S&P Global Inc.

Good morning and welcome to S&P Global's third quarter 2019 earnings conference call. I'd like to inform you that this call is being recorded for broadcast. All participants are in a listen-only mode. We will open the conference to questions and answers after the presentation and instructions will follow at that time. To access the webcast and slides, go to investor.spglobal.com. If you need any additional technical assistance, please press star zero and I will assist you momentarily. I would now like to introduce Mr. Chip Merritt, Senior Vice President of Investor Relations for S&P Global. Sir, you may begin.

Thank you, and good morning. Welcome to S&P Global's third quarter earnings call. Presenting on this morning's call are Doug Peterson, President and CEO, and Adolph Steenbergen, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. This morning we issued a news release with our third quarter 2019 results. If you need a copy of the release and financial schedules, they can be downloaded at investor.spglobal.com. In today's earnings release and during the conference call, we're providing adjusted financial information. This information is provided to enable investors to make meaningful comparisons of the corporation's operating performance between periods and to view the corporation's business from the same perspective as management's. The earnings release contains exhibits that reconcile the difference between non-GAAP measures, and the comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with US GAAP. Before I begin, I need to provide certain cautionary remarks about forward-looking statements. Except for historical information, the matters discussed in the teleconference may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including projections, estimates, and descriptions of future events. Any such statements are based on current expectations and current economic conditions and are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from results anticipated in these forward-looking statements. In this regard, we direct listeners to our cautionary statements contained in our Form 10-Ks, 10-Qs, and other periodic reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. I would also like to call your attention to European regulation. Any investor who has or expects to obtain ownership of 5% or more of S&P Global should give me a call to better understand the impact of this legislation on the investor and potentially the company. We're aware that we do have some media representatives with us on the call. However, this call is intended for investors and would ask a question from the media be directed to Jason Forshwanger at 212-438-1247. At this time, I'd like to turn the call over to Doug Peterson. Doug?

Thank you, Chip. Good morning and welcome to today's earnings call. We're pleased to report very strong third quarter financial results with all four divisions delivering revenue growth. We continue to generate significant margin improvement due to top-line growth in the ongoing execution of our productivity programs, and this margin improvement is occurring despite the increase in investment spending. During the third quarter, we delivered a 16% increase in adjusted diluted EPS, Based on this performance and our expectations for the rest of the year, we're raising our 2019 adjusted EPS guidance, which Aval will discuss in a moment. Share repurchases are an important component of capital return, and we recently completed our $500 million ASR initiated in August. And, of course, we're always excited to talk about our new products. We recently launched unique technology innovations, including textual data analytics, Kensho Scribe, and several ESG-related offerings. I'll cover these in more detail in a moment. To recap the financial results for the third quarter, revenue increased 9% to almost $1.7 billion. Organic revenue, excluding revenue from the divestment of SPIAs and RIC data, increased 10%. Our adjusted operating profit increased 14%, and our adjusted operating profit margin increased 230 basis points to 51.9%. As you know, we measure and track adjusted margin on a trailing four-quarter basis, which increased 200 basis points to 50.1%. In addition, we reduced shares outstanding by 3%, which contributed to the 16% increase in adjusted diluted EPS. Each quarter, we highlight the key drivers to our business and important projects underway. This quarter, let's start with ratings issuance trends. During the third quarter, global bond issuance increased 12%, with mixed performance in various geographies and asset classes. We also include bank loan ratings volume. Total global issuance increased 14%. U.S. bond issuances in aggregate increased 16% as investment grade increased 33%. High yield vaulted 43%. Public finance increased 15%, while structured finance decreased 11% with a large decline in CLOs partially offset by gains in RMBS and ABS. Investors frequently assume that lower interest rates drive increased issuance. That certainly was not the case in Europe this quarter. Despite historically low rates, European bond issuance decreased 7% as investment grade decreased 10%, high-yield soared 61%, and structured finance decreased 20% due to declines in CLOs, covered bonds, and RMBS partially offset by gains in ABS and CMBS. In Asia, bond issuance increased 24% overall. On the fourth quarter 2018 earnings call, we introduced this chart to track debt issuance and global cash balances of the 50 companies with the most overseas cash at the end of 2017. As you see on this slide, the cash balances of these companies have stabilized while bond issuance among these companies is rebounding compared to an anemic 2018. There have been 15 unique issuers that have come to market this year so far. Even Apple returned to the market, issuing $7 billion of bonds in September. Our latest global bond issuance forecast includes an update for 2019 and the initial 2020 forecast. Excluding international public finance, which has minimal impact on our financial results, We now forecast 2019 issuance to increase 9%. This is up from our previous forecast of a 1% increase. This change was driven primarily by an increase in corporate issuance. On that same basis, 2020 issuance is expected to increase 5% with growth in each issuance category. After year-over-year declines in bank loan rating activity in the first half of 2019, Bank loan rating revenue increased in the third