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Operator
Good day, and welcome to WR Berkeley Corporation's fourth quarter and full year 2021 earnings conference call. Today's conference call is being recorded. The speaker's remarks may contain forward-looking statements. Some of the forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking words, including without limitation, believes, expects, or estimates. We caution you that such forward-looking statements should not be regarded as a representation by us that the future plans, estimates, where expectations contemplated by us will in fact be achieved. Please refer to our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, and our other filings made with the SEC for a description of the business environment in which we operate and the important factors that may materially affect our results. WR Berkeley Corporation is not under any obligation and expressly disclaims any such obligation to update or alter its forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. I would now like to turn the call over to Mr. Rob Berkley. Please go ahead, sir.
Rob Berkley
Josh, thank you very much and good afternoon all and I would echo Josh's comment. Welcome to our fourth quarter call. Joining me or co-hosting with me is also Bill Berkley, Executive Chairman and Rich Baio, Group CFO. We're going to follow a similar agenda to what we've done in the past. I'm going to hand it over to Rich in short order. He's going to walk us through some of the highlights from the quarter and the year, and then he'll hand it back to me. I'll offer a couple of quick thoughts, and then we'll quickly move on to the Q&A session. But before I do hand it over to Rich, I did want to make a couple of very quick comments. I guess number one is I think anyone who's had an opportunity have a look at the release, you would have recognized that it was a great year and it was a great way to finish off with a strong quarter. You know, this doesn't happen on its own and I just wanted to take, again, a moment to both thank and congratulate my colleagues. This is very much a team sport, so the appreciation goes to everyone throughout the organization. Let me pivot also to a couple of macro observations. We can obviously get consumed by the results of the past 90 days or the results for the year, but we also spend a good deal of time thinking about what the business is going to be doing going forward, how we are positioned for the environment that we see coming our way. And quite frankly, we are very encouraged on multiple fronts. If we start by examining the underwriting side of the business, the growth that you saw throughout the year, including the fourth quarter, remains very robust. It's coming through in both exposure as well as rate. And we really do not see that losing momentum. And Rich and I will be talking a little bit more about that later on. But again, as we see it, the growth will continue and the rate increases. There's nothing that leads us to believe that we will not continue to be able to get rate increases, that outpaced trend by something that would be measured in the hundreds of basis points. So again, very promising on that front. Pivoting over for a moment to the investment side of the business, again, we have – in my opinion, taken a very disciplined approach for an extended period of time in keeping not just the quality high, but the duration short. As we've discussed in the past, this has come at a price, but we think that we are going to be rewarded for that discipline going forward as you see interest rates moving up. You're going to see an opportunity for us to invest at higher rates, and you're going to see an opportunity for us to, under those circumstances, take the duration back out or extend it. Both of these circumstances on the underwriting side and how we are poised there, as well as how we've positioned on the investment side, are going to have very meaningful impact on the company's economic model. And as this unfolds, I think it's going to be quite consequential what it's going to mean for the earnings power of the business. Let me pause there and I will hand it over to Rich and I'll be back once he's through with his comments with a few other observations and then we will, again, as promised, move it over to Q&A. Rich?
