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Operator
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the second quarter results teleconference for travelers. We ask that you hold all questions until the completion of formal remarks, at which time you will be given instructions for the question and answer session. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded on July 20, 2021. At this time, I would like to turn the conference over to Ms. Abby Goldstein, Senior Vice President of Investor Relations. Ms. Goldstein, you may begin.
Abby Goldstein
Thank you. Good morning and welcome to Travelers' discussion of our second quarter 2021 results. We released our press release, financial supplement, and webcast presentation earlier this morning. All of these materials can be found on our website at travelers.com under the Investors section. Speaking today will be Alan Schnitzer, Chairman and CEO of Dan Fry, Chief Financial Officer, and our three segment presidents, Greg Toblowski of Business Insurance, Tom Kunkel of Bond and Specialty Insurance, and Michael Klein of Personal Insurance. They will discuss the financial results of our business and the current market environment. They will refer to the webcast presentation as they go through prepared remarks, and then we will take questions. Before I turn the call over to Alan, I would like to draw your attention to the explanatory note included at the end of the webcast presentation. Our presentation today includes forward-looking statements. The company cautions investors that any forward-looking statement involves risks and uncertainties and is not a guarantee of future performance. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statement due to a variety of factors. These factors are prescribed under forward-looking statements in our earnings press release and in our most recent 10Q and 10K filed with the SEC. We do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements. Also in our remarks or responses to questions, we may mention some non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations are included in our recent earnings press release, financial supplement, and other materials available in the investor section on our website. And now I'd like to turn the call over to Alan Schnitzer.
Alan Schnitzer
Thank you, Abby. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us today. we are very pleased to report excellent underwriting investment results for the second quarter and first half of the year. Core income for the quarter was $879 million, or $3.45 per diluted share, generating a core return on equity of 13.7%. In terms of underwriting results, higher underlying underwriting income and net favorable prior year reserve development, as well as a lower level of catastrophe losses, all contributed to higher core income. Underlying underwriting income was 8 percent higher than in the prior year quarter, driven by record net earned premiums of $7.6 billion and an excellent underlying combined ratio of 91.4 percent. We are particularly pleased with the continued strong underlying fundamentals in each of our three business segments. In business insurance, net earned premiums were higher and the underlying combined ratio improved by 3.7 points. On specialty insurance and personal insurance, both delivered meaningful increases in net earned premiums and continued strong margins. Turning to investments, our high-quality investment portfolio generated net investment income of $682 million after tax, reflecting very strong returns in our non-fixed income portfolio. These excellent results, together with our strong balance sheet, enabled us to grow adjusted book value per share by 13% over the past year, after making important investments for the future and returning significant excess capital to our shareholders. During the quarter, we returned $625 million of excess capital to shareholders, including $401 million of share repurchases. Turning to the top line, the combination of the strong franchise value we offer to our customers and distribution partners, together with excellent execution by our field organization, produced terrific results. During the quarter, we grew net written premiums to $8.1 billion, an increase of 11%, or 8% after adjusting for the auto premium refunds in the prior year quarter. Each of our three segments contributed meaningfully to the top line growth. In business insurance, net written premiums grew by 5%, driven by retention, which ticked up almost a point, grew premium change at a near record high of 9.5%, and 9% growth in new business. Combination of strong pricing and higher retention reflects continuing strength in the pricing environment. Inside renewal premium change, pure renewal rate change was a strong 7.1%. Greg will share more detail about the texture underneath renewal rate change in a few minutes. Renewal premium change also included the highest exposure growth we've seen in nine quarters, an encouraging sign of improvement in U.S. economic activity. In bond and specialty insurance, net written premiums increased by 16%, driven by record-renewal premium change of 12.7% in our management liability business, while retention remains strong. In our commercial businesses, written pricing continues to comfortably outpace estimated loss trend, which will continue to benefit margins as it earns in. Continuing strong pricing and retentions reflect the industry's clear-eyed view of the ongoing headwinds impacting returns for the industry, including weather volatility, low interest rates, and social inflation. We expect pricing to continue to outpace loss trends for some time. Turning to personal insurance, production was again excellent this quarter. Net written premiums increased 8% after adjusting for the auto premium refunds in the prior year quarter. Policies in force in both auto and homeowners are at record levels, driven by continuing strong retention and growth in new business. While the impact of the pandemic on claim frequency seems to be attracting a lot of attention when it comes to personal auto, we've been equally focused on applying our company-wide perform and transform mandate to this business. We are very pleased with the results. We've accelerated our domestic auto policies and force growth from 1% to 4% over the last six quarters, bringing PIV count to a record high. This demonstrates the ongoing success of our three-pronged strategy in personal insurance to meet customers where they are, serve them how they want, and give them what they need. Going forward, we will continue to invest in advanced segmentation, multi-channel distribution, and providing great experiences to continue to deliver profitable growth. Michael will share more detail in a few minutes. Our excellent top and bottom line results this quarter for the first half of the year demonstrate the continued successful execution of our strategy to grow the top line of attractive returns, as well as the effectiveness of our well-defined and consistent investment philosophy. Our focused and well-executed innovation agenda has been an important contributor to the growth and profitability we have achieved. We will continue to relentlessly pursue our priorities of extending our lead and risk expertise, providing great experiences for our customers, distribution partners, and employees, and improving productivity and efficiency. With the momentum we have and the best talent in the industry, we are well positioned to continue to create meaningful shareholder value over time. And with that, I'm pleased to turn the call over to Dan.
