Axa Sa Ord

Hello everyone and welcome to AXA's full year 21 results. It's great to be back here live in London. A big welcome to all of you in the room. I think we have all of the London sell side here with us today in person. So thank you all for coming. It's great to have you and it's great to be all in the same room together. So thanks for that. And a big welcome also to those of you joining on the webcast. And it's great to have you with us as well today. Here with us in London this morning, this afternoon, we have our CEO, Thomas Beuvel. We have our Deputy CEO, Frederic de Courtois. We have our CFO, Albon Demainel. We have also our CEO for France, Patrick Cohen. And we have our CEO for Europe and LATAM, Antimo Perretta. So thank you all for being here as well. There will be a Q&A session, obviously, at the end of the presentation. We'll give preference to those of you who are here in the room with us. But we're also very happy to take questions from the webcast. So just send your questions in writing and we'll make sure they're read out. And now... For the eighth year, it's my great pleasure to hand over to Access CEO, Thomas, for his introductory remarks.

Thank you very much, Andrew, and good afternoon to all of you. I'm very happy to be with you again here in London. It seems like a long time ago since COVID was a very intense time. And so very glad to be with you and to exchange in person. But most importantly, to present very strong results of AXA in 2021. And 2021 for us was a very decisive and pivotal year. Decisive because it determined for us how would we come out of this very difficult crisis. And you've seen in the numbers that we came out in a very strong way. Pivotal because we come to the end of a transformation phase in which we have shifted the company significantly and it looks very different from what we've seen in 2016. What are the highlights? 100 billion revenue a very symbolic number it's a level of revenue that is higher than what we've seen pre-covid and certainly having grown six percent versus last year is a very good performance and what makes me even more confident is when you look into a detail all of the engines have contributed to it there is not one single one that is lagging behind We have achieved all of this on a very strong balance sheet. 217% Sovereignty 2 ratio, 17 points up from last year, is a tremendous achievement and is one of the elements that I mentioned earlier when we talk about the question of how do we come out of this crisis in a reinforced way. Certainly, when I look at the underlying earnings, I'm very happy to see that based on a normalized 2020, we have progressed 9%. And we certainly again see that all the markets are contributing to this very good result. And one particular area I would like to focus on, since we have been focusing on over the last years, is AXA XL. We have achieved the 1.2 billion, which was a target that was not easy to achieve over the last couple of years. and I'm going into detail afterwards, but with the very clear and determined underwriting actions that Scott and his team have undertaken, we have now achieved a target. So very strong results across all dimensions. When we now look at what does it mean in terms of underlying earnings per share and certainly also what does it mean in terms of dividends, On the underlying earnings per share, we see that it's also a progression of 7%. And as you remember, we had a range between 3% and 7% for our current plan, Ambition 2023, which means that we are in 2021 at the upper end, which is the good news. It is also on that basis that the Board of Directors has met yesterday and is proposing a dividend per share of €1.54, which is an increase of 8%. And when you look at the payout ratio, very well settled in the corridor that we have given ourselves. So I'm very pleased with these results and also would like to use this opportunity to thank our teams for this great result and for this excellent performance because everybody contributed to it. And without the help of everybody, this would have not been possible. Where are we today? Because I said earlier that we see 2021 as well as a pivotal change. We are now in a place where we have a new AXA that is very different to the AXA that you've known 10 years ago, you've known 6 years ago. Why is it different? Because it's now simplified and it's focused. Why is it focused? It's focused because we are in less geographies, but it's also focused on very attractive business. 90% of our earnings come today from technical earnings and fee-based business, which is very different to what we have seen after the financial crisis of 2008, where 80% of our earnings came from financial market results. We've also, with this shift of business mix and the simplification, created a very strong leader in Europe and France. And I'm happy to be here with Antimo and Patrick. We've secondly created the number one platform globally for corporate risks. Scott Gunter will be with us digitally later on. And we also created one of the strongest health franchises across the world. Those areas give us a very good basis to capitalize on it and make that platform grow even more. When you look at where are we with this new platform in the current ambition 2023 driving progress. We set ourselves at the time five goals. Number one was we want to grow our health business 5% or more. We've achieved this in 2021 where the health and protection business has grown 5%. We secondly said we want to work on our efficiency. We want to reduce our cost base by 500 million between end of 2020 and 23. By the end of 2021, we have achieved 300 million of this reduction of the cost base. We certainly said we want to improve technical performance. And again, everywhere, be it in France, be it in Europe, and certainly at XL, we've worked on this topic and we've achieved to be better. And in particular, what I said earlier, what is outstanding for me is the technical improvement at AXA XL and achieving those 1.2 billion. The fourth topic and aim was for us to be even more of a leader on the climate transition side. Two elements I would highlight. One is the lead that we have taken in the Net Zero Insurance Alliance, which is an association of global insurers in order to also focus our underwriting decisions on how can we accompany the climate transition in a positive way. But we've also taken new commitments when it comes to oil and gas. And lastly, we want to increase the cash remittance. When you've seen what we have done, we are clearly also on a very good journey. So I'm very happy with the process. We have made excellent progress on our Ambition 2023, which sets us up for a great way of achieving the plan the way we want it to. Let me go a bit into detail on AXA XL because, as I said, it was not easy to get to the 1.2 billion. We've done it. And the one reason why we've done it was very hard work of Scott and his team over the past two years in really re-underwriting this portfolio. They've taken... Every contract in an in-depth view, increased prices, resized the lines so that we have less net risk and also were very courageous in exiting unprofitable lines. This has led us to a combined ratio improvement of 5.1 points in 2021, which to my mind is a really great achievement. And this sets us up now for the next step, which is a more balanced development between keeping the absolute priority on underwriting profitability, but making sure that in some areas in which we believe it's attractive to grow, we also seize more opportunities to grow. 2021 has also been a year in which we have experienced severe natural catastrophes. It was the fourth worst year since 1970. That is also why we have decided that the reinsurance results at AXA XL, given the experience we had, were too volatile. And we've taken a very courageous decision to cut the property cut exposure by 40%. We have started to implement this at the 1st of January, so this is already done. And obviously, as you can imagine, for the other renewals that are coming this year, we will apply exactly the same level of reduction, because we want to make sure that we continue to reduce the volatility after having done it every year by minus 10%, but we wanted to really go further with the minus 40%. Where are we on this journey to the plan driving progress 2023? We have, as you've seen, a very strong growth momentum around the revenues. P&C Commercial Health and Protection, our preferred segments, grow 5% versus 2020. And on the unit length and asset management side, I'm very pleased to see a growth that is even double-digit, 24%. The technical performance, as I said earlier, has been strengthened and we managed to reduce the current year combined ratio and loss ratio by 1.6 points. Making sure that we don't only look at how do we optimize the technical result in terms of claims results, but also making sure that we are delivering on our commitments to reduce our cost base. I mentioned it earlier, we have achieved 300 million of reduction of cost base. So this sets us up very nicely to deliver within the target range of 3% to 7% underlying earnings per share. And certainly, if you look where we are today, we are more delivering towards the higher end of this target range, which is obviously a very good position to be in. When we look then at the question of cash, One of the aims of the transformation of AXA was how do we get to much more business that is driving and generating a much higher cash. And you've seen that this has worked. Having 90% of our profits from technical risks and from fee-based risks means that the cash generation has increased And we could end the year with a cash-at-holding of 4.5 billion, which is well above the aim that we have between 1 and 3 billion. We've also concluded one of the two share buybacks that we have announced in November last year. One was the 1.7 billion in order to compensate for the dividend in 2020 that we could not pay out due to COVID restrictions, the 50%. This is completed by February of this year. And we have also now closed the necessary disposals in order to confirm today the second share buyback of 500 million, which concerns three disposals. And you've seen recently that the largest one of those three, Singapore, was also successfully closed. So this will now start as well. What does it mean for the overall cash trajectory? We gave you an indication on the 1st of December 2020 in terms of our cash projection that we said, look, cash upstream will be around 14 billion. We can say today with good confidence that we will be exceeding those 14 billion. Why? Because we've focused even more than we thought in 2020 on those lines of business that are highly cash generative. And secondly, despite the fact that we've already gone a very large journey in reducing our in-force on the live site, think about what has happened with IPOing Equitable, with Antimo working very hard in Switzerland on the GL 2020 transformation. Those were big moves. Nevertheless, We have identified some more in-force actions, and you've seen some of them already that have come into place, be it the reinsurance transaction in Hong Kong, be it another transaction in Switzerland and another one in Belgium. So this will be a continuous journey. Another element that I would highlight for you in the topic of cash generation is also the transformation of AXA SA, so a holding company, into a reinsurance company. This is something that is very common in our industry and most of our peers have already done it. We can do it now because we've got the right business mix to do it, and it gives us an ability of enhanced fungibility in P&C, and certainly, as Alban and Frederik will point out later, an additional lever of cash generation between 2022 and 2026. We've also been very clear at the December meeting IR Day in 2020 on how do we deploy cash. And what we clearly said that we have now a very focused AXA, a very focused footprint. We will look at M&A in a very disciplined manner, but only in places where it adds to the existing footprint and where it has high synergies. And we've also been very clear that the use of cash is always benchmarked against share buybacks, which means that share buybacks remain and are an ongoing part of our toolkit. When we look at where we are positioned today and what is the setup for the future, We've got today a very strong growth momentum. And this is also represented in a great bench strength of talents that we have at the group, in the local entities. And I'm very confident that the growth momentum we have achieved, certainly in the preferred lines, can be kept up because we have an inherent demand of our customers for these risks. Health has become a very large interest of people post-COVID. We've got on company side many, many more risks, certainly another one as of this morning. And so there is a high demand for insurance solution, a high demand for advice in order to make sure that the risk management of the company is well managed. So growing in those very attractive cash-generative businesses is what we are going to pursue as of now on this transformed, newly structured platform AXA. All of this happens on an excellent balance sheet. 217% of solvency without, by the way, any equivalence is something that we have probably hardly ever seen at AXA. The target range that we have set for ourselves, the 3% to 7% underlying earnings per share, is, from today's perspective, very feasible. We've delivered earnings growth per share already at the higher end of that range, and I will expect as well, if we continue that journey, that we will remain at the higher end. And what I said to you earlier, I am of the firm belief that the guidance we've given you around the 14 billion cash on the 1st of December 2020 is something that we will be exceeding due to the fact that we focus our growth on highly cash-generative business and that we also continue our work even further on enforced transactions. So across all the dimensions of our setup, of our plan, we are well positioned, the group is in great shape, and our outlook is excellent to succeed even more. I would like to end here and hand over to Frédéric, who will now go into more detail, and I'm looking forward to the discussion with you. Thank you.