quarter to $80 million from $73 million in the third quarter of 2018. We're frequently asked by investors if maturities have lengthened as corporate treasurers seek to stretch low interest rates further into the future. This chart depicts average U.S. bond maturities for the past 19 years. While investment-grade maturities have lengthened slightly in the past year, Both investment grade and high yield average maturities have been virtually unchanged since 2010. During our 2018 Investor Day, we introduced the framework Powering the Markets of the Future, including six foundational capabilities. We use this framework to set our goals and allocate resources. I'm pleased to share great progress on a number of the new initiatives in our areas of global, customer orientation, innovation, and technology. Kensho has created a new product called Scribe. It's a speech recognition solution that transcribes earnings conference calls. Using deep learning techniques, Scribe parsed thousands of hours of audio files from market intelligence archives to develop its capabilities. It essentially teaches itself to become more accurate. Scribe's capabilities enable complexities like enumeration, capitalization, and identification of sentences. Market Intelligence produces approximately 33,000 conference call transcripts each year. We recently put Scribe into production. It produced more than 2,000 calls in the third quarter, and we're ramping it up to transform our transcription business. Scribe is capable of handling 100 concurrent conference calls without any degradation in quality. There are several benefits to Scribe. First is productivity, with an average time savings of 1.25 hours per call. Second is improved accuracy. Scribe is considerably more accurate than the leading transcription services that we have tested. And third is reduction in turnaround time of approximately 15 minutes per one-hour call. This means that the complete conference call is available to our market intelligence clients sooner, 83 minutes versus 97 minutes. While investors have used earnings call transcripts as a reference for many years, Market Intelligence has launched a new product to glean additional insights from conference calls. The product is called Textual Data Analytics, or TDA. We've published two papers which provide empirical evidence that the stock price of companies whose executives exhibited the most positive sentiment or provided the most transparency during their earnings calls outperformed the broad U.S. equity market by at least 2% per year between 2010 and 2017. Our analysis shows that the textual analytics derived from earnings calls, such as positive versus negative words, language complexity, analysts selected for Q&A, et cetera, provide additional stock selection power. PDA provides intraday delivery covering more than 9,000 companies with 40 different metrics on each call. We've included an example of textual data analytics for a major U.S. bank versus its peers on their third quarter earnings call held earlier this month. This slide depicts the scores for five of the 40 metrics. Net positivity calculates the difference between positive and negative words. Here the bank scored worse than its peers. Numerical transparency evaluates the proportion of numbers versus words. The bank provided a higher level of transparency by using more numbers than its peers to show rather than use words to tell. Language complexity was lower for the bank. Conference calls with more complex language are generally associated with either poor results or other negative issues. Analyst favoritism assesses which analysts had buy, hold, or sell ratings and which were selected to ask questions. The bank here showed less favoritism than its peers by including more analysts who were bearish. Sentiment differential analyzes the difference between the net positivity score and the prepared remarks versus the Q&A session. Here, the bank sentiment differential is more negative during the Q&A responses relative to the prepared remarks than its peers. There are several other interesting new product launches underway. Over the past five years, Platts has seen significant expansion of our coverage of seaborne freight rates. The team covers tanker, dry bulk, and container freight markets, which are used in physical contracts and as a settlement basis for forward freight agreement derivative contracts. The latest addition is the CAPE T4 index for dry freight rates. The Platts CAPE T4 index is based on trade flow volume and captures the movement of widely consumed commodities such as iron ore and coal to highlight physical spot market trading activity. Next, in advance of the implementation of the 0.5 sulfur cap by the International Maritime Organization or IMO in January 2020, the ICE and CME exchanges launched a total of more than a dozen new marine fuel 0.5% futures contracts that settle against price assessments recently launched by Platts. TrueCost has launched climate and physical risk analytics, a combination of voluntary initiatives such as TCFD and regulations in certain countries are driving investor demand for increasingly sophisticated portfolio-level climate analytics covering all asset classes. Climate risk analytics adds new scenario analysis around two principal areas. The first is carbon, where true cost data helps evaluate the earnings at risk from future carbon pricing scenarios. The second is a two-degree alignment assessment. Since portfolios are not homogeneously exposed to carbon price risk, it's necessary to better understand the individual portfolio variations from a two-degree scenario. In addition, true cost climate change physical risk data set helps companies and investors understand their exposure to physical risks and report in line with TCFD recommendations. Our coverage extends to more than 15,000 companies and includes six climate change physical risk indicators, including heat waves, cold waves, droughts, hurricanes, wildfires, and river and coastal flooding. And last is the upcoming launch of e-mini S&P 500 ESG futures at CME. We highlighted the creation of this index on our first quarter earnings call. It's great to see that so soon after its introduction, a new futures contract is already being launched, utilizing the S&P 500 ESG index as its benchmark. Now I'd like to turn the call over to Avout Steenbergen, who is going to provide additional insights into our financial performance and our outlook.

