was some uncertainty if you go back to when the transaction was announced as to when that would occur. and the Biden administration decided to extend the public health emergency longer and longer until the spring of last year. So membership had, you know, excess membership had certainly accumulated. We certainly expected that there would be some impact on the loss ratio because those who were being disenrolled were more likely to already have other coverage from getting a job or so forth. So we knew there would be that effect. The size of that impact, though, I think has surprised everyone, including us and including the state. So I think this was anticipated, but the size of the impact was greater than we anticipated.
Steve
I guess another way to look at it is maybe the, as you alluded to, the redeterminations were pushed out. maybe the stuff that you would have expected to have happened in, you know, late 2022 into 2023, and you'd be back on track in 2024. It's more of a kind of a byproduct of extension of a pandemic relief program, right?
Kevin
Yeah, I think exactly. And in fact, you know, we were during the pandemic, you know, our earnings were quite, you know, favorable and grew and grew at a stable rate. which is kind of remarkable with all of the impacts that we were having. So we were benefiting in the Sun Life U.S. business from a uniquely diversified set of businesses. Of course, there was a very big negative impact on our group life business, and then there were positive impacts on the stop-loss business from lower healthcare utilization and in the temple business from the inflated Medicaid membership. Thankfully, the mortality impact in group life wound down about a year ago, Whereas these two, you know, more positive tailwind effects and stop loss and dental are winding down now. Had they all wound down in synchrony at the same time, we hardly would have noticed this.
Steve
Okay. And if I could sneak one more in there, apologies to the IR team, but Kevin had mentioned in his opening remarks that the, you know, morbidity experience in group is now in line with pre-COVID levels, something along those lines. There's been a lot of more positive quarters in that morbidity bucket over the past couple of years and back to normal. Is there a run rate due price for an expectation of morbidity gains? And if so, what kind of range we should be anticipating? Because last quarter was really high. Didn't view that as sustainable. Maybe this quarter is more normal. I just want to get a better sense of that, please.
Kevin
Yeah, and what that is specifically referring to is stop loss, the stop loss portion of group. Throughout the pandemic, we were experiencing, you know, exceptional morbidity. Well, you know, the loss ratio was well below what we priced for. And we've been saying throughout that period that it would gradually return to what we priced for. It has to. And in the first quarter, the loss ratio is now fairly close to our pricing loss ratio. We priced to about a 72.5% loss ratio, and we're approaching that number. That still generates very favorable margins, and, in fact, we're still somewhat favorable. So I think the way of thinking about it is stop loss is still performing well, generating higher than its strong margins, but just not as favorable as it was during the pandemic and after effects of the pandemic. Okay.
Kevin
Kevin, I might add two things to that. First, we're a leading provider in the stop-loss business in the U.S., and we have been for years. So we have really strong capabilities, and we've been adding things like pinnacle care, which makes those pricing ratios even more sustainable. And as Dan was saying, you were seeing earlier on, higher mortality through COVID and better morbidity. You're seeing both of these have a very strong margin. The combined group benefits was over 9% in the quarter. So you're seeing that that business do well. And, you know, our expectation is we would continue to do well given our position and our investments and our investments into digital. The other thing I would say is on the DentaQuest, because I know there's a lot of questions about DentaQuest, We still think it's a very good acquisition. It added capabilities we didn't have. It added scale. We are pushed back probably approximately a year or a little bit if you think about that U.S. dollar, $100 million in 2025. But we're still a big believer in this business and the acquisition we did and that it's going to meet the long-term objectives we had for the business. And I think you've heard that from Dan as he talked about what's happened. It's not been a straight line. You can see that, but... We think we still have the thesis that we started with and the capabilities and the scale that it built. Okay. Have a good weekend.
Operator
The next question is from Paul Holden with CIBC. Your line is open.
Paul Holden
Thanks. Good morning. Most of the questions have been taken, but one more on U.S. groups. lots of references to run rate earnings in dental of U.S. $100 million a year. Are you able to give us what it was for the quarter? Just to give us a sense of upside from here.