Good afternoon. It's good to be with you in London. And I would like now to discuss with you about three operational priorities. The group is really in very good shape. And I would like to tell you more about capital and cash management. I would like to tell you more about NatCat exposure reduction, especially in AXA-XLE. And I would like to tell you more about business performance, which has been excellent in 2021 in all our four business lines. Let's move to capital management. We had already discussed in the past about enforced actions. We started to implement it. You see that we've signed three small transactions in 2021, Hong Kong, Switzerland, and Belgium. You see what they represent, so 8 billion of general account reserves. closed in 2022, but I'm confident that you will see a lot closed by the end of 2023. So why do we do it? I mean, you know this well. We do it to reduce our exposure to financial risks. We do it to release locked up capital and upstream cash to the holding company. So on this front, things are going well. A second initiative, which is new, is the initiative we have on the P&C side. You see that we are going to transform our holding company, AXA-SA, into a group internal reinsurer. We are going to merge our internal captive reinsurance company with AXA-SA. And we are going to reinsure through quota share treaties most of our PNC companies to this holding company with a quota share at 25%, which is not set in stone, but we start with 25%. So, of course, everything is subject to regulatory improvements. And we are confident that we will obtain these regulatory improvements over the coming weeks. And everything will be implemented for the operation at the end of June. And the reinsurance treaties will start from January the 1st, 2022. So again, this is, it seems to be a complex operation. It is not, this is only an internal restructuring. So everything is in our hands and we are extremely confident to be able to implement everything by the end of June. It has a significant impact on cash. You see here that it has a $2 billion impact. around $2 billion cash impact by the end of 2026. We are saying that it has a $1 billion cash impact by the end of 2023. Out of this $1 billion, 0.7 is due to the cash that we had in the internal captive reinsurance company, and 0.3 is due to the upstreaming or the beginning of the upstreaming of the positive capital impact of this reinsurance transaction. And again, we will have the other 1 billion upstreaming in the following years. So, In a nutshell, we have an ambitious plan on the live side. We have an ambitious new plan on the PNC side, on cash generation and upstreaming of cash. And this is one of the reasons we are confident to overshoot on our $14 billion target on remittance. Second topic of the day, cat exposure and cat volatility. So we are taking decisive actions to reduce our cat exposure for two reasons. And the first one is to reduce volatility. The second one, because we believe that in many areas, CAD pricing is still not adequate, especially in the context of climate change. So we are very selective on our CAD exposure. You see here on the left side, and this is important that you understand it, at the end, our main CAD volatility is coming from AXA XLV. We've exceeded our budget on AXA XL RE on CAT by almost eight points, which is a significant deviation. But on the contrary, you see that despite the fact that Stomas said we had a very bad CAT year, AXA XL insurance and our general insurance business in Europe And again, it has been a heavy year on cat in Europe, has exceeded, have exceeded their cat budget, but not so much. So again, the volatility mainly come from axillary. And it explains why we've taken decisive action at the end of 2021 before the renewal. So what have we done? We've been extremely selective on the renewal on cats. We have reduced our cat exposure by 40%. And we have the plan to continue to reduce it during the year, for the further renewals during the year, so that at the end of the year, we have reduced our global cat exposure for the whole portfolio by 40%. You will see that it reduces our cat exposure at the group level by 10%. And it is important to say that it preserves the AXA XL re-expected earnings. Why so? Because, of course, on one hand, we reduce our exposure, which has a negative impact. But we've increased pricing. And we've reduced the retro prices. And I would say that more or less, the two are compensating. And we believe that we've entirely preserved the XIXL expected earnings for 2022. Moving to... our four business lines and again we've performed well on our four business lines this year so i'll start with the with the first one which is pnc so solid growth on the pnc business so three percent growth last year if you look at the commercial business five percent growth And here I'd like to make comments first on France and then on AXA XL. So excellent performance in France in the context of good pricing. So we've grown the French business by 11% on commercial lines last year. And we've achieved. And we've even overachieved our objective on AXA XL insurance and AXA XL RE on pricing. You see that last year, pricing have increased by 15% on AXA XL insurance, on 9% on AXA XL RE, which, by the way, leads to an average commercial increase for the pricing by 7% last year. And the renewals at the end of 2022 also went well. So we had price increases for AXA XL insurance of 11% on January the 1st. And we had price increases for AXA XL RE by 8% on January the 1st this year. And we are happy with this. If you look at the personal lines activities, so the personal lines business increased by 1% with the pricing, which is stable overall, which is, I would say, a good performance in the context of very much reduced frequency last year and the year before. Looking now at the PNC profitability, so the PNC profitability for the PNC business, excluding COVID, increased by 29%. So 29% compared to last year. Obviously, the main impact is a much better underwriting impact. AXA Excel has really delivered. AXA Excel has really delivered on their underwriting performance. So we are extremely happy with the underwriting performance of AXA Excel this year. And again, the price increases that we've achieved last year and on January the 1st, which you do not fully see in the results, will be seen over the coming years, as you can imagine. We have a stable investment income on the PNC side, which is also a good performance in the context of lower yield on our assets. If I look more precisely at the combined ratio, so the combined ratio is significantly increasing, and this is the consequence of what I've said, then there are a lot of moving pieces and quite a lot of exceptional items in the combined ratio. So I'll try to make a list of these exceptional items. I have a list of four. We had excess cats. Thomas said it. That was the fourth item. worst cat year since 1970. So this is obviously a negative impact. We had some frequency benefit linked to the lockdown situation, especially in Europe. And this is obviously a positive impact. We had the claim, the deal we've made with the French restaurants last year, and it has a negative impact. And we have PYDs somewhat above guidance. This is a positive impact. I would say, by chance, all these exceptional impacts are compensating each other. And this is globally a wash. And to make it simple, you can consider that the 94.6% is a clean 94.6% with no negative impact. In reality, the sum of all the four is a minus 50 million negative impact. But globally, again, the 90.4.6 is clean, and it makes us confident that we will achieve the 93% combined ratio in 2023, and we