Avout? Avout Steenbergen Thank you, Doug, and good morning to all of you on the call. Let me start with our third quarter financial results. They covered the highlights of strong revenue and adjusted earnings per share growth. I will take a moment to cover a few other items. While reported revenue increased 9%, organic revenue increased 10%. Adjusted operating profit margin improved to 230 basis points based on strong revenue growth and ongoing productivity programs. partially offset by the impact of increased investment in growth initiatives. Interest expense decreased 16% due to a reduction of FIN48 interest accruals associated with tax audits and increased foreign interest income. Shareware purchases continue to be an important element of our capital return program. These actions resulted in a 3% decline in our diluted weighted average shares outstanding. We recently completed our August $500 million ASR, and in October, we have been repurchasing shares in the open market through a 10b51 program. We expect to continue to repurchase shares through this 10b51 during the fourth quarter. Stock options associated with 125,000 shares were exercised during the third quarter. This resulted in a stock-based compensation tax benefit on EPS of two cents. Year-to-date stock option activity is running well ahead of last year. However, as the number of employee stock options continues to decline, we expect a reduction in the tax benefit generated by stock option exercises. During the quarter, changes in foreign exchange rates had a negligible impact on adjusted EPS. The only meaningful impact was on ratings revenue, primarily due to the weakening of the euro and the British pound. There were three non-GAAP adjustments this quarter that collectively generated a pre-tax gain, $49 million from gains on divestments of RIC data and SPIAs, $6 million in Kensho retention-related expenses, and $29 million in deal-related amortization. This is a slide that we shared at our Investor Day in May 2018. It depicts a framework that we outlined to show the areas where we most impact shareholder value. The first two require investments. We need to continue to invest to fuel revenue momentum with product innovations, new technology, new data sets, and outreach to new customers in new geographies. We have made great progress delivering EBITDA enhancement, and we continue to fund new organic opportunities to drive additional productivity gains. Driving financial leverage involves optimizing interest costs, reducing shares outstanding, and optimizing the tax rate. And finally, we want to return capital to shareholders while maintaining flexible debt capacity. We're committed to returning at least 75% of annual free cash flow to shareholders each year. This quarter, all four divisions delivered revenue growth with ratings and indices delivering double-digit gains. On a trailing four-quarter basis, adjusted operating profit margin increased for all four divisions. However, during the third quarter, market intelligence did not improve this metric, with investment spending increasing year over year as planned. I'll provide color on the individual business results in a moment. Now turning to the balance sheet. Cash and cash equivalents increased slightly to $2 billion versus the end of 2018. Our adjusted growth leverage to adjusted EBITDA was 1.9 times, remaining within our targeted range of 1.75 to 2.25 times. On an unadjusted basis, our gross debt to EBITDA leverage multiple decreased to 1.1 times based on EBITDA growth in the first nine months of 2019. Free cash flow, excluding certain items, increased $243 million to $1,647,000,000 in the first nine months of this year. Share repurchases totaled $500 million in the third quarter through an ASR that was initiated in August. In addition, $140 million of dividends were paid during the quarter. Now let's turn to the division results, starting with ratings. Ratings revenue increased 13% and excluding the impact of Forex was up 14%, consistent with the increase in issuance that Doug already discussed. Adjusted expenses increased 4%, resulting in a 19% increase in adjusted segment operating profit and a 340 basis point increase in adjusted segment operating profit margin. On a trailing four-quarter basis, adjusted segment operating profit margin increased 80 basis points to 56.7%. Non-transaction revenue increased 2%, primarily due to fees associated with surveillance and new entity ratings, partially offset by rating evaluation service and changes in foreign exchange rates. Excluding the impact of Forex, non-transaction revenue grew 3%. Transaction revenue increased 25% due to very strong debt rating activity particularly in high yield and increased bank loan rating activity. This slide depicts ratings revenue by its end markets. The largest contributor to the increase in ratings revenue was the 22% increase in corporates. In addition, financial services revenue was unchanged. Structured finance declined 8%. Governments increased 25%, and the Crystal and other category increased 5%. This includes an increase in intersegment royalties from market intelligence and an increase in Crystal's dollar-denominated revenue. In addition, we have added a new disclosure this quarter with a revenue breakdown of the individual products within Structured. SC stands for Structured Credit, and is primarily made up of CLOs. ABS and structured credit are the largest revenue categories. Returning to S&P Dow Jones indices, the segment delivered 14% revenue growth with gains in each category. In the third quarter, we reported 5% adjusted expense growth, 19% adjusted segment operating profit growth, an adjusted segment operating profit margin of 70.1%, an increase of 280 basis points. On a trailing four-quarter basis, the adjusted segment operating profit margin increased 160 basis points to 69.1%. Revenue in the various categories was up during the quarter. Asset-linked fees increased 17%, due primarily to AUM growth in ETFs and strong growth in mutual funds, as well as the purchase of certain intellectual property rights. Exchange-traded derivative revenue increased 12% on an increase in exchange-traded derivative activity. Data and customs subscriptions increased 9%, but recall that a year ago we reported a catch-up in real-time reporting that caused a difficult comparison. For our indices division, over the past year, ETF net inflows were $47 billion, and market depreciation was $3 billion. This resulted in quarter-ending ETF AUM of $1.55 trillion, which is 3% higher compared to one year ago. I want to make a clear distinction between average AUM and quarter ending AUM. Our revenue is based on average AUM, which increased 5% year over year. We disclose quarter ending figures because flows and market gains and losses are best depicted using quarter end figures as shown in the waterfall chart on the right. Sequentially, versus the second quarter of 2019, ETF net inflows associated with our indices totaled $23 billion, while market depreciation totaled $12 billion. Industry inflows into exchange-traded funds were $106 billion in the third quarter, with the majority going into fixed income and global equity products. flows into U.S. equity funds were $34 billion. This was an excellent quarter for exchange-traded derivative volume, with key indicators generally exhibiting large increases in volume. S&P 500 index options activity increased 6%. Fixed futures and options activity increased 22%. and activity at the CME Equity Complex increased 47%. Market Intelligence delivered 5% revenue growth, both on a reported and organic basis, as the revenue impact from the divestment of SPI-S was not material. Also, I want to call your attention to some recent success at Pangeva. We have recently signed several new customers among the largest new sales transactions since Pangeva was founded. We are creating value for our customers by adding Pangeva's unique data sets to a commercial operation with a much larger footprint in an environment where global trade data is increasingly important. Adjusted expenses increased 7% due to increased investment spending. Adjusted segment operating profit declined slightly, and the adjusted segment operating profit margin decreased 160 basis points to 34.3%. More importantly, on the trailing four-quarter basis, the division delivered a solid adjusted segment operating profit margin increase of 250 basis points to 35.2%. We have noted on the past few earnings goals that we planned on increasing investment spending in market intelligence in the second half of the year to support their expansion efforts in China, data marketplace, SME, ESG, and cloud. This increase in investment spending has impacted operating profit margins throughout 2019. Desktop revenue grew 5%, excluding acquisitions and divestments, while active desktop users grew 11%. While an improvement over last quarter, growth in this category has been slowing for the past few quarters due to several industry trends. Lower industry growth in the desktop category, a continued competitive environment, and evolving customer preference for desktop and data feeds. Data management solutions continue to exhibit strong growth with a gain of 8%. Credit-rich solutions grew 5%, facing a difficult comparison as the prior period included a timing benefit associated with a contract renewal that we noted on the third quarter conference call last year. And now turning to Platts. Steady revenue growth continued at Platts, increasing 4%. On an organic basis, adjusting for the sale of rig data in July, organic revenue increased 5%. Platts delivered a 4% increase in core subscriptions and a 16% increase in global trading services with increased trading volumes of fuel oil, gas oil, LNG, and iron ore. U.S. sanctions on Iran and Venezuela have had a modest impact on Plaid's revenue to date. Adjusted expenses increased 3%, leading to an adjusted segment operating profit margin of 50.7%, an improvement of 40 basis points. The trailing four-quarter adjusted segment operating profit margin increased 160 basis points to 49.6%. Power and gas delivered the largest rate of growth at 11%, primarily the result of increased adoption of our LNG benchmark, the JKM marker. Petrochemicals grew 8%, due mostly to growth in subscriptions. Metals and ag grew 7% thanks to increased iron ore derivative trading activity. Petroleum revenue increased 3%. Now, lastly, I would like to discuss our 2019 guidance. This slide depicts our GAAP guidance. Those items that changed are highlighted. Please keep in mind that our guidance reflects current spot market Forex rates. Now let me review the changes to our adjusted guidance. While we are not changing our revenue guidance of a mid-single-digit increase, we are expecting higher revenue. Corporate unallocated expense has been reduced by $10 million due to a reduction in professional fees. Operating profit margin has been increased by 50 basis points due to slightly higher revenue and better than anticipated expenses. The tax rate has been reduced by half a percent point with higher levels of stock option activity than initially anticipated. These items result in a 15 to 20 cent increase to our adjusted diluted EPS guidance range. Our expectations for free cash flow are approximately $2.3 billion, which is at the high end of the previous range. We continue to execute upon our enterprise initiatives, including our stepped-up investment in growth opportunities and our $100 million cost reduction program. An update will be provided on all of these programs during our fourth quarter earnings call. In conclusion, we expect 2019 to be another very successful year for the company as we continue to deliver excellent near-term results while simultaneously building for the future. With that, let me turn the call back over to Chip for your questions.