Kevin
Well, yeah, in dental in the quarter, it was $6 million for the quarter, and that's in our materials. And just an additional comment on the $100 million that we've mentioned several times, that's really what we're saying is, you know, our thinking for 2025. But as Kevin just said, longer term, we think it's obviously higher than that, still equal to or greater than what we anticipated when we announced the transaction. The growth trajectory of the business is very good. This, you know, this temporary redetermination issue notwithstanding. And in fact, we're winning new contracts. We're winning major new contracts. We're winning contracts from competitors. We also have significant opportunity to grow not just in the Medicaid business, but in Medicare Advantage and in commercial. The commercial business has had a really good growth trajectory the past year. And as of January 1st, we added our largest Medicare Advantage contract ever. So there's a lot of future potential here to continue growing this business. Got it.
Paul Holden
Okay. And then I want to go back to the discussion quickly on MFS and expenses there. I mean, if I just look at the average asset growth versus the earnings growth. There's a pretty big difference there. So I guess that some of it was attributable to the additional compensation expense. But I'm assuming that's not normally what we would expect over time. So again, was there any kind of true-up or top-up? Maybe it's related to time of year on that. And, you know, if we thought about sort of 8% type average earnings asset growth over time, what kind of earnings growth should we attribute to that?
spk18
Maybe this is Mike. Maybe I'll take you back. As I said before, if you think about it in U.S. GAAP, we had revenues 5% year-over-year in the quarter. We had expenses up 4%. We had pre-tax earnings up 7% in the quarter. And then there's deferred comp and the stock price, which comes through the P&L for an IFRS perspective. And so, you know, from a U.S. gap in terms of the model that we managed to, the business performed as you'd expect with revenues up as ANA was up, some operating leverage relative to that. And the things that run through the P&L from a deferred comp, True up on the stock price side are issues that impact longer-term compensation, and they'll come in and they'll come out of the profitability of the quarter. But we think U.S. GAAP is a better representation from our perspective of how the business is being managed. Okay.
Paul Holden
So, again, really it's just IFRS noise. Okay. One more. I'm going to sneak in if you don't mind. Just on SLCs. wondering if you can provide us an update on the capital fundraising outlook for the year. Thank you.
Steve
Yeah, thanks, Paul. It's Steve. You know, you saw in the quarter that we raised, garnered new commitments of about $3.5 billion. We were a positive net flow, which also takes into account, you know, our ability to put money to work of about $2.9 billion into fee-earning AUM. And we would expect Fundraising to increase over the year for a couple reasons. And that's largely related to some big funds that we have. We're initiating fundraising on, so in particular, we have two large Crescent funds, one that is on its fourth series, one that is on its ninth series. We should be seeing first closes this year for both of those funds, so that will have an impact. One thing I would say, though, in general, especially on the real estate side, is that with interest rates over the last couple of years having gone from effectively zero to slightly above 5%, you know, on the real estate side, that is a headwind for fundraising. So we think fundraising will increase given the different funds we have in the market, which are very specific, industrial fund, cold storage fund, an Asia fund that's, you know, done very well. We are facing a headwind, especially in real estate, in terms of interest rates. And obviously there was a projection in the markets going back a few months, that we would see the Fed cutting rates and interest rates going down. That would obviously help us. I think those expectations have been tempered. And so we have to deal with that reality in the marketplace. But we do have some big funds coming online, which will help us over the course of this year and into next. All right. That's it for me. Thank you.
Operator
The next question is from Lamar Prasad with Cormac. Please go ahead.
Lamar Prasad
Yeah, thanks for taking my question. So I'll start off on SLC. I wonder if you could talk about what gives you the confidence in the $235 million by 2025 in the context of higher for longer rates. Like, is there a real risk that we could be talking about more mark-to-market losses in this business kind of weighing down earnings? Or is the rate outlook not a material consideration in getting to this $235 million?