believe we are on the right track to achieve this 93%. Let's move to the – I don't have the screen anymore. I don't know why, but I'll make it – Anyway, the. No. Okay. So it will come back. So volumes on the live business. So volumes increase by 9%, which is a strong performance. I would highlight very much the business mix, which is exactly the business mix we want to have with strong growth on protection business, strong growth in uniting business, and strong growth in capital light general account business. I'd like to highlight here a few points. First, the excellent performance in France. So France business has increased last year by 17%, very much driven by the savings business. Why so? We had strong sales of Unitec business. We had strong sales of retirement business. And we had strong sales of the Euro croissant business. You know that the Euro croissant business are... Capital guaranteed business at maturity only. So these are capitalized business and this is a business which we are strongly developing in France. And by the way, this is a type of business we are also strongly developing in other European countries. If you look at the ratio of Unitlink and Eurocrescence on ratio divided by our total business, they represent 56% of our total business, which is 15 points above the market. So why did we have, the screen is back, why did we have a strong growth last year in France? We had excellent performance from our proprietary workforce, Salesforce, so agents and salaried networks. The second point I would like to highlight is the strong performance in Asia. We had a strong performance in Asia in Japan and in Hong Kong with protection business and capital light general account business and some unit link business in Japan. The screen is, I know the screen is, yeah. Yes, the screen is back. So we're happy with this performance in Asia. You see that the net inflow is exactly the one we want. So positive net inflow globally, very positive on our preferred lines of business and negative on the traditional general account business. Moving to new business and NBV. So this is the consequence of what I've said. So new business increases a lot. So 13 percent acceleration during the second half of the year on the new business. This is, again, what I've said. And I insist on the quality of the mix. You see that the highest growth comes from protection and health, unit linked, and capitalized business. All of this translates in a good NBV margin, so with an 8% growth of the NBV margin. I would say an immaterial decrease of the NBV margin, which is mostly due to a higher mix of good business on the health business line, especially in Hong Kong, which slightly decreases the NBV margin globally. But the NBV margin on protection and unit-linked is increasing. Life and savings profitability. So the life and savings profitability is increasing by 3%. It is increasing by 5% at constant scope. Constant scope means if you restate for the companies we've sold, so Central and Eastern Europe, Greece, and the reinsurance transaction in Hong Kong. So again, 5% growth at constant scope. At the end, why did it increase? It's a mix of various impacts, so increase of the technical margin with good performance, claims performance on the protection products. An extremely resilient investment margin, which is, I would say, good news because you see on the right side that the investment margin is in 2021 was slightly above our guidance for the plan. So 66 basis point compared to 55 to 65 range that we had given in our plan. And we are confident that this investment margin will stay resilient and close to the high end of the range for the investment margin. Last but not least, the third impact is revenues and uniting products or fees and uniting products. And here it increases because of good inflows and because of good performance of the markets. So again, a very solid result on the left side. On the health business, on the following slide, you see that we continue with our strategy of profitable growth. So growth revenues have increased by 5%, which is our objective on this business. We especially had a strong growth on group business, especially in France, with performance up by 12%. because we explained that our employee benefit offering in France and also good performance in Hong Kong, as I've said. We have a very slight deterioration of the combined ratio on the health side. You have two impacts here. We had a lower frequency last year on the health business because of the lockdown, which of course has an impact on this. And we had a negative impact this year on the frequency in Mexico, which is a big health market for us, linked to COVID. So all of this linked to a 0.4 point increase of combined ratio, which we believe is immaterial. And again, it's linked to these two specific impacts, which I have mentioned. So underlying earnings at the end increased by 2%. And you see that health represents about 10% of our global earnings. Fourth and last business line, which has gone extremely well, asset management. I'd like to spend some more time on asset management. So you see that the average asset under management increased by 5%, which is a mix of market impact, and net inflows, you see that our net inflows have increased by 12 billion. We had 12 billion positive net inflows last year, especially on the alternative business, especially in the GVs in Asia. and especially in Korea, and we had a negative net inflow on the core, in the core business unit, negative net inflow, which is the consequence of what I've said before, because we have negative inflows on our general account products, and we had the Hong Kong reinsurance transaction. So at the end, nothing unexpected. The mix has improved because we had strong positive inflows on third-party clients with higher margins. And we had, again, positive net inflow both on the alternative business and the core business. We had also strong inflows on the core business on the third-party business. Moving to margins, so all of this is the consequence of what I said before, so 20% increase of the gross revenues, which is a mix of higher asset under management and better mix, so third-party business and strong growth of the alternative business. So you see here that our management fee on average increased by 0.7 basis points, which is Good news. So the cost-income ratio also mechanically increases because our revenues have increased, but also because we had a good discipline on the cost in XIM, which leads to close to four points improvement of the cost-income ratio, and which... leads to a 25% increase of our underlying earnings, very much driven, again, by the excellent performance of our alternative franchise. So last word on our alternative franchise. which I think you know well. I would like to repeat that we are the first European franchise on the alternative business. So this is an important subject. So we are the first real asset franchise in Europe. This is my first message. My second message is that the strong performance last year is not one-year performance. If you look at the performance over the past five years, you see constant high performance for this alternative franchise. We had 54 billion net inflow in our alternative franchise over the past five years, which is an excellent performance. And our plan is to continue to develop this high margin business. And I would like to highlight that we have a strong pipeline of client commitments in 2021. So we are confident that, again, the net inflows will be strong in 2022. So, again, to conclude on this, strong performance so far. four business lines and now i give the word to albon on the financial performance thank you