Thank you, Eval. Just a couple of instructions for our phone participants. To indicate that you wish to ask a question, press star 1 and record your name. To cancel or withdraw your question, simply press star 2. Please limit yourself to two questions. That's two questions each in order to allow time for other callers during today's Q&A session. If you've been listening through a speakerphone but would like to now ask a question, we ask that you lift your handset prior to pressing star 1 and remain on the handset until the question has been answered. This will ensure better sound quality. Operator, we now take our first question.

Thank you. This question comes from Manav Potnik with Barclays. You may ask your question.

Thank you. Good morning, gentlemen. My first question is just broadly around issuance. Obviously, some 5% forecast for next year is good, but I was hoping you could address a little bit, you know, the recent press around inflated bond ratings, and maybe the question is around your expectations for default rates and so forth next year.

Great. Thanks, Manav. This is Doug. Well, first of all, just to talk a second about ratings issuance in the last quarter, there was it was incredibly volatile across different asset classes. You might have seen in the numbers we prepared, you can see that the corporates in the U.S. was up 66%, but financial services was down 2.3%. Financial services in Europe was down 17%. Structured finance was mixed also around the globe. You had like ABS was up 6.6%, while structured credit was down 4.6%. So some of those trends, as we look into, 2020, as you see, we've estimated that issuance is going to be up about 4.7%, 4.8%. That's being driven by a combination of factors, including the pipeline of maturities that's coming out. So we see that there's going to be a maturity schedule of debt. We always look carefully at that. Zero interest rates overall. Economic growth, we're looking at to see how that's going to factor in. We are also seeing that there are a lot of M&A activity that's going to be coming through. There's been structured credit, which is going to be refinanced, et cetera. So we've put all of those into place to analyze where we're going to look at for 2020 issuance. But let me address some of the concerns that you raised as well about the debt markets overall. First of all, let me just say that we stand behind our credit ratings. We have been uh... making changes since uh... two thousand ten two thousand eleven we have been become a regulated around the world there's actually twenty four different jurisdictions were regulated and that includes uh... one of those jurisdictions covers twenty eight countries soon to be twenty seven and some very robust regulatory system around the globe it's it's based on a set of principles that eliminate conflict of interest minimize conflict of interest other segregation of duties We have an independent oversight. We have independent boards around the world overseeing, working with us to ensure that we are meeting the requirements of the different regulatory areas. There's also inspections, enforcement actions. So we've seen a very robust regulatory system put in place around the world. And since the financial crisis at S&P, we've systematically reviewed and tested all of our criteria, and we've updated many of those, including financial institutions, structured finance, Corporates, most of those have increased levels of the amount of collateral or the approach to how we think about the coverage ratios and things like that. And so throughout that period, we've done a lot of very, very heavy lifting along with the regulators themselves to ensure that the ratings system overall globally is very robust and has really strong independent oversight. But let me talk a little bit about the current situation of the global debt markets. I would say that we're concerned but not alarmed. I don't know if that distinction makes sense to you. We now have a decade of very low interest rates and in Europe even zero interest rates with expectations that demographics and other factors are going to keep interest rates very low for a long time. And so that's led to a lot of issuance of debt around the world so that the debt levels have actually increased. And you can see that from the evidence of some of our ratings themselves. There's fewer AAA sovereigns around the world. There's only two corporate AAAs left. The overall distribution of ratings across the entire rating scale, the distribution is changed a lot. There's a much, much higher percentage of BBB ratings than there were in the past. In fact, it's almost about 40% of the corporate ratings are now BBB as opposed to a center of gravity that used to be a little bit more towards the single A level. In addition, there's been a lot of increase in the B- rating category, which, as you know, that's a very speculative grade. And there's been a very large increase in that. In fact, the number of single B- credits is back up to the same level around 2009. So as I said, we're seeing a lot of issues that we would consider to create what I'd call some concern in the markets, and we've been raising those concerns through – research we've been publishing. Last year, at the end of the year, we published a paper about when the credit cycle turns, BBB downgrade risks may be overstated. It's a very thorough review of the overall BBB market. Again, in May, we looked at a whole new study of the BBB market. That was on May 29th. And then recently, we looked at why are companies moving to the BBB level? Was that something that management decided themselves, or was this spurred by the downgrades themselves. And it's interesting because about two-thirds of people that move from the single A range to the triple B range are actually management actions themselves, whether it's an M&A transaction or it's some kind of a reason that management is going to take on additional debt for investment and lower their overall debt levels. Anyway, we're watching this very carefully. We're aware that there's a lot of a discussion going on the markets around the ratings industry, and we're very confident that we have put in place an excellent system of controls across the company, high-quality criteria, high-quality people, and we're also watching very carefully as the credit markets start seeing changes.

Got it. That's super helpful. And then just for my second question, Ava, for the moderating desktop growth, I think you – Call that one of the reasons as, you know, the preference for desktop plus data feeds. And I was hoping you could just elaborate a little bit on that in terms of if anything has, you know, markedly changed or is the competitive environment just, you know, more challenging there.

Good morning, Manav. If we look at our desktop, we are still looking at our growth as the fastest growth overall in the desktop industry. quarter that we expect mid single digit growth in the desktop for market intelligence. And that's still what is our best expectation at this point in time. And then you see that active users of our desktop products are still increased period over period by low teens kind of levels. So why do we see this kind of level of growth in the desktop? I think that has to do with a couple of reasons. It has always been a competitive environment, so to some extent that's not so much different than what we have seen in the past. But certainly there are changes in customer preferences in terms of the delivery mechanism of data. So we see more and more customers that want to have certain specific data sets through data feeds, which you can take in to their data science groups, combine it with their own data sets, and then deliver certain insights and take certain decisions out of that. So for us, it doesn't matter so much in which form customers would like to receive our data. In the end, the desktop is just, in the end, a delivery mechanism. And we see our data feeds business growing in a very rapid way. So therefore, if we look at our data feeds business, our best expectation of growth in the future will be high single digits to low teens for most of the quarters.

Got it. Thank you, guys. Thanks, Manav.

The next question comes from Michael Cho with J.P. Morgan. You may ask your question.

Hi. Good morning. Thanks for taking my question. I just want to stay on the market intelligence segment for a minute. I appreciate the color on the ongoing investment and margin, what's in place there. Maybe it's a good time to maybe provide a reminder or comment about how you think about incremental margins in that segment.

Yeah, Michael, good morning. At the beginning of this year, during our first quarter earnings call, we said that margin expectations for market intelligence were should be more or less at the level of the reported margins in the first quarter going forward. And that has to do with two offsetting developments. On the one hand, the growth of the business, the operating leverage, which will drive the margins naturally up by itself, and then offset by very specific investments, investment programs, and some of those initiatives that we expect to help future growth. of the company. And when we speak about the 100 million investment program overall, about half of those investments are going to market intelligence. So that is obviously depressing a bit margins at the same time. So the two factors are offsetting, and therefore we said that expect margins to stay more or less at that level of the first quarter. And that is also basically what you have seen during the second and the third quarter. So going forward, we would say that probably the same expectations should continue. Margins in market intelligence to stay more or less at this level may be slightly creeping up. I don't want to be too much ahead of ourselves and be too premature with respect to our 2020 guidance. But overall, we expect that we will have several initiatives where it makes sense to put new investments behind because, again, these investments make sense for future growth and value creation for our shareholders. So therefore, a similar trend of what you have seen so far this year is probably the best expectation for market intelligence in the near future.

Okay, understood. Thanks. Just on staying with market intelligence, you talked about the desktop business and kind of mid-single-digit growth in the medium term, and I think I heard you reference the the desktop is a delivery mechanism of data a couple of times now. I mean, if I think about the mid-single digit growth, I mean, how should we frame or think about the components of that mid-single digit?

Yeah, I think the components is a bit tricky to give you all the details because we have never been speaking so much about that so far. But let me help you with a couple of pieces of information that is hopefully useful for you. So when you look at our overall strategy for market intelligence and the desktop, our strategy is focused about delivering better content, more data, higher quality data, alternative data, better linking, a better search engine, and then we have our enterprise approach which is the enterprise-wide contracts where we want to stimulate as much users to go on our platform. So there is a fixed price per customer, and they can have as many users on the platform as they want. Therefore, seeing more active users, and therefore we see that going up, as we reported this quarter, 11%, but this has been more or less in the low double digit for the last multiple quarters. So if you take that into account, we get a better product period after period. And the combination of that strategy, if you look at the annualized contract value of our customers, we see a healthy growth. And that gives us the confidence that we would be able to grow our desktop revenue in the future at the mid-single-digit level. The other point that I would like to highlight is, our aspirational margin guidance for market intelligence. We have set that as mid to high 30s. So that is the guidance that we want to provide over time where we think the margins will go for market intelligence.

Perfect. Thank you.