Abby
Thank you, Alan. Core income for the second quarter was $879 million, compared to a core loss of $50 million in the prior year quarter. The significant improvement was the result of positive factors across the business, including a lower level of catastrophe losses, improved results in our non-fixed income investment portfolio, more favorable prior year reserve development, and increased underlying underwriting income. Our second quarter results include $475 million of pre-tax CAT losses compared to $854 million in last year's second quarter. This quarter's CATs were somewhat below what we would year-to-date CAT losses are still above what we would have assumed given the high level of losses in the first quarter. On a year-to-date basis, we have accumulated about $1.5 billion of qualifying losses toward the aggregate retention of $1.9 billion on our property aggregate catastrophe XOL treaty. The treaty provides $350 million of coverage on the first $500 million of losses above the aggregate retention amount. Underlying underwriting income increased 8 percent to $617 million pre-tax, reflecting a higher level of earned premium in each of our segments and a strong underlying combined ratio of 91.4 percent, consistent with the prior year. As you'll hear from Greg, Tom, and Michael, improvements in the underlying combined ratio in both business insurance and bond and specialty were offset by an increase in the underlying combined ratio in personal insurance. Some of the increase in personal insurance was expected, given that last year's quarter benefited from unusually low auto losses as a result of the pandemic. The underlying loss ratio came in at 61.7%, up 1.3 points from last year's second quarter, as the beneficial impact of earned pricing in excess of loss trend was more than offset by the comparison to a very low pandemic-related personal auto loss ratio in the year-ago quarter. expense ratio of 29.7% is 1.3 points lower than the prior year quarter, as last year's result was elevated primarily due to the premium refunds we provided to our personal auto customers. Turning to prior year reserve development, in personal insurance, both auto and property losses came in better than expected for recent accident years, resulting in $65 million of pre-tax net favorable PYD. In bonds and specialty insurance, $44 million of pre-tax net favorable PYD was driven by favorable loss experience, insurity, and fidelity related to recent accident years. In business insurance, net favorable prior year reserve development of $73 million was driven by better than expected loss experience in workers' comp across multiple accident years, partially offset by reserve strengthening in our runoff book. Net investment income improved to $682 million after tax this quarter. Our non-fixed income portfolio turned in particularly strong results this quarter, reflecting performance in the equity markets, contributing $265 million after tax. Consistent with our expectations, fixed income returns were down slightly from the prior year quarter, as the benefit from higher levels of invested assets was more than offset by a decline in yields. For the remainder of 2021, we expect fixed income NII, including earnings from short-term securities, of between $425 and $435 million after tax per quarter. Turning to capital management, operating cash flows for the quarter of $1.8 billion were again very strong. All our capital ratios were at or better than target levels, and we ended the quarter withholding company liquidity of approximately $2.4 billion. During the second quarter, we took advantage of favorable market conditions and raised $750 million to help fund future growth with a 30-year debt issuance at 3.05%, representing our second lowest 30-year coupon ever and achieving one of the tightest spreads ever for a 30-year note issued by an insurance company. The market value of the bonds in our portfolio generally rose as U.S. Treasury yields declined and credit spreads tightened during the second quarter, And accordingly, our after-tax net unrealized investment gain increased from $2.8 billion as of March 31st to $3.2 billion on June 30th. Adjusted book value per share, which excludes net unrealized investment gains and losses, was $103.88 a quarter end, up 4% since year end, and up 13% year-over-year. We returned $625 million of capital to our shareholders during the second quarter, $224 million of dividends and $401 million in share repurchases. Coming back to reinsurance for a moment, let me direct your attention to slide 20 of the webcast presentation for a summary of our July 1st renewals. The structure of our main CAT reinsurance program is generally consistent with the prior year. We renewed our Northeast CAT treaty effective July 1st with substantially similar terms and pricing that was up only slightly on an exposure-adjusted basis. Our CAT bond, Long Point Reef 3, is now in the final year of its four-year term. In the annual reset for the 2021 hurricane season, the attachment point was adjusted from $1.87 billion to $1.98 billion, while the total cost of the program was flat year over year. A more complete description of our CAT reinsurance coverage, including our general CAT aggregate XOL treaty that covers an accumulation of certain property losses arising from multiple is included in our 10-Q, which we filed earlier today, and in our 2020 Form 10-K. Before turning the call over to Greg, I'd like to make a few comments about inflation, as the Consumer Price Index has gotten a lot of attention lately. We are relatively less leveraged to overall CPI-type inflation as compared to, say, medical inflation and social inflation. One place CPI-type inflation can impact us is in our short tail lines. Notwithstanding our strong profitability in PI, as you'll hear from Michael, we are experiencing a degree of elevated severity. However, relatively short payout periods in short tail lines limit the impact of that exposure. And although it takes time to earn in over the policy period, we can price for those increases reasonably quickly. Additionally, it's important to remember that we have some natural hedges in our business that mitigate the effects of inflation. First, higher inflation is often associated with stronger economic activity, as well as higher wages and asset values, all of which contribute to higher insured exposures. And as we've discussed before, higher exposure contributes to improved margins. Second, although we're not seeing it at the moment, to the extent interest rates are correlated to inflation, we would benefit from higher returns in our investment portfolio as inflation increases. Finally, let me reiterate that we are conscious of the inflation environment and the uncertainties surrounding it when we establish our loss picks and our balance sheet reserves. And with that, I'm pleased to turn the call over to Greg for a discussion of business insurance.