Steve
Thanks, Lamar, for the question. I would say a couple things. One is, you know, the rate environment is a significant, you know, market environment that comes into play. And it has some puts and takes for us. But I would say net-net higher rates are a negative for us like they are for most investment businesses. On the negative side, it's tougher to raise real estate funds when rates are higher. Rates impact the ability to deploy money. because of the dislocation, especially in real estate between buyers and sellers. And deploying money is important to us because we have a big $20-ish billion of committed but yet uninvested capital, and we generally get paid fees when we invest that capital. It can have an impact, obviously, on valuations in real estate and in fixed income, and our fees are paid on valuations, so that can be a headwind. It can help us, though. So it makes fixed income assets in general more attractive on a relative value basis. So we've seen you know, good demand for our fixed income capabilities. And the other thing is on our private credit capabilities, those tend to be floating rates. So, you know, you can earn 10-plus percent on a private credit portfolio today, and that's attractive for investors on a relative value basis. But that's certainly a headwind that we have to face. I think what gives us – a couple things that give me confidence as we go into next year. One is that we have a – I think this was intentional as we built SLC. We have a very diversified platform. So our asset classes go from investment-grade fixed income, both on the public and private side, below investment-grade, both public and private, in fixed income, real estate equity, but also real estate debt, which is an important area for us, and it's particularly attractive to be a real estate lender in this market. We've got infrastructure, of course. So I think you see the diversity of SLC when you look at how our fundraising changes quarter to quarter. And I think that gives us confidence that while we have to deal, we're always going to have to deal with some headwinds and tailwinds in the market, that it should allow us to do that. The other thing that I'll say is that we've intentionally really managed what we call the affiliates, so BGO, Crescent, Infrared, separately during this interim period between our initial investment and the back end of those deals. We're approaching the back end of those deals. We internally refer to them as the put calls. As we do that, as we start to announce leadership opportunities, that will transcend the put call, I think we're going to start to think increasingly about, you know, what are synergies across the platform? What are dots we can connect across the platform? And I think those are going to be especially prevalent on the distribution side. And so I think that's going to help us turbocharge growth at the platform level. So I'll give you, you know, one quick stat. I think across the platform, we've got something like 1,300 institutional clients. only about 50 of those clients invest with us in more than one area across our platform. That number should be much higher. And I think as we start to really try to connect those dots, we're going to see that help us as well.
Lamar Prasad
The bottom line, you feel like you can still deliver on this, even if rates don't really move into 2025, just given the puts and takes, is that kind of the bottom line?
Steve
Yeah, I'll say it a different way. I don't think our ability to achieve that, to hit that target, is dependent upon rates falling. I hope they do. It'll make things easier for us, but I think we can work through it if they don't fall from there.
Lamar Prasad
Okay, I appreciate it. Then my second question is on the expectation for dental earnings in 2024. So $6 million this quarter and a weak Q2, so stay somewhat in line with that. But then What happens in the back half of the year? Is it just a gradual build to get into that kind of $25 million a quarter in 2025? I'm just trying to figure out how to model this for the remainder of the year, just given all the moving parts, the redeterminations, the repricing on Dentiquest, and premiums from 2023 sales coming online. So any help there would be helpful.
Kevin
Yeah, I don't think we can give specifics quarter by quarter, but generally we would expect the results to start getting significantly better in the third and especially the fourth quarters. And that relates to the timing of the rate increases. So we have three very large contracts yet to have their rates reset. One is on 7-1, one is on 9-1, and one is on 10-1. So that affects you know, the way we think about it. In addition, we have other initiatives, expense initiatives, claim management initiatives that are coming into play as well. Many of those are playing out in May and June, so that would actually start to help us in the third quarter. But we would expect, you know, meaningful improvement in the third and especially the fourth quarter.
Lamar Prasad
Thanks for that, guys.
Operator
The next question is from Nigel D'Souza with Veritas Investment Research. Your line is open.
Nigel D'Souza
Good morning. Thank you for taking my question. I wanted to first follow up and clarify on less favorable U.S. morbidity experience for soft loss. I just want to confirm, if I understand it correctly, the utilization rates that normalize to pre-pandemic levels I think I heard you say that was driven by a resolution of capacity issues. Just want to confirm if that's correct. And, of course, the implication there is that we're now at, I guess, the normal one rate for more busy experience for that business. Is that the way you would think about it?
Kevin
Well, the first part of what you said is what we said, absolutely. We've seen provider capacity, and that's largely been a staffing issue. recover to pre-pandemic levels, or at least very close to pre-pandemic levels. And we've seen utilization move in concert with that. It seems to be stabilizing, and this is based on external data. The way I would think about that for our business is we've seen the morbidity, which had been, you know, favorable beyond our expectations, return back close to where we would expect them to be. Not quite where we'd expect them to be, but close to that level. So we still are generating favorable margins and favorable to our pricing, but certainly not as favorable as in the past. I'm not sure we can predict precisely what the morbidity will be each quarter. Remember, there is some volatility in this as well. but certainly we're close to the pre-pandemic levels at this point.