The next question comes from Tony Kaplan from Morgan Stanley. Your line is now open.

Thank you. Good morning. Could you talk a little bit more about the strong ratings margin expansion in the quarter? Was it driven by a greater mix of higher margin products, or did you take more price than normal? And how sustainable is the level of margin going forward in ratings? Would you consider raising your medium-term ratings margin target from the 550s?

Good morning, Tony. This is Ewald. Thank you for recognizing the strong results in ratings. Obviously, we are also very pleased with the progress we are making. The improvement in margins in ratings has been basically a continued trend over the last period. And you have, in fact, seen that in periods where the debt issuance market was a bit weaker at the end of last year, the beginning of this year, our margins were still developing in a favorable way And now we can continue on that also when the issuance markets look more favorable. Overall ratings margins on the trailing four quarter basis were at the level of 56.7%. So according to our standards, we're not really at the level of our aspirational margin targets of high 50s. So I have a bit of room still there to grow. And how do we expect that growth to happen in the future? Continued revenue growth, which is a combination of new issuance, refinancings, of course, commercial contract changes, new initiatives that we put in place in ratings. Think about the ESG evaluations. Think about our launch of rating activities in other countries around the world. And then there is also continued work around making the ratings organization more effective. taking complexity out, taking layers of the organization out, and making it more an effective organization. So overall expenses going up 4% this quarter and the top line going up 13% I think is clearly a very good combination, and that is helping margins. But you should expect basically the same trends, the same activities, the same management actions to continue in the future.

Great. And then international index revenue is very strong in the corridor. I guess, what are the largest drivers there? And can you provide any additional color on the international opportunity and the potential to make some inroads versus your largest competitor in that market? Thank you.

Sorry, Tony. I missed which segments were you referring to? Index, but specifically with regard to international. The international strategy for index is not so much change of what we have said in the past. As you know, our business is largely tailored around US equities, where we hold some of the largest benchmarks. But then we are growing our international business in many different ways, mostly through relationships with exchanges around the world. And there are several of those in Canada, in Australia, and in many other markets. That's the way how we're trying to grow our international business. So there's nothing particularly here to call out with respect to what was a driver. This is the same strategy that we have been applying over the last period.

Thank you.

Thanks, Tony.

The next question comes from Alex Cram from UBS. Your line is now open.

Hey, good morning, everyone. Just coming back to the issuance forecast for 2020, thanks for including that again. I know it's an early look, but two quick ones here. One, can you actually break it down by buckets what the different growth rates are for corporate versus structured, et cetera? I don't think you mentioned that. And then more importantly, if I look at mid-single digits or 5% growth for next year in issuance, considering some of the pricing that you typically pick up, that would probably push ratings, revenue growth in the high single digits. I know this is not a guidance call, and you usually don't talk about ratings guidance specifically, but, you know, anything where that may not be the case that plays out, what would be the other factors to think about?

Yeah, so the second part of your question we're going to address in our next earnings call, so the full year, fourth quarter call, we're going to talk about, give some outlook for 2020. But going back to the first part of your question, which relates to our issuance, let me give you some of the numbers then. So for 2019, I'm going to give you 2019 and 2020. So for corporates, we see that by the end of the year, the corporate issuance should have gone up by about 17%. And then in 2020, up 6%. Financial services up 6% this year. And our forecast for 2020 is up 3.5%. Structured finance will end this year at about 2% up, and next year we're looking at 5% up. And then U.S. public finance is 6.2% for this year and 2% for next year. And that gives you total numbers of about 9.4% for 2019 and 4.7% for 2020. And as I said before, this is based on a on a deep review and research by our credit research team in ratings that look across many different factors. They look at all the different markets. They look at interest rates. They look at maturities coming up. They look at the M&A market. They look at what's out in bridge loans, et cetera, et cetera. So this is right now their best forecast at this point in time.

Right, fair enough. And then just secondly, quick one, you were pretty quiet on China in your prepared remarks in terms of the domestic opportunity. I think last time you talked about how active you were over the summer engaging with potential new corporates to get a listing. I guess I would have expected a little bit more action heading into the fall. So just curious what's been happening over there.

Yes. So China is still a super high priority for us. Very exciting. We still have a lot of people visiting and our launch has been going very, very well. But because building a market like this from scratch, it's going to take time. And as you've heard us say in the past calls, this is a three to five to 10 year kind of initiative. We are in this for the long run. And so since last quarter, we've been holding hundreds of meetings, educating market participants. We've been calling on all types of market participants to discuss ratings or methodologies or criteria, and we do see a very active pipeline building. In addition to that, we've also launched our market intelligence business, and we've added full coverage of the Chinese public and private bond issuers with profiles and financials. This market has actually noticed that we've begun to add new customers in China for credit solutions, And so we're very pleased with the overall results. In addition to that, one of the factors which I personally watch very carefully is how are we doing hiring the right people? And we now have in place a new chief financial officer for our Chinese operations, a CTO. We've got a head of people. And so we've got the infrastructure in place now with really highly qualified people who are helping us build out the team and make sure we have the right kind of functionality in place. So more to come on China. We'll obviously keep reporting on it as as it progresses, but the progress in the third quarter was excellent, and I'm really, really pleased with the team we've built on ground and the market response that we've been getting.

Fair enough. Thank you.

Thanks.

Next question comes from Andrew Nicholas from William Blair. You may ask your question.

Hi, guys. Good morning. Looks like data management solutions slowed a bit. I think you called out a one-time item in the year-ago period, but Is there any additional color you could provide there? And then sticking with data management solutions, could you deconstruct the growth in the segment over the past couple of quarters? How much is coming from selling new data feeds to existing clients? How much is coming from existing clients maybe interested in data feeds for the first time? And then I guess that would leave how much is coming from new clients altogether?

Good morning, Andrew. When we look at data management solutions, there is nothing particular to call out with respect to the growth this quarter. It was 8% growth, as you have seen. This is always dancing around a little bit quarter by quarter based on specific transactions and deals that happened during the quarter itself. But we would look at this as normal volatility. As I said before, the expectation should be for the data feeds business growth over the next period, high single digits to low teens during most quarters. With respect to customers, that is a whole mix of new customers, existing customers, new data feeds. We're putting more and more data on our express feeds platform. You have seen some of that, for example, with respect to our transcript business, which used to be a static product. and has become now a data feed product where it's in machine-readable format. It has the links there. It has been tagged to certain keywords, for example, the analysts and then the analyst models or key individuals that are speaking to the call. We have Pangeva data on our feeds business, the SNL data on our feeds business. Dirk was speaking in his prepared remarks. about the sentiment scores around this. So we're adding more and more content on our data feeds business, and that is ultimately driving growth, both from existing customers and new customers.

Great. Thank you. And then sticking in market intelligence, international revenue has been growing quite fast and faster than U.S. revenue. And I think that dynamic was a bit pronounced this quarter. So I was hoping you could speak to what's driving that and then maybe which regions you're seeing the strongest growth in.