Alan
Thanks, Dan. Business insurance had a great quarter with strong financial results and terrific execution in the marketplace. Segment income was $643 million for the quarter, compared to a loss of $58 million in the prior year quarter. Higher net investment income, lower catastrophe losses, higher underlying underwriting income, and favorable prior year reserve development all contributed to the year-over-year improvement. We're particularly pleased with the underlying combined ratio of 93.3 percent, which improved by 3.7 points from the second quarter of 2020, primarily attributable to three things. First, about two points of the improvement resulted from earned pricing exceeding lost cost trends. Another half a point or so resulted from lower non-CAT weather. And third, the improvement also reflects the comparison to the modest net charge we took in the prior year quarter related to the pandemic. In terms of non-CAT weather, while the year-over-year improvement was about a half a point favorable, as I just mentioned. This quarter's result was about a point and a half better than what we assumed for the quarter. Turning to the top line, net written premiums were up 5%, benefiting from strong renewal premium change, including both strong renewal rate and exposure levels that are trending back to pre-pandemic levels, and higher year-over-year new business volume. As for domestic production, Renewal premium change was 9.5 percent, a historically high result, and up almost four points from the second quarter of last year. Underlying the RPC, we achieved strong renewal rate change of 7.1 percent and healthy exposure growth that reflects an improving trend in our customers' outlook for their businesses. As Alan said, our ability to continue to achieve historically high pricing with improved retention speaks to the stability of pricing in the market. New business was up more than 9% with both select and middle markets contributing. I'll discuss those results in more detail in a moment when I get to the individual businesses. We're very pleased with these aggregate production results and our marketplace execution. We've generated written pricing that has been in excess of estimated loss trend for some time now, resulting in significant improvement in the profitability of our bust. While this quarter's renewal rate change of 7.1 percent remains well in excess of lost rent, it was a little lower sequentially. Let me provide a little more context around that. A substantial majority of the decrease is attributable to a rational moderating of rate in our two specialty business units, excess casualty, which is inside middle market, and national property. The moderation comes after three years of very strong compounding rate increases in these two businesses. So the tempering of rate is appropriate considering the improved return profile. Also, while renewal rate change was down sequentially for those businesses, rate increases were still in double digits. More broadly, the rate increases we are seeing across business insurance continue to be stable and widespread across both our lines of business and our distribution of accounts. As illustrated on slide 12, In our middle market and national property businesses, we achieved rate increases on 84% of the accounts that renewed in the second quarter, up from 81% in last year's second quarter. Given persistent loss pressures and low fixed income yields, we will continue to seek rate to further improve our margins. We will also continue to focus on all of the non-rate levers to improve the risk profile and profitability across our portfolios. For example, in our national property business, our underwriters continue to focus on improving terms and conditions transaction by transaction. Changes in terms like increased deductibles, management of sublimits, and reinsurance optimization are meaningful tools in enhancing our profitability, and our underwriters continue to be active in utilizing all those levers. As for the individual businesses, in Select, renewal rate change was 4.3%. more than two points higher than the second quarter of 2020, while retention was 80%. These results reflect deliberate execution as we pursue improved returns in certain segments of the business, and we're pleased with the progress we're making in this regard. Exposure growth was up over 4% for the quarter, which is an encouraging sign as the economy reopens. Lastly, new business was up 6%, over the prior year quarter driven by the continued success of our new BOT 2.0 product, which is now live in 31 states. This state-of-the-art product includes industry-leading segmentation and a fast, easy quoting experience. We are encouraged with our agents' adoption of the new product as both submissions and new policies are up. In middle market, renewal premium change of over 9%, and retention of 87% were both historically high. Renewal rate change at 7.4% remained strong and well in excess of lost trend. Finally, new business was up 16% over the prior year quarter, driven by success with larger accounts, as well as some improvement in the quality of the flow in the market. As always, we remained disciplined around risk selection and underwriting. To sum up, business insurance had a terrific quarter by all measures. We're pleased with our execution in further improving the underlying margins in the book, and we continue to invest in the business for long-term profitable growth. With that, I'll turn the call over to Tom.
Dan
Thanks, Greg. Bond and Specialty posted excellent returns and growth in the quarter. Segment income was $187 million. more than double the prior year quarter, driven by favorable prior year reserve development, a significantly improved underlying underwriting margin, and higher business volumes. The underlying combined ratio of 83.4 improved by over 4.5 points from the prior year quarter, as pricing that exceeded loss cost trends drove a lower underlying loss ratio. Turning to the top line, net written premiums grew an exceptional 16% in the quarter with solid contributions from all our businesses. In management liability, renewal premium change was a record, 12.7% driven by near record rate. Retention remained strong at 86%. New business increased 6% from the second quarter of last year, Our first quarterly increase since the beginning of the pandemic was strong new business pricing. Surety also grew for the first time since the beginning of the pandemic, and international again posted meaningful growth, including strong retention and rate. So, bond and specialty results were excellent and reflect our ability to successfully manage this business through a variety of business and economic cycles. Now I'll turn it over to Michael for personal insurance.