Josh
Thank you, Rob. Obviously, I'll be focusing on the financial side here. The company had another terrific quarter, as Robert alluded to, with a number of areas reaching record levels on a quarterly basis as well as on a full year basis. Operating income increased 64% over the prior year's quarter to a record $284 million, or $1.53 per share. On a full year basis, operating income reached a record $952 million, or $5.10 per share. The key contributors are related to record underwriting results for the quarter and full year, as well as strong net investment income. The positive momentum in the business continued throughout the year, with growth in quarterly gross premiums written of 24.5% to almost $2.8 billion, bringing us to a record $10.7 billion for the full year. Similarly, net premiums written grew 26.6% quarter over quarter, to about $2.3 billion, and a record full year of approximately $8.9 billion. On page 7 of the earnings release, you'll see net premiums written by line of business for the comparable periods. All lines of business grew in the insurance segment, including workers' compensation, albeit from increasing payrolls. The total for the segment amounted to $2 billion, with a growth of 25.8% over the prior year. The reinsurance and monoline excess segment also grew in all lines of business, totaling $273 million and growing 33% for the quarter. The growth in exposure and compounding rate improvements in most lines of business will continue to earn through the income statement. In the three most recent consecutive quarters, total net premiums written had an average increase of almost 26%. which has contributed to the acceleration in net premiums earned of 17% for the full year. Pre-tax quarterly underwriting income was a record $261 million, surpassing two other quarterly records this year. On a full year basis, record pre-tax underwriting income of $845 million was more than twice the next closest year, which occurred in 2019. The company continued to demonstrate its management to cat-exposed business and despite heightened CAT activity, such losses did not materially impact our earnings. We reported CAT losses of $49 million, or 2.2 loss ratio points, compared with $42 million, or 2.3 loss ratio points in the prior year. The current accident year loss ratio, excluding catastrophes, improved one loss ratio point to 58.2%, primarily driven by rate improvement. Prior year loss reserves developed favorably, by approximately $1.3 million in the current quarter. That brings our reported loss ratio to 60.4%. The expense ratio continued to improve over the prior year, representing a benefit of 1.8 points to 27.8%. The growth in net premiums earned continues to be a major contributor to the improvement in our expense ratio, as it outpaced expenses by 7.4% in the quarter. Our newer operating units continue to grow their portfolio, adding scale to the business and moving closer to a more normalized expense ratio. We continue to make investments in the business, as evident by the three newly formed operating units, and we look forward to their future prospects. We anticipate that our expense ratio for 2022 should be in the range of 28 to 29%. Closing out the underwriting performance, our current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophes was 86% for the quarter compared with 88.8% for the prior year quarter. Turning to investments, net investment income was $165 million for the quarter. The alternative investment portfolio, primarily investment funds, provided strong results. Our core portfolio improved despite the low interest rate environment. On a full year basis, our investment income of $672 million is only a few million dollars lower than our record reported in 2018. We continue to maintain a highly liquid portfolio with a duration of 2.4 years and maintained a high credit quality of AA minus. Operating cash flows remain strong throughout the year with a record level of almost $2.2 billion for the full year. Pre-tax net investment gains in the quarter was driven by increased unrealized gains in our equity portfolio, contributing to the full year results of $107 million. The full year realized gains included the sale of a private equity investment and real estate property sales. The effective tax rate was 17% in the current quarter, which largely benefited from a lower foreign effective tax rate and investments in tax-exempt securities and dividend-paying equity securities. along with closing certain examinations with tax authorities and truing up our prior year tax accrual. Stockholders' equity increased to almost $6.7 billion as of year-end after returning capital of $200 million in the quarter and $478 million for the full year. The company repurchased 1.75 million shares throughout the year at an average price per share of $69.85. Book value per share before dividends and share repurchases increased 3% in the quarter and 12.5% on a full year basis. The annualized return on beginning of year equity for the quarter was 18.7% and 16.2% for the full year. With that, I'll conclude my remarks and turn it back to Rob.
Rob Berkley
Rich, thank you very much. So just a couple of quick observations from me, and as promised, we'll move on to the Q&A. But clearly, the top line continues to be very healthy by any measurement. We like the balance that we see between rate versus exposure growth at one-third, two-thirds. I would tell you that that's sort of what it all adds up to when we put all the pieces together. But we look at this at a very granular level. We're looking at it by line, by exposure, by territory. And again, we're trying to make sure that we have the right balance there. Long story short, really, essentially across the board, we have the, it's all about specialty business these days. And we have the right people with the right expertise, whether it's on the commercial line side, admitted or non-admitted, whether it's domestic or international, or certainly would not want to leave out our colleagues on the high net worth side. We are on firing on basically all cylinders. Also on the top line, Rich touched on this. I would just mention we do have sensitivity to the workers' comp line. We think there still are opportunities there, but one needs to be very cautious. The growth that you see in that line, as Rich commented, is really being driven by payroll growth. Across the board, everywhere else, it's pretty much just really healthy growth as a result of the broader environment. The loss ratio, Rich covered this. I would just add my two cents to 60.4 or the 58.2 if you want to flip on the rose-colored glasses. That's fine, but I think one of the things that we work very hard at is making sure that we peel back a few layers and really understand what's going on in the business. One of the things, and I know we've talked about this in in past calls that I wanted to flag for people, and that is the paid loss ratio. And the paid loss ratio for the year of 21 was a 45.2. And maybe to give you a couple of other data points, if you go back to 2017, that was a 56.9. 