Yeah, that's a correct observation. We are growing internationally. We are doing that by growing our sales force around the world. And we see particularly growth in the EMEA region being very healthy as well as in Asia. That's, by the way, not only a trend for market intelligence. We see, for example, the same for our PLATS business. And we are very pleased with that because that's a result of a very explicit strategy we have as a company to grow faster outside of the U.S. and be able to take our fair share in terms of market position around the world. So, yeah, this is the result of very specific strategic actions we have taken in our businesses.

Great. Thank you.

Thank you, Andrew.

The next question comes from Christian Bolu with Autonomous. Your line is now open.

Good morning, guys. Just wanted to dig into monetization and customer demand for your ESG services. I guess now that you have done a number of ESG assessments, could you give a bit more color on monetization? How are you charging for an assessment? What is the fee based on? And then any sort of color on sort of pipeline or target number of assessments you want to achieve over the next sort of 12 to 24 months?

Thank you, Christian. This is Doug. Well, first of all, ESG products across the company are quite varied. As you know, we put in place a framework where last year I put in place a design team for ESG cutting across all of the divisions so that we could take advantage of this really big opportunity. By the way, just anecdotally, I was in the IMF meetings in Washington a couple weeks ago, and every single meeting that I had we talked about ESG. So just I know that's anecdotal, but it's a really booming area. And so across the company we have various ESG products. Today I talked about a few of those that we have with TrueCost, which is part of market intelligence. I also talked about one of the specific ESG products, indices we have with the S&P 500 ESG index that we now are going to be launching. CME is going to be launching a futures contract traded on that. So across the board, we're seeing a lot of growth in this, and we will give some more information about the overall outlook on our earnings call next quarter. But within the ratings product, the one you're specifically talking about, we've had three ratings, ESG ratings, ESG evaluations. from the ratings business which have been published, made public. The introductory pricing there is one that we're using as pilots with the clients that we've been meeting with, and we're going to be rolling out a different pricing schedule over time. But again, as I mentioned with our China discussion earlier, this is really a great opportunity for us to be rolling out new products and services which are in demand by the market with a long-term view. We're not just rushing into this in the next quarter, the next two quarters. This is a two- to three- to five-year initiative. We want to do it in the right way, and we're very, very pleased with the response that we've been getting and the hundreds of customers that we're meeting with that are asking for follow-up phone calls to learn more about the engagement. So more to come on this, but we're off to what we think is a very good start, and we're very enthusiastic about what we see.

Great, great. Thanks for a helpful caller. For my follow-up, Europe, you mentioned issuance trends remain weak in Europe, that's by low interest rates. Maybe some call on what you think is going on there. And then more importantly, as we look into sort of 2020 and beyond, kind of how do you think trends evolve there?

Yeah, the European markets, there's a couple of big trends going on. One of them obviously is very, very low interest rates. In fact, the rates there are now so low that even Greece had some negative rates in the last quarter. where you had the entire yield curve for a few markets. The German market and the French market a few weeks ago, the entire yield curve from overnight to 30 years was negative. And so there's a lot of questions about growth in Europe. There was a change going on in the ECB between Mario Draghi and coming in with Christine Lagarde. There's been some discussions that Christine Lagarde, although she's in the ECB, is somebody that's trying to talk about more stimulative changes fiscal policies and structural reform, which would potentially help drive some new growth in the markets. So I think that there's a combination of questions about how long interest rates are going to stay that low. You've got questions about some new policies that are going to be coming to market. You also have the Brexit, which has created some uncertainty. So when we speak with participants in the market, these are the sorts of factors which they will cite as to why issuance has been a little bit weak in Europe. But overall, though, it's still a critical market for us. We're well prepared to respond no matter what direction it goes. And we've also positioned ourselves for Brexit so that we're able to serve the markets no matter what direction Brexit goes by having opened a ratings headquarters in Dublin. So overall, we're very well prepared to respond whatever the direction goes. But there's definitely a lot of issues in Europe which have created some caution in the markets there.

Great. Thank you.

Thanks, Christian.

Next question comes from Bill Warmington from Wells Fargo. You may now ask your question.

Bill Warmington Good morning, everyone. So, first question for you, Platts. You know, 5% growth as expected. The question I have is, a couple of years ago, it was a high single digit, low double digit type grower, and the non-petroleum markets are actually growing at that level. You mentioned several new product launches underway, and I wanted to ask whether you thought there had been structural changes to the business or the end markets that are going to keep the business at the mid-single digits, or whether there's a possibility with the new product launches and changes in the market that you could see an acceleration of that growth back to the upper single-digit, low double-digit range.

David Chang Good morning, Bill. You're right that Platts is a very steady grower at the mid-single-digit level at this point in time. You see the core subscription business, the price reporting business, being very steady, growing every year at that level. That's, of course, the majority of the business, and historically also very much focused around oil, petrochemicals, gas, and all related products. But we are expanding very rapidly to new commodity categories, and we're very pleased with that. Metals, agriculture, we have been speaking about LNG. Also, renewables is, of course, a very important element. They are also around the ESG theme. So we're clearly expanding around new commodities, which will help with future growth in Platts. And then we're very pleased with the growth in global trading services, These are the products that are being developed with some of the exchanges around the world. Think about Singapore Exchange, think about ICE, and the product developments there are really having some traction and therefore good growth in global trading services. One key element that we believe is very relevant with respect to future growth of class as well is the fact that commodity trading desk in some of the large investment banks have been reduced heavily over the last few years. So when we will see more of those global trading desks around commodities coming back in some of the investment banking organizations, then we would expect to see a pickup in growth of Platts in the future. But the best expectation for the near future is probably very steady, predictable, mid-single-digit level growth for Platts.

Okay. And then for my second question on market intelligence, in the past, you've talked about that business by end market. And I think about half of it was non-Wall Street, buy side, sell side related. So historically, that's helped market intelligence buffer itself from some of the secular pressures on the sell side and buy side. And I just wanted to ask if we could get a little color in terms of how those two segments, the buy side, sell side, versus the non-Wall Street side, did and are doing.

We continue to be very pleased that we have such a well-diversified customer base in market intelligence. And, in fact, that's one of the reasons why we believe that we can continue to grow a bit above the industry kind of levels. So, We have buy-side, we have sell-side, and investment banking. We have a large customer group in corporate banking and insurance. We have general corporate. We have the academic world. So we are seeing still a very well-diversified group of customers. So we expect that to continue, and overall, therefore, we feel we are relatively well-insulated. against some of the specific trends, particularly on the buy side, as you have highlighted.

And then a parting comment for Chip. I'm looking forward to how you guys optimize your earnings calls going forward using the Kensho TDA technology.

That's a very good question.

Thanks, Bill.

Next question comes from Joseph Farisi from Cantor Fitzgerald. You want to ask your question?

Hi, this is Drew Koobman. I'm for Joe. I know you mentioned Scribe and TDA. I was just wondering if you could talk about some other areas where Kensho is contributing.