Michael
Thanks, Tom. Good morning, everyone. We're very pleased with our second quarter personal insurance results. Segment income of $121 million was up $111 million from the prior year quarter, benefiting from lower catastrophes, higher net investment income, and higher net favorable prior year reserve development. Partially offsetting these improvements was a lower underlying underwriting gain which I will discuss in more detail in a moment. Our second quarter combined ratio improved from the prior year quarter by about 1.5 points to 99.7%. Net written premiums grew 16%. Recall that in the prior year quarter, we provided $216 million of premium refunds to automobile customers in response to the impact of the pandemic. Adjusting for these premium refunds, net written premiums grew a very strong 8%, with domestic homeowners up 12% and domestic automobile up 4%. Automobile delivered another excellent quarter, with a combined ratio of 91.6%. The underlying combined ratio was an impressive 92%, although up six points from a prior year quarter, which reflected low loss activity during the initial months of the pandemic. The current quarter results reflect the benefits of modestly lower claim frequency compared to pre-pandemic levels. As we exited the quarter, claim frequency was closer to pre-pandemic levels, and we would expect that trend to continue into the third quarter. Our strong current quarter profitability also reflects increased severity, particularly in collision and third-party physical damage claims, driven primarily by higher costs of used vehicles and parts. As auto loss experience approaches pre-pandemic levels, we plan to begin filing for rate increases in selected states later this year as we continue to balance business volumes and profitability. While it will take some time for future rate actions to earn into our results, we are well positioned to continue to profitably grow in auto. In homeowners and other, the second quarter combined ratio of 108.3% was six points lower than the prior year quarter, driven by a 13.5 point reduction in catastrophe losses. Partially offsetting the catastrophe favorability was an eight point increase in the underlying combined ratio. Approximately one-third of this increase reflects non-catastrophe weather losses, which were in line with our expectations, but elevated over a less active prior year quarter. The remainder of the increase reflects continued elevated frequency and severity of fire and non-weather water losses. The increased severity we saw in the second quarter includes higher repair costs due to a combination of labor and material increases. We continue to see rate increases in response to these trends, and we'll continue to actively monitor inflation and lost cost trend changes and factor them into our pricing and underwriting decisions. Turning to quarterly production, domestic automobile retention was up slightly to a strong 85%, new business increased by 19%, and policies and force grew 4%. Domestic homeowners and others delivered another excellent quarter, with retention remaining strong at 85%, renewal premium change increasing to 8.2%, and new business growth of 28%, reflective of increased quote activity and increase in average premium, along with the ongoing successful rollout of Quantum Home 2.0. Policies in force grew 7%. As Alan mentioned, our policies in force growth across both auto and homeowners are at record levels. Actually, our policies in force across both auto and homeowners are at record levels, reflecting our ongoing efforts to perform and transform in personal insurance. When we launched Quantum Auto 2.0, we designed it with a modular product structure to give customers what they need and to deliver long-term performance. This has enabled us to seamlessly introduce new rating variables, such as vehicle history, prior insurance history, and telematics, allowing us to continually improve our pricing segmentation. Regarding telematics, we've seen take-up rates for IntelliDrive increase by 30% since the launch of our second-generation offering, which features a fully redesigned mobile experience, monitors distracted driving, and improves our ability to match price to driving behavior. Our momentum in auto aligns very well with our goal of providing total account solutions for customers. The Quantum Home 2.0 product is now available in over 40 states, generating consistent growth in policies and force. Both distributors and customers continue to see value in our combined auto and property offerings. Our multi-channel PI distribution strategy allows us to meet our customers where they are. As a result of the success of our new products, our existing relationships continue to perform well. Additionally, we've seen more demand for agent appointments, which is contributing meaningfully to our growth. In order to serve customers how they want to be served, we are also investing in our digital capabilities. With advancements in our MyTravelers mobile app, we continue to digitize the customer journey, with over 600,000 customers already downloading the app since its launch earlier this year. customers where they are, give them what they need, and serve them how they want while working with our distribution partners to deliver a profitable growth. Now I'll turn the call back over to Abby.
Abby Goldstein
Thanks, Michael. Before we open it up for Q&A, I'd like to turn the call back over to Alan for a moment.
Alan Schnitzer
Thanks, Abby. As bittersweet as it is, we have one last piece of business this morning before we turn to Q&A. I want to acknowledge and thank our partner and friend, Tom Kunkel, who will be retiring in September after a spectacular 37-year career at Travelers. Tom's impact as the leader of our very successful surety and management liability businesses has been profound. In addition to delivering exceptional financial results over many years, Tom and his leadership team have fostered a culture of care, community, and excellence that extends throughout our bond and specialty organization and throughout Travelers. It's one of the many reasons why I'm so pleased that Jeff Klink, currently a member of Tom's leadership team and head of our management liability business, will succeed Tom. Jeff has been at Travelers for more than 20 years. He's a proven leader and the perfect candidate to take up the reins from Tom. You'll hear from Jeff in October on our third quarter earnings call. Tom, we're all going to miss you, personally and professionally. And with that, we're happy to take your questions.
Operator
thank you at this time we would like to take any questions you might have for us today if you would like to ask a question simply press star then the number one on your telephone keypad we have our first question from the line of michael phillips from morgan sandy please go ahead thank you and uh good morning everybody um i want to drill first i guess michael and some of your comments on on personal auto
Michael
And your comment, I think, towards the end where you said you'll begin to file some rate increases later in the year. Question kind of centered around the timing of that. Frequency benefits for you seem to be lasting a little bit longer than some of your peers. Maybe that's a mix of business issue that you might have a little more preferred. Maybe you can confirm that. But what's driving, if frequency started to come back to pre-pandemic levels and you expect that to continue, I guess, why not take rate now? Why wait? to later in the year, and what's driving that need for rate? If it's not frequency, maybe it is, is it more of the severity? So kind of a couple-pronged question there, but more on the timing of the rate, why not now? And then really kind of what's driving, is it more of the frequency or severity that's driving your need for rate? Thank you.
Michael
Sure, Michael. Thanks for the question. Really, the timing is really just a function of the process. We're actively... putting together filing packages and engaged in conversations with state insurance departments as we speak. So it's not a question of waiting to get rated, just a function of the process of working with regulators to get rate increases filed and approved. And to your question about frequency and severity, again, I think in my comments about the quarter in particular, we're seeing frequency coming out of the quarter returning more towards pre-pandemic levels. And we are seeing severity pressure. I spiked out some of the physical damage pressures. And I can give you just a quick example there. You've all seen the news about used car prices being up 50%. That particularly impacts us in the case of total losses, where the average cash value of that total loss is up pretty significantly. There's a little bit of an offsetting good guy there because we get more for the salvage recovery on that total vehicle. But net-net, that's putting upward pressure on severity, and that's one example. Total cost to repair vehicles is up. You know, bodily injury severity has also, you know, got upward pressure on it. So we're responding really to both frequency and severity to answer your question on the drivers.