18 was a 57.5. 19 was a 55.2. 20 was a 51.9. And then, of course, you can see the meaningful progress in 21. And again, that was pretty stable quarter to quarter. The expenses, Rich touched on that. We still are getting some benefit, if you will, from the lack of travel as a result of COVID, though that is starting to pick up a bit. I would say really what's driving it more than anything else is the growth in the earned premiums. And as the business continues to grow, we're going to see the benefits on multiple fronts, including the expense piece. So long story short, the underwriting is looking really good. And as I commented earlier, there's a lot of momentum. And as we look at January and we're looking at submissions and where it looks like things are coming out, there is nothing that leads us to believe that the environments is not stable or perhaps improving and we're very encouraged by that. We touched on already and Rich offered a few comments on the investment portfolio, but I would just again flag for those that are interested not to underestimate the leverage that exists in our economic model. We have again been very disciplined on many fronts including the investment portfolio and the duration. As rates move up and we take that duration out and the book yield moves up, I think one should not underestimate what that means for the earnings power of the business. And of course, that alongside with the underwriting margin and the health of that and the scale of the business overall, I think bodes well for the foreseeable future. So I'm going to pause there and let's pivot over to Q&A and talk about what you all would like to talk about. Josh, if we could please open it up for questions.
Operator
Certainly. If you would like to ask a question at this time, please press star followed by the number one on your telephone keypad. And your first question comes from the line of Elise Greenspan with Wells Fargo. Your line is open.
Rob Berkley
Hi, Elise. Good afternoon.
spk06
Hi, thanks. Good evening. My first question, you know, just going back to the rate versus trend discussion, you know, it seems like the rate increases in 21 surpassed your expectations, but you guys were pretty conservative sticking with your design loss ratio throughout the year. So as you go through the budget process for 22, does that give you some room to bring down those design loss ratios more significantly when we think about the underlying loss ratio improvement you could see over the coming year?
Rob Berkley
Look, from our perspective, we think there are a lot of variables out there. Obviously, I think we've talked on these calls in the past and we've talked offline, if you will, about our sensitivity around social inflation and then, of course, financial inflation. So do I think we are in a comfortable spot? Yeah, generally speaking, I do. But do I think those trends continue to move up and one needs to be very careful not to take their eye off the ball without a doubt? So I think that... We are paying close attention to it. We're comfortable with our margins today. If you do the math, arguably, we may be being, some might say cautious, others might say measured and thoughtful to the tune of a point plus or minus. Yeah, but given the level of uncertainty and the leverage around those, we think it makes sense to be measured. But yes, we are comfortable with the rate that we have been achieving, and we look at it through the lens that trend continues to move up, and we have every intention of keeping up with it or more.
spk06
Okay, thanks. And then my second question, the corporate expenses, I think they're around $64 million in the quarter, which is pretty high relative to where they had been trending. Was there something one-off in that? And then could you just help us think about how to model that line going forward?
Rob Berkley
Rich, you want to offer a thought on that, please?
Josh
Of course. Elise, the biggest contribute to that is on the compensation side, in particular as it relates to the special dividends that we paid out in the fourth quarter. So for those folks that have received RSUs that are vested, they receive dividend equivalents. And that winds up going through compensation expense as opposed to through reduction in equity.
spk06
So we can see this trending back down, I guess, in the first quarter. Okay. Thank you.
Operator
Yes, you're welcome. Your next question comes from the line of Mike Zarmeski with Wolf Research. Please go ahead. Hi, Mike. Good evening.
Mike Zarmeski
Hey, good evening. Maybe we can touch on the paid loss ratio data that you talked about earlier. I think, you know, it's not just Berkeley, although, you know, maybe Berkeley's paid loss ratios are down more so than others and we'll be able to unpack that when others report. But it feels like a lot of peers have also been showing lower paid loss ratios. Maybe you can kind of unpack what's driving that. I know we've talked in the past about kind of some core closures, but is there also kind of business mixed shift that's driving your pay loss ratios lower, or is it just simply a lack of losses coming through the pipes and some conservatism?
Rob Berkley
Well, I think what it really is is just the impact on higher rates and other underwriting activities that we have taken over the past years. And it's coming through, and we're seeing the benefit of, again, higher earned premium or more premium per unit of exposure, as well as underwriting actions that we've taken that are leading to better outcomes.