Absolutely, and we continue to be extremely excited about Kensho. Actually, we feel this year we have found a good operating mode, a good groove, so to say, in the collaboration between the businesses and Kensho. And there are many initiatives that are going on, and overall with a lot of enthusiasm within the organization. So just to mention a few, we have an initiative about completely revamping the market on clothes process in Platts, which is being done with help of Kensho, We have the continued work that's going on about data extraction and entity linking. There is work continuing around OmniSearch and improving of OmniSearch on the market intelligence platform. We have a product that is called Codex, which is able to analyze very large sets of written materials, documents, and being able to pull out the most important elements to analysts, which could be analysts in any industry and in any kind of job profile. We have work that's going on about what is called data operations at the surface, more fundamental data architectural work that is happening within the company, and there are many other examples as well. So we feel there is good progress with Kensho, and at the end of this year, during our fourth quarter burnish call, We will give you an update, particularly with respect to the value creation around Kensho, as we did also a year ago.

Great. And then just curious how the M&A pipeline looks.

Well, we are always looking at M&A. As you know, that is an additional opportunity to grow our top line. We are always very busy looking at many opportunities in the markets. But, you know, we have a very clear framework. We first look at those areas that we have predefined as strategically important for the company. So we're not looking at everything that's under the sun or that is brought forward by a banker. And then secondly, we have a very clear framework with respect to our capital approach and valuation metrics. So there's always multiple projects going on at the same time. This quarter, we had two very small acquisitions in Platts, which was the Life Rise Index and a Canadian energy business. But we will continue to look at opportunities. But, of course, you may expect us to continue to be very disciplined, both from the strategic angle as well as from the financial angle.

Perfect. Thank you.

Thanks, Drew.

The next question comes from Craig Huber. from Huber Research Partners. You may now ask your question.

Yes, good morning. I have two questions. The first one, can you just sort of bridge for us the strong 25% transaction ratings revenue growth you had versus, I think you said, 12% or so debt issuance growth globally, just with the gap there. It's obviously more than just 3% to 4% pricing, just the mix issues, et cetera, you could talk about and have a follow-up. Thank you.

Yeah, correct. The main reason here was that in high yield we saw very large growth. Most of those issuers in high yield are not on frequent issuer programs, and that is driving the transaction revenue more up than the overall issuance levels in the market. So that is the main reason why you see a discrepancy at this particular item.

Just to add one thing, the high yield overall globally was up almost 70%.

And then secondly, just staying with the ratings area, obviously for a number of years here, you guys have been very, very tight with costs there. This quarter, I think it was only up about 4%, maybe up low single digits through the nine months here, versus obviously like 12% or so revenue growth. Can you just talk about what you're able to do there on the cost front that's able to drive the margins so much here, and how much more is this sustainable going forward? Obviously, I guess IT is a good chunk of it, but if you just touch on that, thank you.

John Beresford and his team are continuing to look at opportunities to simplify the organization, make it more effective, introduce new technology tools to make sure that our credit rating analysts have to spend less time on data aggregation, updating their models and spreadsheets, and look more at the higher value-added part of their job, so more the judgmental part, that is part of the credit risk assessment. So that is helping the ratings business. At the same time, if you look at the expense growth this quarter versus last year, third quarter, it was up $20 million, mostly related to small movements here and there, particularly incentive compensation was a bit higher this quarter based on the strong performance. And then there were several elements that went in different directions, so nothing else particularly to call out. So we will just continue with the progress we are making, the same strategy, the same approach, and taking benefit of the operating leverage we have in our ATICS business.

Thank you.

Thanks, Craig.

The next question comes from George Tong from Goldman Sachs. You may now ask your question.

Hi, thanks. Good morning. I'm going to ask a question on your ratings business to follow up on the prior question. Your ratings revenue increased 13%, which was relatively in line with broader issuance volume growth. Can you discuss why ratings revenue didn't outperform broader issuance volumes, given the benefits from pricing, high yield, and infrequent issuers at S&P?

George, that's a bit of the opposite question that was just asked. Right. Again, you have to look at the differential between transaction and non-transaction revenue. And non-transaction revenue contains the surveillance fees. These are the issuers that are on frequent issuer programs. These are new entity ratings. This is some of the CRISL and other category. This is rating evaluation service. So this is a very steady part of the overall ratings revenue and you saw that going up 2% points in this particular period. And then if you look at the transaction revenue, which is really driven by transactions that are happening in the market, there we saw this very healthy growth of 25%, and that was in fact higher than the issuance in the market, and that was driven by what I just explained, that most of the high-yield issuers are not on frequent issuer programs. You have to go one or two layers deeper in terms of granularity to really look at the underlying dynamics and drivers and see what are all the different components of our ratings revenue.

Got it. The operating margins in the index business are continuing to go higher on a year-over-year basis. Given the high flow-through of pricing the margins, can you discuss the pricing and competitive environment here? And if you see any changes to your long-term view, or targets on margins for the index business?

George, I'll take this question. First of all, in the competitive landscape, you've seen a lot of big developments that we're watching very closely right now as we think about our strategic plan for the long run. You've seen a couple of companies have come out on the retail sector to eliminate fees for stock trading. One of the effects of that is it seems that there's a lot more volumes going into ETFs. And when things go into ETFs and they go into passive structures, a lot of times we benefit from that. So we look structurally at the market overall, and we see some big shifts continuing to go on in pricing overall, all the way from the retail level to the institutional level. And the big flow overall of assets into passive is something that we're benefiting from. Now, to get a little bit more specifically to your question, We don't see any specific pressure on our fees ourselves directly. We have very long-term contracts with the people that we deal with. We work with them in a way that we know in the long run what our pricing is probably going to be and how it's going to end up. And so we continue to see a similar structure to our own revenues and expense base that we've had in the past. We saw a very large increase in revenues. overall volume this quarter. You saw that Avout talked earlier in his section about this. And so from that increase across the board of our revenue from indices, it flowed through to improve our margin. But we don't see any overall change in the structure of the market or our own business model that we're going to see any significant change in the index margins. We will provide more update on that at the next earnings call.

Got it. Very helpful. Thank you.

Thanks, George.

Next question comes from Henry Chen from BMO Capital Markets. You may now ask your question.

Hey, guys. Morning. Thanks. I had a follow-up question on some of the new products that you mentioned, including Kensho and some of the ones on Platts. Just in context of, I guess, some of the pressures on, I guess, on the sell side and in the energy space, I'm curious if you could add some color on what's driving the product demand? Where is the sort of value created or sort of needs being met for some of these new products?