Thank you, Frederic. Good afternoon, all. I will take you through the main elements of our P&L and our balance sheet, starting with the underlying earnings. The underlying earnings grew by 61% between 2020 and 2021. Obviously, 20% was affected by COVID losses and excess CAT. If you adjust for those two elements, the underlying earnings increase was 9% between those two years. And so to take the various elements of the P&L that Frédéric just gave you, on the P&C side, again, adjusted for COVID and COVID only, we grew earnings by 29% between 20 and 21%. We had regular growth in life and savings and health, respectively 3% and 2%. Excellent performance in asset management. And holdings is slightly lower. That's because of a slightly lower amount of dividends coming from our non-consolidated subsidiaries. So overall, an excellent performance at 61%. If we move now to the net income, the net income is increasing by 135%. Obviously, this is supported by the strong growth in underlying earnings, but also by the very favorable market conditions that we had last year that allowed us to realize 400 million of capital gains, and also led to a mark-to-market through P&L of certain financial assets, namely private equity funds and hedge funds, for 1.1 billion euros. We had limited impact from integration and restructuring costs and from intangibles. And the amount of exceptional items reflect the transactions that we had last year. So be they enforced transactions with Belgium and Hong Kong or disposals like Singapore and Malaysia. So overall, an net income of $7.3 billion. Now moving to the balance sheet and I'll start with the shareholders' equity. So shareholders' equity was roughly stable, slightly decreasing between full year 20 and full year 21. The main reason for the decrease is obviously the OCI with less unrealized capital gains on bonds because of the increase in interest rates. But that was, to some extent, compensated by the very strong net income that I've just described, 7.3%. There was also positive impact of interest rates on our pension fund deficits, and Forex was also positive for 2 billion. On the negative side, obviously, the dividend of 3.4 billion. And the share buyback, that's the 1.7 program that we had realized up to 900 million at 3112. And obviously, we did the rest, as you saw, in the first weeks of January and February. So the underlying earnings and the shareholder's equity, that leads us to an excellent ROE of 14.7%, which is at the very top end of our target range of 13% to 15%. So we see that really as an excellent performance. Moving on to solvency 2. So the solvency 2 ratio stands at 217%, up 17 points compared to 2020. And I'll comment a bit more in detail in the following slide. And you see here also the sensitivities that you know well on our solvency. So on this slide, 829, This is a new slide. It gives you more information on our sovereignty. And I think there are several interesting elements in this slide. The first one is that our capital generation was 6.4 billion. That's 23 points higher. of solvency so slightly above the the guidance that we gave you of 18 to 22 points but very interestingly as well you see that we can grow and we did grow our business without needing more capital on the amount of additional scr needed for growth is nil Then you had operating variances, that's surplus funds that increased notably in France and Germany. Economic variances, that's obviously the result of the equity markets up and also higher interest rates. you see the impact of dividend that's 3.6 billion and for buyback though we had only completed 900 million we took at full year the full impact of the 1.7 billion buyback And we will take the 500 million that we confirmed today at the end of Q1. And we had 1.7 billion of EUF creation coming from capital management generally, so M&A in force. And that's the transactions that you know, either the sales or the Hong Kong transaction. One word about one item that will come in Q1 on our sovereignty that you may not have in our radar. You know that there is a reform from the EU upon the use of swap rate because of the change in IBOR. So in Switzerland and Japan, we will move to government bond rates. That will have zero impact on Switzerland, but the positive five points impact coming from Japan on our group sovereignty ratio in Q1. We see that as transitory because at some point we should get back, probably in 2023, to swap rates and OIS. But in the meantime, we will enjoy those five points. But again, as we see that as transitory, we will not use that excess amount. On cash at AXA-SA, so we end the year at 4.5 billion. So that's above our target range of 1 to 3 billion. So that's also a good performance. That comes mainly from the strong cash remittance from our entities. And despite the fact that 2020 was not an excellent year in terms of earnings, that there is also a debt issuance of 900 million. You know that in our plan that we disclosed at the end of 20, we said that we could increase our debt by roughly a billion. And I'll come back to that in the next slides. And there is obviously the proceeds of 1.4 billion coming from the disposals. Conversely, again, the share buyback at 0.9 billion and 3.4 billion of dividend. And you will note at the bottom of the table the fact that we finalized, finished the rebuilding of the cash buffers locally with minus 1.1 billion. So we have strong cash flexibility at the holding, and as Frédéric described, prospects on that front are good, given the enforced transactions that we want to do and given the transformation of AXA into Reinsurer. If we look at financial debt, it grew by 1.5 billion, and that's the 900 million that we saw on the previous slide, plus FX movement for the remainder. So that's the 18.1 that you see. And with this... our gearing ratio is slightly decreasing at 26.4%, well within the guidance of 25% to 28%. And since the beginning of the year, we've done two transactions. We have redeemed... a Tier 1 debt of $850 million, and we have issued 1.25 billion of Tier 2 debt for a net amount, therefore, of 500 million euros of debt issuance for the time being this year. You will note that the Tier 1 debt had a coupon of 5.5%, so quite an expensive one. On the investment side, so the yield that we had on new investments in 21 stood at 1.4% on fixed income instruments. That's a mix of 1% on core liquid instruments such as government and corporate bonds and 2.4% on alternative instruments. And we use what Frédéric described as the strength in alternative asset management. And you see that, like the previous years, we did that keeping a very strong rating for the investments that we do. Double A for government bonds, single A for corporate bonds and alternative assets, alternative debt. So that led us to have a PNC yield which was extremely stable between 20 and 21, 2.6%. So precisely, it's down by two bps. So it's better than the 10 to 20 bps dilution that we had given you. And as Frederic said, we have also a very resilient investment margin that stood at 66 basis points, and we expect it to remain resilient in 2022. Up until yesterday, with the current market environment, I would have told you that we plan to invest in 22 in fixed income at 2%, so better than the 1.4 that you see for 21. But markets are a bit uncertain, to say the least. And then the last slide I want to comment is non-commissioned expenses. So you will remember that we have a target of a reduction of 500 million of our non-commissioned expenses between 2019 and 2023. And we're glad to show that we achieved 300 million reduction at the end of 2021. But I want to highlight also the fact that we want to keep investing and notably in technology. So don't expect this amount of 300 million to improve in 2022, but we are still extremely confident that it will improve to 500 million in 2023. I just want to signal the fact that we'll probably have a plateau in 2022. And we are also on track to reduce our expense ratio from 10.4% to 9.4% because we stand at 9.8% at the end of 2021. So as you see, an excellent performance, but also a robust balance sheet, be it on solvency, cash or gearing. So I will leave the floor in a second to Thomas for conclusion, but I don't want to do that without first thanking in front of you, Andrew, for the eight years that he has spent in investor relation. He was extremely helpful to me when I took the job eight months ago. I believe he created the relationship of confidence and transparency with you. So again, Andrew, thank you very much. I hope on behalf of everyone. Thank you.