Mike Zarmeski
And certainly, go ahead, I'm sorry. Yeah, that's what I meant by conservatism. Is that what you mean? Is that giving you kind of the confidence in your answer to Lisa's question about maybe you're being a little bit more cautious to the tune of a point or so?
Rob Berkley
I think we're being measured. I think we acknowledge the fact that social inflation is real. I think we acknowledge the fact that financial inflation is here. And we're in the business of selling our products oftentimes years before we actually write the check or the product is uh the cost of the product is fully known so we are we are being uh i think thoughtful about it is how i would characterize it okay great maybe touching on on social inflation uh do you at berkeley kind of bifurcate between frequencies and severities i guess some some um
Mike Zarmeski
Some participants in the industry have said that, you know, frequencies haven't been as high as expected, but severities continue to come in hotter, which is leading them to... Yeah, so we absolutely were looking at both frequency and severity, and quite frankly, we look at it at other dimensions, if you will, of the situation as well.
Rob Berkley
I would tell you that there is no doubt that severity continues to... tick up at a notable rate. As far as frequency goes, I think that the industry needs to be very careful that they do not lose sight of what the consequences were of COVID and how that created a pinch point in the legal system. And that could lead one to believe that frequency dropped, and perhaps it did, but one needs to understand that was likely a temporary phenomenon as opposed to something that's more permanent.
Mike Zarmeski
Lastly, based on your commentary, it sounds like still plenty of momentum on the top line, yet the guidance is for expense ratio. I know Elise rightly pointed out that there were some higher corporate expenses, but expense ratio is still the kind of probably not improved further and improved a lot. So is there also some potential conservatism in the expense ratio if the market conditions... Well, there are a couple of pieces there.
Rob Berkley
First off, I think you need to understand that, as Rich pointed out, the expense ratio was impacted by special dividends. And as you may recall or be aware, a component of... compensation for senior officers is restricted stock that gets deferred. And as a result of that, the dividends, as Rich said, we expense those. So the one-time special dividend. In addition to that, there are other aspects of deferred comp like our long-term incentive plan that is driven off of the return of the company. So obviously, as the performance of the company improves, there is more expense associated with remuneration. That all having been said, from my perspective, as I suggested, I think, and we've talked about in the past, there's probably 30 to 50 basis points of positive impact as a result of people not traveling as much as they do in normal times. We certainly see the earned premium will continue to grow and we have a variety of other moving pieces. I think we should also mention that we have some new businesses, as we referenced in the release and Rich touched on, that obviously when they are brand new, they don't have a lot of earned premium. They have expense. So long story short, we talked about it, and Rich being the good measured CPA that he is, Same up with the 28 to 29. Do I think that there's a chance that we can do better than that? Yes, I think there is.
Mike Zarmeski
Thank you very much.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Ryan Tunis with Autonomous Research. Your line is open.
Rich
Hi, Ryan. Good evening. How are you? Yeah, just I guess digging a little bit more into the expenses. One thing I'm a little bit curious about is what So we're in a hard market. I mean, how much, if we were to take a look inside the organization, what does investment look like over the past year or so? Have you guys like hired at a, is headcount up a ton? Or are you in a lot of ways kind of doing all this on the chassis that you had built coming into this in 2020?
Rob Berkley
So it's a little bit of both. Certainly are we always looking for talent without a doubt, and are we certainly constantly, and this moment is no exception, making what I would define as meaningful investments in particularly data and technology? Yes, we absolutely are. That having been said, as we also discussed in the past, a lot of the growth in the business over the past, couple of years, much of it has come from rate. So as we are charging more for a widget and it's the same work as before, there's meaningful leverage in that. In addition to that, we have many businesses that had not fully scaled. To their credit, they maintained a level of underwriting discipline and when market conditions weren't there, they did not lean into the marketplace. But now that there are a meaningful number of pockets within the industry or the broader market, quite frankly, ex comp, that is providing more attractive market conditions. Those businesses are scaling and we're seeing the expense ratios as they scale drop. So we're seeing growth across the board. And, you know, it's not that we're not investing in the business, both in people and technology. We are and we're doing that heavily. At the same time, there's a lot of leverage in the model.