Michael
Okay, that's helpful, Mike. Maybe just to follow up on that, Mike, If the timing is more of a process, it sounds like you'd rather do some sooner rather than later. Does the – I mean, your margins today in the second quarter were still better than 2Q20 – 2Q19, I'm sorry. Still better than pre-code, but you expect things to change. So – with margins still better, do you expect much of a pushback from anybody at the state level to say, you know, you guys and maybe some of the industries still have really good profit here? So that might be a bit of a pushback on, I don't know how much you expect to get from rate, but that might be some pushback on the ability to get rate that you want given pretty decent returns still?
Michael
Yeah, Michael, I think it's a great observation and it is part of that process that I described is really a conversation with regulators and about what the historical experience has been, but also pointing out that, you know, part of that favorable experience is really due to the extraordinary event that is the pandemic. And so we're in conversations with them about how to weight historical experience versus prospective views of trend. And also, you know, state by state experience varies. And our starting point varies by state. We've talked in prior quarters about the fact that we did take rate reductions in over 20 states across the country. And so those are certainly some of the places we're looking initially to see if we should take some of that rate back, which is a different conversation maybe than in a state where we didn't file a rate decrease historically. So again, great observation and really all part of that process that we're engaging in as we speak.
Michael
Okay, Michael, thank you very much for the details. I appreciate it.
Operator
Thank you. The next question is from the line of Ryan doing this from Autonomous Research. Your line is open.
Ryan
Hey, thanks. Good morning. Can you guys hear me?
Operator
Yep.
Ryan
Sorry about that. Just got back to the office today, so getting used to the old phone. I just wanted to keep it on personal auto. when we think about where you're seeing some of the elevated loss trend, Michael, is it, you know, is it more geographic or is it preferred versus more standard? I mean, like what are, what are kind of the variables that you're looking at the most to kind of think about, um, you know, where you're seeing loss trying to come back the most.
Michael
Yeah. Great, great question, Ryan. And good morning. Welcome back to the office. Um, we, uh, We are seeing it, you know, there are variations across geographies. We look at things like return to normal indices. We look at driving data by state and by geography. But broadly speaking, most areas of the country are seeing driving activity return, again, to close to pre-pandemic levels, closer in some places than others. We also continue to monitor, as we've talked about in the past, commuting miles versus non-commuting miles, and there is still a different mix of miles today than there has been historically. But, you know, when you put all that together and you look at claim frequency, the frequency benefits we saw, and that's part of my comment about as we exit at the quarter, you know, the frequency benefits we've seen over the past few months and quarters have started to wane and wane throughout the second quarter. which is part of our comment about trends returning to pre-pandemic levels.
Ryan
Got it. And I guess my follow-up is more on the home side. So the home attrition loss ratio is above 60. That's clearly somewhat elevated, but we've seen the price of something like lumber, timbers come down quite a bit since, you know, mid-2Q. How much of an alleviating factor should we think about that moving forward? in terms of the type of pressure that's putting on the loss ratio at home, or was putting on the loss ratio at home?
Michael
Sure, it's a great question, Ryan. I would say a couple of things. First, in my remarks, I did talk about frequency and severity in particularly frequency and severity of fire and non-weather water losses driving some of that underlying deterioration. So clearly the lumber prices are a severity item, not a frequency item. And we are seeing, we did see upticks in the quarter in both. I would take just a quick step back as we're talking about auto and property though and just make a couple of observations and then come back and finish the answer to your question. If you take a step back and you look at the segment combined ratio on both an overall and an underlying basis, it's very consistent with the long-run average for this business. And when you look at the auto combined ratio, not surprisingly, in the quarter, it still ran below the long-term average. And in property, in the quarter, the combined ratio is, call it, four to six points above those long-term averages on a total and an underlying basis. So that just sort of gives you a little bit of an order of the magnitude of what we're talking about here. I'd also remind you that in property, the highest combined ratio we see in the year is the second quarter. So you've got to sort of put the second quarter into context. But that said, the severity pressure we saw in the quarter was a combination of labor and materials. So certainly the 50-plus percent increases in lumber are in there. Double-digit increase in roofing materials is in there. high single-digit to low double-digit increases in labor is in there. And when we look at our property loss cost mix, it's really labor followed by contents followed by materials. So even if the short answer to your question, I think, is even if lumber prices come back down, that's still a relatively small component of the loss cost. But we do see period-to-period volatility in frequency and severity. in attritional loss in property. So, again, that's part of why I give you that long-run view of where the quarter was relative to history. And at the end of the day, you know, we take a step back and we look at the renewal premium change we're driving in property, and our focus really is to continue to drive rate in property to address some of those pressures.
Ryan
That's really helpful. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. The next one is from the line of David Maiden from Evercar ISI. Please go ahead.
David Maiden
Hi, thanks. Good morning. Just wanted to just follow up a bit more on the auto side. So maybe, Michael, I'm just wondering, I guess, obviously you're taking rate, but how you're thinking about balancing taking rate versus what could be maybe short-lived severity increases, or is the view that these increases in severity that you're witnessing are not transitory and might be more sustainable?