Thank you, Alban, and certainly I would echo what Alban said on Andrew, because it was a long and intense eight years with ups and downs, and it's glad to see that this phase is ending at a very high level of results, where you go into a next journey at AXA. Coming to the conclusion, I hope you've seen from all three of us that AXA is successful. AXA is well positioned to continue a very strong delivery. We have a great platform that is dynamic in terms of growth. We have a strong balance sheet, a strong balance sheet we've never had at that level. We have shown in 2021 that we can deliver at the top range of the range we have published, 3% to 7%. We want to continue this journey exactly on that way. And we've become obsessive around cash over the last couple of years and want to continue that obsession, making sure that we are growing in the areas where we can generate the most cash and certainly make sure that we upstream as much cash as possible to the holding. And the transformation of AXA SA into a reinsurance company is a very important step in that. Thank you very much for being here today. And with no further ado, we move to your questions. And we'll start with Michael.

Thanks so much. And it's lovely to see you here. I have three questions. One, why didn't you raise the dividend more? Sorry, you need to get the mic closer. Oh, sorry. Why didn't you raise the dividend more? You've got all this cash insolvency. The second, can you give us the cash figure this year? Presumably you must know it because it's all dividends from subsidiaries. And the third is really stupid, but what about Russia and Ukraine? Okay.

Good. I suggest, Michael, I'll take the first and the third question, and Alban will try and see how he answers the second question, because we normally don't really talk about the cash of this year. That's for next year. So why didn't we raise the dividend more? Our policy has always been very clear. We want to have a dividend policy that is in line with the underlying earnings growth and that is attractive relative to the sector and other industries. And when you look, the dividend increase has been higher than the underlying earnings per share increase, which I think is also a very confident note on the fact that we are in a great position. And certainly we believe that this is a very attractive dividend. And yesterday when we had the discussion and decision in the board, it was very unanimous that the 154 is the number we consider to be a very attractive dividend. when we look at russia and ukraine and albon in his answer on the cash question can maybe go also into a bit more detail there is two effects that we have to differentiate a first one which is direct exposure and to make a long story short our exposure in ukraine and russia is not material on a group level So the Ukrainian operations have been sold a couple of years ago in the focus and simplification exercise that we've done. In Russia, we are a minority partner in a joint venture, but the profit contribution is not material on a total level of the group. We have some investment exposure, but more indirect ones. Albon will go more into detail, which again are not material. There is a second effect, which is obviously an indirect effect. What does it mean for market volatility? What does it mean for energy price increases and inflation increases? But this is something, certainly when you look at inflation, that we've been seeing coming over the last couple of months already, and we are well prepared for it. Alban, on cash and details on Russia and Ukraine.

So I'll start with Russia and Ukraine. So to be extremely precise, on the asset side, we have the direct exposure to Russian assets is 50 million five zero. And we have also a hundred and forty four million Exposure to Nord Stream 1, so the one that is not subject to a sanction and provides 55 million cubic meters of gas to Europe every year. So that's debt, that exposure. And that's all we have on Russia, and we have nothing on Ukraine. On the insurance side, we sell political risk insurance, and we have an exposure of 180 million to Russia and of 130 million to Ukraine. That business is reinsured 50%. So the net exposure is half the amounts that I gave you. So as Thomas said, extremely negligible overall. On the cash figure, so we don't give cash figures, but I will help you. I would just say we have a guidance of, as we said in 2020, of 5 to 6 billion cash remittance from our subsidiaries. And we should be well within that guidance for this year. And you should have in mind notably that Excel that didn't pay a dividend last year will pay a dividend this year thanks to its earnings. You saw that we issued 500 million of debt net, and we have a program of 1 billion net a year. Then we have the holding costs, and that's supposed to vary. And we have the dividend and the buybacks. And on the buybacks, you saw that we had done 900 million, so there was 800 million to be done on the 1.7 billion. program plus the 500 million that we are launching today. With this, I think you have many elements to see where we should land, everything else being equal.