Kevin
Great, and then I guess we'll... Sorry, Nigel. Sorry, it's Kevin. I would just add that, you know, like all of our businesses, and especially if you think about health and risk solutions, the stop-loss business in the U.S., given the investments we've made, we expect that business to grow top line and bottom line alongside of it. So as Dan talks about the margins coming back in, we still expect growth in that business overall for the long term because we really have a unique position there versus our competitors.
Nigel D'Souza
Got it. That makes sense. And I think where we're going with this is, you know, when you look at your experience gains last year, it was about $300 million favorable. And trying to think through what makes up for that shortfall if, you know, assuming the experience is more neutral this year. I think you could point to growth in Asia, higher CSM energization, you know, sunlight facet management delivering. higher underlying income as well. But I was wondering if you could touch on another component, the investment earnings and earnings on surplus. What are your outlook for that this year? The growth this quarter was relatively soft, despite pretty constructive financial market conditions to start the year. So, any color there would be helpful.
Tim
Hi, Nigel. It's Tim. I can take the question on the earnings on surplus. You'll see in our disclosures, we break that into three components. We have what we call core investment income, and that's really from the portfolio that's backing our surplus, and that's predominantly in fixed income like securities. And so you see a nice uptick from year over year and even quarter over quarter, and that's really because of the higher yields that we're generating on that portfolio given the current environment. but there's a couple other pieces that are a little bit more variable the the second one being the realized gains on losses that are realized on the fair value to oci securities in last year we had strong gains particularly in canada on that portfolio we had modest gains this quarter we had slight losses last last quarter so that bounces around a little bit and that's really dependent on uh rate environment in terms of what's the accumulated unrealized gain or last balance in that portfolio and then finally The last item, which we described as other, really has mark-to-market components from derivatives and other hedging activities, and that bounces around a little bit, but it's not a material. So overall, you've seen healthy earnings on surplus, and offsetting all of that, we have interest on debt, and that's come down a bit just because we've had some repayments of some of our financing. So healthy portfolio, mostly fixed income, will be rate-dependent.
Nigel D'Souza
Anything on investment? Yeah.
spk02
Yeah. Hi, Nigel. It's Randy. I'll address, I think, what you're getting at here is credit. I think Kevin Morrissey covered, in a sense, overall credit experience overall was positive for the quarter, the actual experience being less than what's assumed in the assumption, what's used in the assumptions for liabilities. We did, however, see three impairments that I would say are not systemic, but rather specific liquidity issues that all three began during COVID and then just manifested over time. So having, you know, literally thousands of credits, not unexpected to have a couple to hit issues at any given time. Net migrations were flat. ECL was lower than in prior quarters. So You know, you did see lumpiness by business group, but we manage on a global basis and globally the diversified portfolio is performing as expected.
Nigel D'Souza
Okay, that's helpful. Thank you.
Operator
We have a follow-up question from Manny Grauman with Scotiabank. Your line is open.
Manny Grohman
Hi, thanks for taking the follow-up. Just wanted to follow up on Mario's question. Just ask, is there any reason to believe that you won't be able to hit an 18% ROE for the remainder of the year? It sounds like dental redemptions are too small to push you off track on that, but just wanted to get your thoughts on that, connecting it to the ROE.
Kevin
Well, our ROE is 18% as a median. Sorry, there's feedback there. Is a medium-term objective, and we still feel confident that we'll deliver on that. I think I addressed the earnings, and you can figure out the ROE from the earnings sort of comments. As we said earlier, we think DentaQuest will have a more difficult year and will grow more slowly, but the other pieces were sort of more negative volatility that we would normally see and were specific to the quarter. Thanks, Kevin.
Operator
We have no further questions at this time, and I will turn things back over to Mr. Garg.
Garg
Thank you, operator. This concludes today's call. A replay of the call will be available on the investor relations section of our website. Thank you, everybody, and have a great day.
Operator
This brings to an end today's conference call. You may disconnect your lines. Thank you for participating, and have a pleasant day.
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