Michael
Yeah, it's a great question, and certainly, you know, as we've talked about severity trends over time, we've pretty consistently talked about the fact that we take a long-run view of trends when we set our prices. Now, you know, if if the starting point is elevated because we've seen an uptick in severity, and that's in our lost costs, you know, the question is, is your starting point elevated, and are you trending off that elevated starting point? Or is your, you know, experience you're seeing, or is the experience we're seeing in this quarter an anomaly? I think if I broke apart frequency and severity for you, I'd say, again, we continue to see the frequency trending towards pre-pandemic levels as continuing. How much of the auto materials cost, physical damage cost, inflation is transitory or not is a key question. And, you know, there's lots of varying opinions around that, and we'll factor our best estimate into, you know, that assessment as we factor in what we think we need for rate on a go-forward basis.
Alan Schnitzer
Yeah, let me just add to that. Whether... inflation, you know, our view on whether inflation is transitory, we're generally looking out over the duration of the liability. So when we're talking about CPI-type inflation, again, lumber, used cars, et cetera, that's impacting, you know, relatively short tail lines. So we don't really have to forecast long-term in that case. And because it's short tail and the claim activity comes in pretty quickly, we see it reasonably quickly and we can react to it pretty quickly.
Michael
Yep. Great point, Al.
David Maiden
Got it. That makes sense. That's helpful. And then maybe a question for Alan just on the investment in Fidelis. I was hoping maybe you could elaborate on the thought process behind that and maybe sort of thinking around your own non-admitted offering and sort of aspirations there.
Alan Schnitzer
Yeah, thanks for that question. We've got a fair amount of interest in this, which I'm thrilled to have the interest in it. We're interested in it as well. Let me just put in a little bit of context. You can infer from the fact that we didn't disclose terms, it's not a material investment for us. So I think that's just important background to start with. But having said that, when we think about investment activities, we're, and as we said, we're interested in things that provide some strategic capability. And, you know, we've said for a long time that we're underweight E&S, and And this gives us a window into a successful innovative management team that has a lot of expertise in the niche non-admitted space. And in products and geographies that could teach us something as well. So it really is about a learning exercise for us.
David Maiden
Got it. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Thank you. The next one is from the line of Jimmy Buller from JP Morgan.
Jimmy Buller
Hi, good morning. So first, just a question on what you're seeing in the workers' comp market in terms of pricing. I think there's been an expectation that things would begin to turn. Are you seeing that? And then I'll follow up.
Alan
Good morning. This is Greg. Yeah, workers' comp continues to bounce around. We thought that we were going to hit the bottom a couple quarters back, and then with the pandemic, there's clearly been some favorable frequency activity around workers' comp and bank wages, payrolls, et cetera. As we continue to work with the bureaus in terms of their lost cost recommendations, they are coming in less negative, and I think the key will be around how they treat 2020. If that's an anomalous year, or if they're going to factor that into the overall rate making. So for our book of business, we didn't quite hit a positive rate number. We were slightly negative in the quarter, but we do see improvement on it every quarter.
Jimmy Buller
And then on tort costs and sort of social inflation with sort of the reopening of courts, should we assume that we should start to see a little bit of a pickup in social inflation, and how does that affect your loss ratio and have you been assuming, have you been incorporating continued high social inflation in your loss picks through the past few quarters?
Abby
Hey, Jimmy, it's Dan. I'll take that one. We have taken the view that social inflation has gone nowhere and that the elevated level of losses that we saw even off of that higher level of losses was gonna persist. So that's what we've assumed as we've continued to make our loss picks and assess our reserves. And I think it's gonna be a while before we see courts work through the backlog of having been closed for much of the past year. Priority in some jurisdictions is gonna be given to criminal cases or Civil cases, whether courts are reopening for in-person discussions or virtual, is still a question in some jurisdictions. So I think it's going to be a while before we know the answer. I think we said pretty consistently last year that there's uncertainty in that environment, and because there's uncertainty, we were taking a cautious view in our view of lost picks and reserves. But the short answer to the question is we think social inflation is as strong as ever, and that's reflected in our numbers.
Jimmy Buller
And then just lastly, I think Alan noted that the fact that you didn't disclose the price on Fidelis means that it wasn't a large investment. Should we assume that there should be any impact from the investment on your shared buyback plans for this year?
Abby
No, Jimmy. In part of our overall capital management strategy, that's not going to be sort of almost by definition, it's not going to have a meaningful impact on our capital position at all.
Jimmy Buller
Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. The next one is from the line of Josh Shanker from Bank of America. Please go ahead.
Josh Shanker
Yeah, good morning, everyone. I just want to talk about, I know there's been a lot of questions on personal auto, but I have one more. This has been the best month for growth in terms of new policies that you guys have seen since back in 2016. Given that you firmly expected frequency to return, is there a risk that you've put on customers who came in because of a good price in the pandemic, but the price won't be an adequate price post-pandemic and they might leave?
Michael
Yeah, Josh, it's Michael. I suppose there's always a risk, and certainly there's pressure on retention when you start to increase prices. That said, we feel comfortable with the pricing levels that we've been putting business on the books. I mentioned Intellidrive as a key driver of some of our growth. Distribution expansion has been a driver of some of our growth. There's a lot of things that you can point to, including elevated quote activity. that are drivers of growth in auto. We've seen some slight improvement in close rate in auto over the past few months as we've maintained our PC essentially flat. But there are a lot of other drivers of growth than just price that we can point to that probably alleviate some of that.
Abby
Hey, Josh, Dan, just one other comment on that. I think we've done a terrific job in the auto book over recent years in terms of understanding our appetite and having a consistent appetite. And I'd just point you to the last time we did take significant pricing in auto back in 2017, 2018 timeframe. We did not shrink PIF count in that environment.