Rich
Yeah, it's good to see that operating leverage. And then I guess from others, we've heard that comp pricing has softened maybe a bit this quarter. You've been cautious in the past, I think, on severity, and now we're seeing a little bit of inflation. Just any updates to kind of what you're seeing from a loss trend standpoint on the comp side, Rob? Thanks.
Rob Berkley
Yeah, look, I think that we have, as you pointed out, been watching the comp line very closely for some period of time now. The action that state rating bureaus have been taking for what would be measured in years, I think has been pretty heavy handed. I think there are some people that may have lost sight of the, if you will, one time benefit around comp claims activity that occurred during COVID, perhaps. And we don't think that people are paying an appropriate level of attention to severity trend. And if that's not enough, not only are we seeing some folks being very aggressive on the pricing, in addition to that, to add insult to injury, we're seeing people starting to lean into it through commissions, where they're raising commissions on the product line, both regional players as well as national carriers. So, you know, we're watching very carefully. We continue to like the line of business, but like in all of our activities, we like the exposures at rates that we think make sense.
Mark
Thank you. Thanks for the question.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Alex Scott with Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.
Alex Scott
Hi, good evening. Thanks for taking the call.
Operator
Good evening, Alex.
Alex Scott
First one I had is maybe just to follow up on workers' comp. I'd just be interested in any comment you could provide on sort of where we're at with the exposure of recovery from payrolls and workers' comp. My understanding is it's somewhat lagged, but, I mean, are we most of the way through that at this point, or do you still have quarters ahead?
Rob Berkley
Well, I think that, you know, a lot of it depends on the health and robustness of the economy and how we see payrolls expanding. So, I mean, that's what's really driving it and certainly driving our growth, as Rich had touched on and I echoed. So it's really all about the workforce and how employers are bringing people back based on the needs that they see to meet their customers' needs.
Alex Scott
Got it. And my follow-up question is, I guess, just in terms of the admitted specialty lines. Yeah. It seems like that's a pretty nice opportunity for you all. And we hear a fair amount about the E&S market and the volume growth that's being seen there. But could you help us think through some of the admitted specialty lines that you're growing in and how the outlook for that is looking in 2022?
Rob Berkley
Yeah, look, obviously we're a very meaningful player in the E&S space as well as the admitted specialty space. And, you know, the The growth that we are experiencing on the not-admitted side is, again, quite robust, but our admitted specialty business is running right alongside of it at a similar clip. As far as the particular products or types of exposure on the admitted specialty side that we see the best opportunities in, with all due respect, that's just not the detail that we typically get into.
Mark
Understood. Thanks. Thank you for the questions. Josh, are there any other questions?
Operator
Yes, your next question comes from the line of Mark Duell with RBC Capital Markets. Your line is open. Okay, thank you. Good evening, Mark.
Mark Duell
Good evening. Just a few that haven't been hit on already. Could you provide within your catastrophe total what portion of that might have been COVID as compared to just regular natural catastrophe losses?
Rob Berkley
It's 12 million bucks, I believe, Rich, right?
Josh
That's correct. And it's 0.6 loss ratio points of the 2.2 that we have.
Rob Berkley
Our sense is that that's... I don't want to say anything that I'll regret, but I think that that's pretty well digested at this stage. There could be a little bit, but likely not much more.
Mark Duell
Okay. I appreciate that. The second question... I know this isn't a very big line item, but the revenues from your non-insurance businesses increased pretty substantially. I was curious whether that was just something seasonal. The earnings did as well. Was that just something seasonal or did you acquire something additional in that segment?
Rob Berkley
No, generally speaking, it's... wholly owned entities that are part of our investment portfolio, and they're doing very well. And as the economy has been opening back up, they're benefiting from that. And in addition to that, they're just very well-run businesses.
Mark Duell
A small item. They did add up to a couple, two or three cents a share compared to normal. So good news on that. The last question that I had. Go ahead.
Rob Berkley
Go ahead. I'm sorry, Mark. Excuse me.
Mark Duell
Anyway, the last question that I had, setting aside for a moment social inflation, which other people have asked about, where are you really impacted by ordinary financial inflation, the cost of goods, wages, et cetera, wages obviously on workers' comp, but I would think that you're not actually terribly exposed to most forms of financial inflation.