Farouk.

Thanks for having us back and thank you so much, Andrew. So just a few questions, please. On the subject of the property cap reduction of risk and reassurance, could you explain again the dynamics? Because retro prices, as we all know, in loss-affected areas are up high double-digit. Capacity is constrained, et cetera, et cetera. And could you also explain what it does to your... volatility of the NatCap budget or the NatCap budget itself in Excel or the group level. That's question one. So question two is, can you give some idea about the potential cash impact from the 20 to 40 billion of reserves that you still have? to do enforced management on, or some idea of kind of, because clearly the timing is near from what you told us over 2022 and 2023. And the last question is the operating variances in the capital generation. I mean, you've generated positive variances for the last three years, as far as I remember. Is this something that we should be baking in going forward? Thank you.

Thank you, Farouk, for your three questions. I propose that, Frédéric, you take the first question. And I don't know if Scott is on. He can maybe compliment because we also talk about the question how did it look at the market. Frédéric, it would also be good if you took the second one around the infos. And then, Alban, on the operating variance cash generation, that's for you.

Sure. Thank you, Farouk. So I'll start with the CAT question. So first, I come back to what I've said, which is that we have reduced the CAT exposure at XAXL-RI for two reasons. The first one is we are not comfortable with the high volatility that we have seen. And second, we are not fully comfortable with the level of prices for cats around the world, despite the fact that prices have increased again at this renewal. So this is the reasoning that is behind this 40% reduction of our cat exposure at AXA XL RE. So where does it lead us to compared to the 6% cat budget we had for AXA XL RE? For AXA XL, sorry, last year, we have moved to 5%. And as it was shown on the slide, globally for the group, we've reduced by 10% the cat exposure. So coming from 4%, 4% minus 10%, we will be around 3.6, 3.7 for the group.

Fredrik, maybe at this point, if possible, we can try and get Scott in to hear a little bit what were the price increases that were achieved on the market. And also, Scott, that you talk a little bit about how the nature of payrolls has changed, in particular on the secondary payrolls.

Thank you, Thomas. I hope you can all hear me. I wish I was there in person. So next time. But yes, you know, when we looked at the reinsurance pricing of the cat to complement what Frederick said was we just when we looked at it, we just weren't seeing the price increases that we needed to see to justify the ongoing exposure, in particular, the increasing exposure to do, you know, to the climate change due to increased value increases. So while the retrocessional marketplace has gone up and the insurance side has gone up significantly, the reinsurance piece of it just wasn't delivering enough. the pricing increases that we needed. We still achieved close to a 10% price increase on the business we elected to renew, which obviously we selected from, and we reduced it by 40%. We were very selective of what we did renew. And as prices, we'll look at that through the rest of the year and continue to make that decision about what we renew and what we don't renew based on the exposure and the pricing. In terms of the secondary perils, You know, with the model cats, pretty sophisticated, but what we're seeing is an increase in the secondary peril, such as the European flooding, you know, the tornado wind exposure in the United States, and all that needs to get priced into their cat reinsurance treaty. To complement a little bit what Frederic said is while we reduced our overall CAT budget for XXL by a little bit, we actually increased it a little on the insurance side and then reduced it on the reinsurance side just because we reduced our CAT exposure. But from an insurance standpoint, we are leaning in a little bit more into the more recent years, particularly on the non-model CAT.

on the in-force questions? On the in-force. This is a tricky one because no in-force project is similar to the other one. But I will help you and I will give you a benchmark of the impact that we had on our three small operations. And I'm not telling you that it will be exactly the same in the future, but I think this is already a good indication So I'll give you a benchmark on the Hong Kong, Switzerland, and Belgium operations. So in Hong Kong, we've made an operation on 3.7 billion reserves. We had a 2.3 points positive impact on our solvency margin in 2021, and it will lead to 75 million of additional remittance in 2023. In Switzerland, we've made an operation on 1.9 billion euros reserves. We will have an impact in 2022 of 1.3 points, a positive impact on the solvency margin, and we will have a remittance of 180 million in 2023. And in Belgium, we've made a deal on 2.6 billion reserves. We will have a positive impact on the solvency margin of the group of 1.7 points in 2022. And we will have a remittance impact A positive remittance impact in 2022 by 300 million. So, does it give you a fair indication of what will happen on the 20 to 40 billion? No, but it gives you some indication of what the range is.

On the operating variances.

On the operating variances, you're right that we have regularly... a small amount of positive operating variance. I would say we are probably slightly prudent in our assumptions, and therefore you probably have a small amount of positive operating variance, but you shouldn't bet on large amounts of such variances going forward.

Thank you, Alban. Andy?

Thanks. It's Andy Sinclair from B of A. Three from me, as usual, please. Firstly, just to understand on the holdco, with the changes that you're making for the holdco to become an internal reinsurer, does that change your holdco cash targets at all? Or will it still be one to three billion after those changes? Secondly, it was just on the Excel COVID provisions that were released. I realise there's still a good chunk of IBNR there, but I think 25% was mentioned. And I think that's a bit less than some of the peers. Just really what's giving you the confidence to be releasing the COVID provisions at this stage? And finally, it was just on the reduction in the NACAT exposure. Just really want to understand how much of that's already been completed at one modern renewals versus how much will still take place over the year. Just understand how much risk is already off the books. Thanks.

Very good. So I suggest the whole call changes. Frédéric, you talk about it. Alban will take the question on the XL COVID provisions. And then Scott, if he could be brought in again around the question of the net cut reduction by 1st of January 2021 and how much is left for the year.

Frédéric. Yes, on the first one, if I understood correctly your question, so your question is after the merger period, with the internal reinsurance company, will we still have the same range of one to three billion on the cash? And the answer is yes, we see it as a fair range for the future.

So you need to look at the nature of the lines on which we have those ID&Ls. On the short tail lines, notably on business interruptions, even cancellation and so on, claims came fast and were paid. But we had also reserved for potential long tail lines claims. And for the time being, we don't see much coming in terms of claims.

And for the question around sort of our reinsurance NAT CAT reductions, as Thomas noted, we reduced 40% in January. And we would expect to maintain that kind of level throughout the rest of the year. We're going to take a look at obviously the April 1st ones, the June ones, and we may vary that a little bit. But overall, the annual goal is to be around that 40% CAT reduction for the entire year.