Josh Shanker
Good point, good point. And on a related topic that's sort of been addressed with the court reopenings and whatnot, can you talk about whether in 2Q you're seeing convergence between modeled lost cost trends and actual experience. I assume that you prepared for a lot more losses on an incurred basis during the pandemic that didn't occur because of the nature of courts. Is that narrowing right now, or are we still experiencing loss far below the model overall?
Abby
Let me make sure I understand the question, Josh. You mean the trend in the loss ratio, or you mean the level
Josh Shanker
I mean, in every line of business, you assume that the loss cost trend can be 4%, 5%, 6%. But during the pandemic, it wasn't that because of courts and other reasons. But you assume that that's just a delay. Is your loss experience coming closer in line with your model protections? Or are we still kind of a huge backload of reserves for claims that haven't come through because pandemic conditions persist? Yeah, I think closer to the latter.
Abby
So we still have, for example, low paid-to-incur ratios. We still have, for example, the majority of the ultimate losses we recognize for COVID sitting in IVNR. And to the earlier question on court reopening, again, I think people are maybe jumping the gun on that. I think it's going to be quite a while before we are still expecting longer periods of development in terms of how long it's going to take to get to ultimate. And again, as we said previously, even though the data itself looked good, we took a cautious view in terms of our loss picks and our reserves with assumptions more in line with our normal long-term loss trend.
Josh Shanker
All right. I'll dig in a little bit later, but I don't want to keep up the line. Thank you very much.
Michael
Thanks, Josh.
Operator
Thank you. The next one is from Tracy from Barclays. Please go ahead.
Tracy
Thank you. Dan, you mentioned that Travelers is less leveraged to overall CPI type inflation. Are there better macroeconomic indicators we should be looking at if CPI is a lesser measure for long tail lines? I have muscle memory from my formal role that there are other indices you look at that is more nuanced for your businesses to measure claims inflation.
Alan Schnitzer
Yeah, Tracy, let me start, and Dan can fill in whatever I missed. You know, we're actually not trying to forecast CPI or inflation generally. We're trying to forecast loss costs, and we do that by analyzing our own data and incorporating forecasts from third parties, and we do that on a very granular basis. So, you know, take workers' comp, for example. We're not forecasting medical inflation. We're looking at components. So, I think prescription drug prices, durable medical equipment, et cetera. And we're doing that in the same mix that those loss costs contribute to our actual losses. So it's hard. I mean, obviously, we can't give you a single number, and it's hard to say, gee, go look at this index or that index, because we're doing it on a very granular basis, in part by tumbling our own data, squaring triangles, and by reference to third-party sources.
Tracy
Okay, so all those nuances. factor that you're looking at, does that worry you with respect to inflation if CPI is not the indicator we should be super focused on?
Alan Schnitzer
No, there's nothing about loss, cost, or inflation that's worrying us at all, in fact. The emphasis in the conversation here is because to a degree we are seeing it, but we saw pretty good profitability in personal lines. And it's in a short tail line. And the consequence of that is We can see it very quickly and react to it very quickly and contrast that to, say, social inflation, which was an issue for us a few years ago, where it takes a little bit longer for us, although I will say that I think as compared to many, we saw that very, very quickly. And there's not nearly as much leverage on the balance sheet, so there's not as much risk in the reserves. And we can price for it relatively quickly. So there's actually nothing at all about the inflation environment that's of concern to us at the moment. in short-tail lines or long-tail lines.
Tracy
Okay, great. Just one follow-up on Fidelis. It's also a reinsurer, so I'm just wondering if this partnership could look like a sidecar where you can see your own premiums to this platform where it could potentially compete with reinsurers on your panels.
Alan Schnitzer
Certainly not at the moment, not as the way we've contemplated this. It really is just the way we've presented it. It's pretty simple. It's a really interesting business model. It's a fantastic management team. They've got a great track record. The cultures are very compatible. What they do is very interesting to us, and we wanted to learn more. For the time being, that's really all there is to it. Maybe over time we'll collaborate with them and there will be business opportunities. Who knows? But for the time being, it really is just as we've laid it out.
Tracy
Thank you for taking my question.
Alan Schnitzer
Thanks, Tracy.
Operator
Thank you. The next one is from Elise Greenspan from Wells Fargo.
Elise Greenspan
Hi, thanks. Good morning. Alan, I guess my first question is on the Fidelis investment as well. You know, through the years, you've said you guys weren't interested in reinsurance deals. Obviously, there's unique features of this investment away from just reinsurance, but I just want to get a sense of just as we think about M&A, like has your stance on reinsurance changed? And then you guys issued $750 million of debt in the quarter, and it was earmarked for business growth. So I'm just trying to – is you tying that capital into potential M&A, or is that more earmarked for organic business growth?
Alan Schnitzer
Let me start with Hidalgo, and then I'll ask Dan to comment on the capital raise. Okay. There's just nothing at all about this that signals any shift in our thinking about reinsurance. We are primarily focused on being a primary rider with very limited interest in reinsurance, and that remains the case. It just so happens that Fidelis writes some of their business in the form of reinsurance, but that's just one of their four pillars of business. There are some interesting aspects of their reinsurance business. They've got really thoughtful risk management tools. They're really thoughtful with risk and reward, and so... there's the potential for us to learn something in terms of managing our own cap portfolio. And I will point out why it hasn't been, and I don't expect it to be any significant focus for us. We do write a little bit of reinsurance where it's complementary to our core business. So, for example, we've got a boiler rebusiness. So it's not completely foreign to us. It's a very, very, very small part of what we do. No change in strategic focus. But it's not alarming to us, and in this respect, we think that there's something for us to learn.