Rob Berkley
Well, you know, certainly as the costs of things go up, we have that, particularly on some of the shorter tail lines. And on the liability front, damages, quite frankly, can be impacted by that as well as to how the legal system calculates damages. Okay. And I think the last thing, Mark, is that obviously it impacts Again, when people are thinking about damages, just their state of mind.
Mark
Yeah, I would agree.
Mark Duell
I guess my mind would put that as to being more ultimately kind of a social inflation, but I do understand where you're coming from on that. Okay, those are all my questions. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. As a reminder, if you would like to ask a question at this time, please press star, then the number one on your telephone keypad. Your next question comes from Brian Meredith with UBS. Your line is open.
Brian Meredith
Hey, Brian. Good evening. So a couple ones here for you. So, Rob, a large admitted carrier had some pretty good growth this quarter and talked about kind of an optimistic outlook for growth. Are you seeing any impact yet from standard carriers trying to kind of creep back in and take some of that E&S business?
Rob Berkley
Not yet. I mean, honestly, the submission flow is – pretty overwhelming at this stage, to tell you the truth. And again, I don't have all the data at this stage, but there's nothing that we saw in the fourth quarter that led us to believe that it's not healthy, to say the least. And even more recently, January seems particularly strong. So I can't opine on what other people are seeing, but I can tell you that we are not seeing the opportunity erode at this time in any way, shape, or form. And quite frankly, it's basically across the board. Great.
Brian Meredith
And then second question, Rob, there's been a lot of talk at the one-woman renewals that you saw seating commissions on casualty reinsurance up a couple hundred basis points. I'm wondering if you could just talk about what impact that could potentially have on you, on your obviously insurance business, because you do buy some and then on the other side, any impact on your reinsurance business?
Rob Berkley
Well, as you point out, and thanks for raising it, on the reinsurance side, you would have seen the growth in that segment of our business, and as we find the rate environment attractive, we're very happy to increase our participation. On the insurance side, where we are a seed entity, Certainly, we are aware of the market conditions and the cost of capacity, and we are a meaningful buyer of reinsurance. But something to please keep in mind, we are by and large a small account writer. So we are not as compelled to buy reinsurance as many of our peers. I think as we have shared with people in the past, approximately 90% of our policies have a limit of $2 million or less. So we are not as captive to the reinsurance market as others. We're very happy to partner with some people throughout the cycle, but we have the flexibility for those that are looking to take full advantage. Some might even suggest gouge to be a buyer when it makes sense. So that's how we think about it. In addition to that, we've created vehicles, one internally called Lifts and Re that we've talked about in the past that obviously also gives us some flexibility around how we buy reinsurance.
Brian Meredith
Gotcha. Thanks. And then just last question here and just maybe some clarification and making sure I understand it. So as we look at the first quarter coming up here, it's my understanding that that's when you and a lot of other casualty companies set your loss picks kind of for the year on casualty. Is that correct? And that's kind of when we should kind of expect to see they kind of do the math to really have an effect?
Rob Berkley
Look, we look at our loss picks on a regular basis because we're not the kind of organization that is so fixated on this magic date. That's the only time we move our picks. We look at the information, we look at the data regularly at a macro level, at a micro level, and try and make sure that what we're doing makes good sense. So we certainly have our picks in place for the 22 year, and it's based on a lot of knowledge and expertise from colleagues. That having been said, we are constantly looking out the front windshield for new information that might lead us to want to refine our view.
Mark
Great. Thanks. Appreciate it, Rob. Thank you for the questions.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Michael Phillips with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.
Michael Phillips
Hi, Michael. Good evening. Thank you. Hey, good evening. Thanks. I actually was dropped for a while, so I apologize. I'll ask one at the risk of not repeating anybody else's. And it's on your professional liability book. like otherwise, growing quite substantially. But that's the line we hear some concerns about with some other carriers. And so could you just remind us how your book there is different and why those concerns maybe wouldn't apply to you? And I guess it could be some of your prior answers with the size of accounts and limits and everything else. But that line comes up a lot with concerns. So maybe just kind of speak to how your book is different there. Thank you.