And Scott is correct in saying that 1st of January was also about 40% of the exposure that had been renewed.

Yeah, it was predominantly Europe, but yes, it was a big chunk of the portfolio was January 1st. Perfect.

Let's go to Will here and then we move over to the other Will.

Hi, thank you. William Hawkins from KBW. Thanks for giving just now the expected new CAT budgets. I'm wondering if you simply just rerun the loss events that happened last year, what would happen to your CAT losses? Would they be lower or higher or about the same? And then secondly, please, again, in the Solvency 2 roll forward, your 6.4 of normalized capital generation, should we also be thinking that that's growing at the upper end of 3% to 7% per year? Or is there any kind of material variance relative to underlying earnings, please? And then lastly, that zero of the SCR change, should we be assuming that there's zeros in the future? Are you growing without straining your SCR sustainably? Or could it be even releasing over time? Thank you.

Thank you. Well, so, Alban, these are three questions for you. Number one was what would happen if the net cat of 2021 happened in the conditions of 2022. Number two was the question around normalized cap generation. And number three, the zero VSSR of change. Go ahead.

So on the cattle losses, fundamentally what we did with our reinsurance program and our exposures, so as was explained by Frédéric, we reduced by 40% our exposures. We will continue to do that this year with the renewables at Excelry. And we didn't renew the aggregate protection that we had. This aggregate protection gave us absolutely no benefit last year because we didn't reach the attachment point. So all in all, we would have had the same losses in our European entities, and we would have had 400 million less of loss at Accelerate, and therefore for the whole group. Growth and net. Growth and net, absolutely. On the 0% SCR growth, I think it might not be exactly 0% every year, but we are moving, as you know, from a business of general account, which is capital-heavy, to a business of unit-linked and Euro croissance-like or capital-like products. And therefore, net-net, I think we really don't need much capital to grow our business. And on the 6.4 billion, does it grow at 3% to 7%? I have to think a little bit about it. I'm not sure I have an answer immediately, but I think fundamentally on the life side, it's linked to our ability to generate earnings and to NBV, and you see the pace at which our NBV grows. And on the PNC side, it's extremely correlated and health correlated to our earnings. So I think it's probably a fair assumption, yes.

Will?

Thanks. A couple of questions just all around PYD, really. We've seen a level here for the best in about a decade. Just wondering how much of that was some of the COVID coming out. And just on that point, I think you mentioned earlier some of the long tail lines is now being released. Could you try and give us some form of quantification of what's released, what's left on those long tail lines? And then also just on the 0.8 billion of increased prudence in the best estimate, just trying to understand what that related to. Is there anything there relating to inflation at all? Somewhere around that. Thanks.

Thank you, Will. Alban, three questions for you.

So on the PYDs, I'll start first at Excel. I guess your question is both for Excel and for the group, right? So at Excel, the PYDs come from, on a net basis, from COVID. But you will remember also that at the beginning of the year, and that has not changed, We increased the reserves on the long tail lines to reach the attachment point, and we released some positive prior developments on the short tail lines and notably on the cat. So those last two offset each other, and it's a net COVID. At group level, if I leave aside the XL1, it's the excess reserves that have been used for the Bernese. That's 1.4 billion. So it's identified as excess reserves on all lines. They're not a particular line that was used. On the 800 million that we used from that excess reserves to increase our best estimate reserves, so you know those best estimate reserves will be the basis of the IFRS 17 reserves. And we've always been on the prudent side when we set our reserves, and we want our IFRS 17 reserves to be also on the prudent side. And that prudence will emerge under IFRS 17 as it has emerged in the current framework in the past.

Andrew Green. And by the way, Andrew, you should be pleased with the picture we put up. It's about birth spotting.

Okay. A couple of questions. Firstly, as you come out of 2023, the cash remittances you get out of your business, are they in line with what sort of maximum best efforts or do you think there's still businesses at that point where you could get greater levels of remittance year after year? And then the second question is a general question around the lower volatility of your business. It's not just you're doing stuff on NatCat. Clearly, the life reserves which are coming off the books, the 48 billion order, it might be, I assume, is more volatile, more macro-sensitive business. Could you give us some idea as to, if you did get that off the books, what it would do to your ROE, what the underlying ROE of the ongoing business is, and whether you might consider the 190% target coverage in a world where you've got less macro volatility on the life side and less nat-cat volatility on the P&C side?

Thank you, Andrew. Frederic, two questions for you. Cash remittance, is it the best efforts? And then the 190 in a scenario where we have lower volatility and potentially higher return on equity.

So first, on cash remittance, we said we are confident to exceed the 14 billion remittance that we have in our plans. And there are three factors why we are confident to exceed this cash remittance. The first one is that we believe that our companies have good results, as we see here. And we've said that we would be at the high end of the range on the result. So we believe we will have some more remittance compared to what we have planned. So I would say business as usual remittance. The second reason is about the enforced transactions. We didn't have much enforced transactions in our plan. We now have a plan which is ambitious and enforced. And we will have additional remittance also coming from the enforced transactions. And the third impact is coming from the PNC projects that I have described. So the 2 billion coming up. So technically, this is a subtle difference. We are seeing that the 0.7 that comes from the cash of the reinsurance company is not, strictly speaking, remittance. It's cash, but it's not remittance. So it's a question of definition. So strictly speaking, we will include 1.3 in our remittance and 0.7 in cash, but not remittance. On your second question, I'm asking... On the improved ROE.

And the 190 with the enforced transaction. Look, to make that a simple answer, let's cross that bridge when we get to it. I think we first need to deliver on this transaction. I fully agree, Andrew, that our aim is clearly to reduce volatility even further. I think on the Netcat side, we've done a massive shift. If you look which other reinsurer has cut his or her exposure in Netcat by 40%, you won't find many. So we've been clear on this one. We want to achieve the last bit of the enforced transactions. When we are done with it, let's chat again about your question. And I think on the first one, as I said earlier, we have become cash-obsessed. which also means that the cash remittance is in the individual targets of all of these people in the room and the level below. So everybody has got a vested interest in doing their best effort in upstreaming cash. We have time for two more questions.

I'll just add on your question on life in force. For sure, all our in-force transactions will be ROE-accretive. Then what we don't know yet is how much and so on. But let's say a general idea is that it will be ROE-accretive. Dominic?