Abby
And Elise, regarding the capital question, no change at all in our philosophy or urgency around M&A or lack of urgency around M&A. It's really coincidental, the timing of when these things came together, and again, the much in the way of capital management anyways. I think if you go back in the transcripts six or even eight quarters ago, we were talking about eventually we would have the need to issue more debt just to keep up with growth in the top line and to maintain a debt to capital ratio that we're comfortable with.
Elise Greenspan
Okay, thanks. And then my second question, can you guys quantify the impact that exposure had on your premium growth in the quarter? And then within select accounts, within business insurance, I noticed that the premiums declined in the quarter, but I thought exposure would have benefited that business line as well.
Abby
So at least, Dan, I'm going to, I guess, resist the temptation to sort of try to do a reconciliation of written premium to the degree that there's positive exposure, the same way that to the degree that there's positive rate, that just means that the accounts that renewed would have renewed at that much more. Having said that, it's applicable to the accounts that renewed. That's the measure that it would apply to. I don't know, Greg, you want to?
Alan
Yeah, I mean, just a little bit more color on select. We've shared with you that we've been very focused on improving the profitability of that business. And so we've certainly been very thoughtful around production and pursuing margin improvement for rates in terms of conditions and that sort. I will tell you also in the select business, during the pandemic, because of some of our ability to have a little more flexibility for our customer, we suspended some billing and some cancellation activity, and now that's back in play in the marketplace. So you have a little bit of drag in the top line with that, just back to normal activity. But when comparing that to the base period, that has a little bit of an impact also at least.
Elise Greenspan
Okay, thanks for the callers.
Operator
Thank you. The next one is from Brian Meredith from UBS.
Brian Meredith
Yeah, thanks. Most of them have asked, just curious, you know, wildfires are kind of kicking up here in the West Coast. Maybe you can talk a little bit about what you've kind of been doing over the last couple of years to kind of manage your exposure to wildfires.
Michael
Sure, Brian. This is Michael, and certainly we're managing our exposure to wildfire across across the business, but, you know, I'll start with personal insurance. I think a lot of the actions are common across the place, but Greg can chime in if I miss anything on the commercial line side. You know, it really is a continuation of the conversation that we've been having with you in terms of the way we've been managing it. I think we've talked a lot about California in particular in the context of wildfires, but certainly the peril is a peril that exposes us across more states in the West than just California. So one specific development I would point you to in 2021 is we've extended our agreement with wildfire defense systems to apply to Colorado in addition to California. So we've got that sort of risk prevention partnership extending across an additional state in the West, which we think on the margin is helpful. And then maybe just an update on our progress in California, you know, in addition to the launch of the new product, which we successfully got in market in 2020, we're now converting California policies to that new product. So think new pricing segmentation, think new rate level, think new eligibility as respect to wildfire exposure. And just last month, we got an additional 6.9% rate increase approved on the property product in the state. So we continue to manage through rate eligibility, terms and conditions, And we do continue to work our way through the non-renewal activity subject to the lifting of the moratoriums as they expire as another lever we're pulling. And again, a lot of those are specific California comments, but you can think about those, you know, in terms of, again, segmentation modeling, exposure management applying more broadly across the West.
Brian Meredith
Thanks. I guess a quick follow-up here. Just curious, you continue to have some really strong growth in your commercial property lines. Can you talk a little bit about what the kind of market dynamics are in that line? That's the one area that I thought we're seeing pricing really kind of moderate the quickest.
Alan
Yeah. As you saw, we had a plus 9% across the property line. And really, the primary amount of growth underneath that is RPC driven. And that's why we We gave you that supplement exhibit where excess casualty and national property were two of our many specialty lines that we have, but two that have certainly been the poster children for some rate momentum over the last couple of years. And as I said, still get in double digit, but moderating somewhat. But that's what's driving that growth.
Michael
Great. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. Thank you. We have time for one more question, and that will be from Mayor Shields from KBW. Your line is open.
Shields
Great. Thank you so much for fitting me in. One last – well, obviously, last question on personal auto. Can you talk about the trajectory of frequency month by month in the second quarter just so we can assess what's going on?
Michael
Um, Meyer, I don't know if I'm going to give you a number of more specifically inside the quarter. I think, I think what we said, well, we'll let Stan, which is, um, you know, that, that as we acted at the quarter frequency was closer to pre pandemic levels. Um, you know, you sort of know where it had been running, I think coming into the quarter and again, it, it approached pre pandemic levels as, as, as we left the quarter.
Shields
Okay. Fair enough. Um, and then I, I guess for Greg, When we look at the presentation on select accounts, the RPC for the first quarter of 21 showed up as 8.8%. When you actually reported 1.2, it was 6.7. That seems from the outside like a big change. I was hoping you could talk about the process and how we should think about the inherent estimates in the RPC.
Alan
Yeah, both of those quarters, both of them, The fourth quarter and the first quarter developed up, as you said, about two points. And I'll just remind you, that's an estimate of what we believe the current force is going to look like in terms of the exposure growth. So we're always estimating that. And when you have a V impact in the economy, your models sometimes don't keep up with that really quick and adroit change that's happening. So, we basically shortened our model period. So, if we were using a six-month moving average, think we moved to a three-month moving average to try to keep up with that change in the marketplace, and that gives us a little bit change in the development. So, we think we'll be in front of that going forward, but that was basically the methodology underneath that.
Shields
Male Speaker 1 Okay, perfect. That's exactly what you needed. Thank you.
Operator
Male Speaker 2 Thank you. Are there no further questions at this time? Ms. Abby Goldstein, please continue.
Abby Goldstein
Thank you very much. Appreciate everyone's time and for joining us this morning. And as always, if there's any follow-ups, please get in touch with us in those relations. Have a good day, everyone.
Operator
This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.
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