Rob Berkley
Yeah. Well, thanks for the question. And quite honestly, it's a complicated one for a variety of reasons, but probably most importantly, Professional liability is, as you can appreciate, a very broad space. There are pockets within professional liability that we find exceptionally attractive, and there are pockets of the professional liability space where we are clearly, as a result of our underwriting discipline, watching business move away from us. When the day is all done, there are parts of the business that we find attractive and we think that this is a great opportunity to grow. I don't know exactly what, when you talk about other people and how they're thinking about professional liability, I don't know how their book is put together, but I would tell you that we feel very comfortable with what our colleagues are doing in the space and we have a great deal of confidence in their skills.
Michael Phillips
Okay, Rob, thank you, and again, that's all I had. Congrats on the quarter. Appreciate it.
Mark
Thank you.
Operator
Our next question comes from the line of Meyer Shields with KBW. Your line is open.
Mark
Hi, Meyer. Good evening.
Rob
Hi.
Mark
How are you, Rob? Great, thanks.
Rob
How are you? I'm good, thanks. I wanted to dig into one comment you made because I want to make sure I understand it. You talked about being cautious in workers' compensation at this point in time, and I'm wondering, is there a difference in underwriting when you're looking to avoid what would be sort of an external problem, you know, if medical inflation broadly gets worse or the impact of wages going up, is that a different underwriting process than when you just identify the better performing risks in a more stable environment?
Rob Berkley
Well, I think that they both get factored into the analysis by our colleagues. Ultimately, our colleagues look at all the information, both historical as well as what they see out on the horizon, and they try and put it all together to come up with a view as to what loss costs are going to be. And some of the things that you referenced obviously get factored into that. And as I think we've mentioned on earlier calls, and I believe we touched on this evening, is that the severity trend is one that we have and continue to have our eye very focused on. And, you know, clearly the frequency trend continues to be a friend for the industry, but that severity trend is not one that should be, in our opinion, ignored.
Mark
Okay, that's helpful. That's all I had. Thank you. Thank you.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Ryan Tunis with Autonomous Research. Your line is open. Yeah, sorry.
Rich
I just want to follow up. Hi, again, I want to follow up on Brian Meredith's question. And you said that your 22 loss picks are in place. How do those compare to the 58-2? Did you use those this quarter when you reported a 58-2? Or is that something we need to delve into next year?
Rob Berkley
The numbers that Rich walked you through and the numbers that you saw in the release, were how we thought about the losses for the business during the fourth quarter, if you will, of 21.
Rich
So we shouldn't use the 58-2 to think about what your loss picks might be for next year?
Rob Berkley
I'm not telling you what loss pick to use. I'm pretty sure I'm not allowed to do that. What I am suggesting to you is that you should go to a – you should look at the data – and you should look at our loss ratios, and you should extrapolate based on your view around trend and rate, and that should lead you, presumably, to an answer.
Rich
Great. Well, stay tuned. Thanks.
Mark
Okay.
Operator
Thank you. There are no further questions at this time. I'll turn the call back to Mr. Rob Berkley for any closing remarks.
Rob Berkley
Okay. Well, Thank you all very much for your participation. And again, I would just like to thank and congratulate all of my colleagues for the tremendous effort that led to these results and certainly very optimistic for all the reasons that we discussed earlier on what next year looks like. But before we say goodnight, let me hand it over to our chairman.
spk12
Good evening, everyone. It was a really terrific quarter and a great year. The results, as Rob points out, come about because of everyone's effort. But everyone's effort is a reflection of our starting point, which is risk-adjusted return. And in this business, that means looking at lots of things that you don't really know the answer to for a while. So you make judgments. You anticipate where things are going. and what things are happening. Some of the most important judgments are inflation, both social and financial. It has to do with what you think are going to happen with interest rates and all of the myriad of things that impact the business. We have a much more tightly controlled company today than we did 10 years ago, but we have to because it's a more complex company. But we run our business in the same manner. We're nimble. We constantly are adjusting for changes we see in the future.
Mark
And while we're optimistic, we're not naive.
spk12
Everything we see leads us to believe that certainly 2022 will be an excellent year. Looking beyond that, difficult. But the signs are positive. And the team is prepared. So we thank all of you for your support. And we continue to be optimistic as to what we see in the future and how our experience but a nimble team will be able to deliver outstanding results. Okay, thank you all very much, and we will speak with you in about 90 days. Have a good night.
Operator
This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for joining. You may now disconnect.
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