Thanks. Yeah, so overall across the entire company, we spend as much time as possible listening to customers to understand what are going to be the biggest trends that are driving the need for new analytical and benchmarks from S&P Global. When we listen to the markets, there's a lot of change going on in technology, thus driving feed products and what we've been calling the marketplace and the market intelligence business. When we talk to people, they're looking at major changes in regulation, which for the last few years in the banking sector helped with a lot of the growth and risk services at market intelligence. It's our business at Crystal. And specifically with the energy transition that's going on related to climate change, there's an increasing interest in a combination of ESG products, as well as products like the 0.5% IMO sulfur product, which is now moving to the CME and ICE exchanges as futures. And so we try to look out in the forward, what are the things, the biggest trends that are gonna be impacting people's needs to make financial decisions and market decisions, and how can we serve those? And some of the products that we've talked about many, many years ago start showing up over time in our revenues. As an example, in Platts, we've been responding to the market changes that are going on in the structure of the energy industries. And one of the products that we featured frequently over many years was the JKM marker, which was the Japan-Korea marker for LNG in Japan, which has now become the Asia price, which is now on the exchanges as a futures contractor. So we like to give you updates. Some of these products start out small, but they help show what do we think are the biggest trends in the markets and how are we going to be addressing those trends. And as I said, they're technology, they're risk management, they're ESG trends that are changing people's needs to have more and more data about markets. And so we're trying to show you how we're addressing those going forward and appreciate your questions.

Got it. Okay. That's super helpful. Thank you. Thanks.

Thanks, Henry.

The next question is from Gary Bisbee from Bank of America Securities. You may now ask your question.

Yeah, thanks for squeezing me in this morning. I guess just one question. Given the margin strength that you've delivered in recent quarters and certainly over the last several years, how do you think about weighing potential for stepped-up investment to drive the top line versus letting so much of the incremental profitability of your businesses flow to the bottom line? Are there opportunities in some of the businesses to accelerate the pace of investment, or are you comfortable the level you're investing is the appropriate level that the organization can handle? Thank you.

Gary, yeah, that's a great question. And we have, as you understand, a lot of management discussions around this topic because our philosophy is that top-line growth, in the end, generates the highest level of value creation for our shareholders, particularly at the levels of margins that we can report at this point in time. So that's why we have very explicit investment programs in place. That's the $100 million investment program program that we have been talking about in the past. And what we are saying today is that we expect that those investment programs to continue because we will identify new opportunities to invest in the future. And those will help with future growth of the company, which we think is the most attractive for us going forward. At the same time, the benefit is that we still have a lot of efficiency and productivity opportunities as well as a company. So we are able to self-fund some of those investment programs at this moment. And we believe that there are still new efficiency opportunities as well going forward. So therefore, in fact, if you look at our expense growth year-to-date, the expenses are up just under 2% year-to-date. And that means that we have been able to absorb acquisitions like Benjiva, RateWatch, Kensho, have been able to make new investments in those large initiatives at that 100 million level that we expect still for the full year this year, and just growing the expenses under 2%. So that is showing how we are working on both sides here in order to make very explicit investments but also be able to sell funds And I would expect that to continue and that we can do still both at the same time in the future as well. Thank you.

The next question is from Shlomo Rosenbaum with Stiefel Nicholas. You may now ask your question.

Hi. Thanks for squeezing me in under the wire. Doug, can you talk a little bit about just the market intelligence with enterprise-wide contracts? Are you seeing any major displacements of competitors because of that in terms of your ability to, you know, offer more so that they don't need to run so many systems? Or do you think that the headcount growth that you're seeing is somewhat duplicative as they're handling, you know, multiple systems?

Shlomo, thanks for the question. I can't tell you specifically if we're displacing people. I know that sometimes I hear that anecdotally. But what I do hear, what I do see is that when we move people onto the enterprise contract, that users go up. And it's a combination of people before that were not necessarily users because they were guarding the number of of seats very jealously as to who would actually have access to the per seat pricing. And so there's people that in the past wanted to use it or needed to use it that now get access to it. And then there's other people that become more light users. And so you see a huge advantage as it starts getting built into the workflow of an institution because you have people that are not the hardcore power users. They're light users. who are helping print out reports, they're helping download information, they're helping look at new research that's coming out. And that actually helps us embed the overall MI platform across the entire architecture of a firm. So does that then end up displacing other people? We think it does. But I don't want to give you anecdotes. I'd rather come back at some time in the future and give you more facts around that.

Okay, thank you. And then just one other follow-up. How is SNLCAP IQ integration going from the product side and your ability to migrate the clients to a new platform? It just seems that when you're able to get that done, there probably is an opportunity to improve the growth rate and market intelligence on the desktop side.

Yeah, what is our strategy with respect to the migration of the platforms? As you probably know, the whole SNL platform has already migrated to the new market intelligence platform. And then the next phase, and that is a phase that will take quite some time, will be the movement of the CapIQ customers to the new platform. We expect next year that we will create a situation with dual access for almost all of our customers so that the CapIQ customers will get some familiarity with the market intelligence platform. And then slowly, step by step, with a lot of handholding, we will move customers over. And that will probably be a process that will take quite some time. So, mostly, we'll go beyond 2020. And that's important because we can't lose customers along the way. Customers have embedded some of those desktops in their workflows, have embedded it in their models with automatic links. We have to make sure that all the data is available, all the features are available. So there is a lot of hand-holding that is needed in order to make sure that customers are comfortable to move over. So we're continuing to make progress there. We have very specific actions planned for the next period, and particularly to make sure that all of our customers have access to both platforms when they are today only on CAPIQ is going to be an important step for next year.

Thank you.

Thanks, Shlomo.

We will now take our final question from Patrick O'Shaughnessy from Raymond James. You may ask your question.

Hey, good morning, and just one question from me. So there's obviously a renewed effort underway to vilify the rating agencies. To what extent is there concern on your part that the SEC might feel pressured to reexamine the issuer pays model or otherwise take steps to mitigate perceived conflicts of interest?

Patrick, this is Doug. Clearly, we are on top of this. We're watching this very closely to see what kind of initiatives could be underway. The SEC already has been doing work for the last few years looking at different business models. They've got a couple of different groups that have been formed to take a look at the ratings industry. But very importantly, inside of the SEC is a group called the CRA. It's the credit rating agency group that has now had almost 10 years of work overseeing the rating agency industry. They've got the data. They have the facts. And we're engaging very closely across the board with the regulators, with the SEC itself, with the CRA group. Anybody who would like to talk to us, we have no problem sharing all the data we have about how we run the business. As I said earlier, we stand by our ratings. We stand by our processes and our procedures, the controls we put in place, the quality of our ratings, the quality of our processes, et cetera. So as you know, this is something that we will be watching very, very closely. We'll be actively participating in any dialogue that comes up around the business model for rating agencies. And we're ready to have a very professional dialogue about this. Appreciate your question.

Thank you, Doug.

Thanks. Let me just wrap up and tell you again that we're very pleased with the results that we had today, and we were able to talk about all four divisions and our significant margin improvement and the productivity programs. It's also encouraging that as a company we have the capacity and ability to invest in some of the new products that we featured today. But very importantly, we appreciate all the interest from the analysts who asked questions today, and we always appreciate your questions, the easy ones and the tough ones, so keep them coming. Thanks a lot.

That concludes this morning's call. A PDF version of the presenter's slide is available now for downloading from investor.spglobal.com. A replay of this call, including the Q&A session, will be available in about two hours. The replay will be maintained on S&P Global's website for 12 months from today and by telephone for one month from today. On behalf of S&P Global, we thank you for participating and we wish you a good day.