I'm very pleased about the cash obsession. Just on the central reinsurance setup, this is going to sound a bit greedy, but is there anything to stop you from a technical perspective going beyond the 25% on the existing plan with the European PNC going into the other PNC entities, or are you going into life where presumably you'd get even greater diversification? Is there anything complicated about that that we might not be thinking about when we're being greedy about cash? Second question, the guidance that you'll be towards the top end of the 3% to 7% is very welcome. Can you do that without doing any more buybacks beyond what you've already announced? And then a third question, this is sort of a very loose question, but I'd be interested in your thoughts on On higher rates, the market seems to think that higher rates matter an awful lot. Clearly, there's some mechanical effects on reinvestment yields in life. In P&C, you might expect higher rates to weigh on the pricing you achieve. How important do you think a higher rate environment is when it comes to actually the nuts and bolts of earnings and capital generation for your business? Thank you.

Alban, why don't you take the first question, the reinsurance setup, and I'll take the two other ones. Dominique.

So on reinsurance, that's what Frédéric said, the 25% is not set in stone. And the perimeter that we will reinsure in terms of subsidiaries can also vary and can also increase. We're starting with this, and then we'll see.

Dominic, on your other two questions, on the 3% to 7%, as I indicated, we want to try and repeat the same trajectory in 2022 and 2023 that we have experienced in 2021, which gets us to the higher range. When it comes to the question around share buybacks and can we achieve it with or without share buybacks, we hopefully have been very clear in our investor day on the 1st of December 2020 where we set out the plan. And in this plan, we spoke about two things. One was around what do we do around disposals, and there we've been very clear. Earnings dilution from disposals will be compensated through share buybacks. And I think you've just, at the very beginning of my presentation, seen the proof of it. The 0.5 billion that are now confirmed and that are being put in action. And the second thing we said, that there is a very strict discipline on the use of cash, which means that... Any acquisitions, any investments we do will be evaluated against share buybacks. So I repeat again, share buybacks are an ongoing part of our toolkit. And if the board decide to use them, they will be part of this earnings trajectory that you described. On rates, we clearly expect that rates are increasing, both in the US, more in the near term, but also in Europe. Rate increases are in general positive for our business because they do increase our investment income as an investor that is largely invested into fixed income. The question is very much what is the speed of these increases and we believe that the us will certainly start before europe but certainly that europe will catch up more in 2023 so we see the rate increases as a positive sign for our business which will obviously enhance the ability to increase our investment income we go to one last question james

Thank you. It's James Shuck from Citi. My first question is the guidance three to seven that you're coming out now at the top end of that range, what has actually changed around that number? Because the cost savings target is the same. The combined ratio target in P&C excels the same. So what are the moving parts that gives you more confidence to come in at the top end of that number? Secondly, on the margin over best estimate, the 1.4 billion release that we've seen there, maybe I'm not thinking about this correctly, but if you have 1.4 billion, that's about 2.8 points of total PYD at the group level. So you normally have positive runoff. So X that release of margin over best estimate, there hasn't actually been any normal runoff as I would see it. So perhaps you could just explain what's happening there, X that release. And then finally, just on restructuring charges, which kicked up quite a lot in the second half of the year, that seemed to be quite connected with France. So I thought France had been through a big restructuring program already. If you're able to give us any guidance for that restructuring charge outlook going forward, that'd be helpful.

Thank you, James. So, Frédéric, I suggest on the first question with the three to seven and the moving parts, you should give the answer. And then, Alban, if you can take, James, the last two questions on the 1.4 billion release and the question around the restructuring charges and does it concern France, yes or no? Frédéric.

Yes, on the 3.7. So on the 3.7, what has changed? What has changed is that on all parameters of our result, we believe we will be towards the high end of what we had in the plan. So first... On the cost, you are right to say that we will be at the 500 million. We will be at the 500 million cost reduction despite inflation pressure, which is important to say, which means that we are confident that we will be able to compensate for the additional inflation pressure on costs. On technical margins, we also believe that we will be towards the high end, be it on the large side or the PNC side. What we have achieved on price increase, especially on commercial lines, is on the high end of what we had planned initially. in our plan. And this is something which has not yet materialized in our earnings by definition. So what has been done last year is partially materialized, but only partially. And what we are doing at the beginning of the year has not at all materialized yet. So here again, on price increases, this is towards the high end of what we had in mind. I've talked also about the investment margin, especially on the live side. And on the investment margin, we had said that we would be at 55 to 65. We are at 66. Why are we towards the high end? There are two factors. The first one is that we've been able to compensate for the decrease of the yield of the interest rates through good performance on our alternative assets. And we have, again, a lot of unrealized gain on these alternative assets. But even more important, we've been able to compensate decrease the policyholder profit sharing exactly in a parallel way compared to the investment returned so at the end the the corridor has remained absolutely stable and this is especially what we've achieved in france you may have seen what we've announced in france so and we believe we are going to be able to continue to do this So I would say that on all the technical elements of our plan, we are on the good side of what we have planned. And this explains we believe also that we will be on the good side of the 3% to 7%.

And so on your two other questions, on the PYDs, apart from Excel, where you saw that there was the COVID reserve that came out of the best estimate liabilities, everywhere else, it came from the excess reserves and we didn't have any positive or negative liabilities. PYDs from the best estimate liabilities and I will come back to the earlier comment I made on the fact that that best estimate liability is the basis of IFRS 17 reserves and that we want to be on the prudent side for that. On the restructuring costs, we indeed have a bit more than 100 million for AXA France. And then we have around 60 million for Europe and 80 million for AXA Excel. And that's all restructuring costs to carry on with our efficiency program to drive costs down. Does that answer your question? Well, look, I think fundamentally you can bet on that kind of amount this year as well, because we will carry on having restructuring and cost reduction in a number of entities.

Thank you very much to all of you. In summary, three points maybe for you to take home. Number one, these good results and strong results, 2021, mark also the end of a first transformation phase which has brought AXA to be significantly simplified, less countries, less complexity, very much focused on technical risk. 90% of our result comes now from technical risk and free business, and certainly a company that is far more focused on their customers. In 97% of all markets and lines of business, we are at or above customer satisfaction of the market. First point. Second point, this platform is now and the teams behind the platform are now fully focused to grow in the preferred segments, commercial line, health and protection, and making sure that we are fulfilling the view, how can we create and grow in areas that generate cash. Going forward, we want to continue this journey. How can we reduce volatility through macro risk, through natural catastrophes? How can we bring up cash? And how can we be stable in an environment that changes, be it geopolitical crisis, but also be it accounting changes? I'm personally extremely confident that with the team that you have seen here and also the team that is not present here today, we will achieve a very successful 2022 as well and certainly a very successful fulfillment of our plan driving progress. Thank you for being here. Thank you for your questions. And I hope to see you soon again. Thank you.