Nestle S.A

Good morning and welcome to Nestlé's half-year 2025 results conference call. I'm David Hancock, Head of Investor Relations, and I'm joined today by Laurent Frex, CEO, and Anna Manns, CFO. Before we begin, please take careful note of the disclaimer on page two of our presentation. So for the agenda today, after Laurent shares the key messages, Anna will take us through the results in detail, then Laurent will provide an update on our strategic progress. We will then open up for Q&A. And with that, I'll hand over to Laurent.

Thank you, David, and good morning to all. We delivered a good performance in the first half of 2025 in a difficult environment. Thanks to the focus of our teams, we are continuing to execute our strategy and transform our business. Our growth foundations are improving and we are beginning to see the results. Looking ahead, we have maintained our guidance for 2025 despite increased headwinds and we remain confident in delivering our medium-term guidance. In the first half, organic growth reached 2.9%. This reflects broad-based sales growth across geographies and categories with a slight improvement in Q2 compared to Q1. We delivered a solid UTOP margin as we increased investment and faced Cox and Forex headwinds. These results demonstrate our ability to manage short-term dynamics while staying focused on long-term value creation. I will hand over to Anna to take you through the results in detail.

Thanks, Laurent, and good morning. Here are the key takeaways. We delivered broad-based organic growth. As expected, pricing accelerated and rigs slowed. UTOP margin was slightly better than our expectations, even though we stepped up gross investments and faced some headwinds from tariffs and FX. In the second half, our margins will be significantly lower due to these headwinds and the delayed impact of higher input costs. For the full year, we're maintaining our guidance on organic growth and UTOP margin. We delivered 2.9% organic sales growth in the first half, with RIG of 0.2% and pricing of 2.7%. Sales were negatively impacted by foreign exchange movements, especially in Q2, when the Swiss franc strengthened by 10% against the dollar and similar amounts against other currencies. Turning to sales growth. As expected, pricing accelerated and RIG has slowed during the half. Pricing improved across all of our categories in the quarter. The largest increases were in confectionery and coffee in response to input cost inflation. Most of our price increases took place during Q1, so Q2 saw the full benefit. On RIG, there were two main drivers of the deceleration in Q2. Firstly, Greater China. which had a positive impact of 20 bps on group rig in the first quarter, but a negative impact of 40 bps in the second quarter. At Q1, we said our growth in China had been driven by sell-in ahead of underlying consumption, and that we expected that to reverse. And in Q2, we've seen that reversal. Secondly, we saw an impact from elasticities in response to pricing, particularly in confectionery. In coffee, we saw a different trend with a lower elasticity and positive rig in the first and second quarters, despite more pricing. Going forward, we expect group rig to improve over time as consumer behaviour and the competitive environment adapts to higher prices. Turning next to profitability, we delivered a 16.5% UTOP margin in the first half, down 90 basis points. Gross margin decreased by 60 basis points, and we stepped up advertising and marketing spend by 50 basis points. Distribution and admin costs were a small positive. Let me get into a bit more detail. Generally, input cost inflation has a negative impact on our margins in the short term, as price negotiation cycles mean we can't price immediately, and we can't always price to fully cover margins. However, over time, consumer-led innovation and further pricing sees our margins recover. And you can see that on this slide. The spike in inflation in 2022 impacted all categories. Since then, we recovered margins across our categories, illustrated here by pet care and food. But coffee and confectionery are below, and that's as we manage a new wave of input cost inflation. The margins of coffee and confectionery will get worse before they get better, as commodity cost increases impact the P&L in the second half. Looking further forward, we expect gross margins in these categories to recover over time, and that's as a result of the actions that we're taking. The pace of that recovery will depend on what happens with commodity prices. Turning back to this year. Gross margins declined 60 basis points in the first half against the same period last year. Forward cover partially delayed the increase in commodity costs hitting the P&L, and the impact of tariffs was small due to short-term mitigation efforts. In the second half, we'll see a larger reduction in gross margin as the impact of commodity costs and tariffs increases. We said we would step up investment in our brands. Good progress in our brand value proposition has meant we've done this faster, and A&P reached 8.6% of sales in the first half. Our Fuel for Growth programme is delivering efficiencies. That's allowing us to achieve more consumer impact from our spend. We're on track to reach our planned increase in marketing intensity earlier than expected, and at a lower cost. So given the efficiencies, we expect second half AMP as a percentage of sales to be similar to the first half. At the full year results, we said that we'd secured over 300 million Swiss francs of fuel for growth savings for the year. In the first half, 150 million of those savings were recognised in the P&L. The balance, plus additional savings secured since our last update, means that we now have over 350 million benefiting the P&L in the second half. So we're firmly on track to deliver our 700 million target for the full year. Putting all of those pieces together, UTOP margin was 16.5%. Despite an acceleration of investment in A&P and some headwinds from FX and tariffs, this was slightly better than our expectations. We landed pricing actions early and mixed effects partially delayed the impact of cost inflation in the P&L. As we progress into H2, pricing will be more than offset by the increase in input costs. We'll see an increased tariff impact, and at current exchange rates, FX will be a further headwind. So we expect the second half margin to be significantly below the first half. For the full year, we still expect our UTOP margin to be at or above 16%, and I'll come back to this when I talk about guidance. Now let's look quickly at the performance of our segments in the quarter. In zone AMS, I'll focus on North America. Here the consumer remains weak. Despite this, we delivered positive organic growth and rig in both quarters, and we're making continued progress on market share. Turning to AOA, growth was broad-based with the exception of Greater China. In the weak economic environment in China, we need to shift our model from driving distribution to driving consumer demand. This transition will be a headwind for up to a year, but it will strengthen our business for the medium term. And in Europe, we saw both broad-based growth and market share improvement. The margin dynamic I just described can be seen playing out within each of the zones, with some differences due to category exposure. Turning to the globally managed businesses. In Nestle Health Science, performance was mixed. Our VMS business was impacted by the discontinuation of some private label business and weaker performance in our mainstream brands. This was a drag on organic growth, but contributed to an improvement in UTOP margin. Nespresso delivered another quarter of solid growth, led by broad-based pricing, while still maintaining positive rig. Margin development was positive in the first half, thanks to pricing ahead of commodity increases, which impact later in Nespresso due to the longer supply chain. Turning to our categories. Powdered and liquid beverages, which is mainly coffee, grew strongly, led by positive price and rig. The growth of the pet care category has come down from a year ago, but is now stabilising. A return to a more normal promotional environment contributed to the slowdown. Despite this, we've maintained or grown market share. I've talked about health science already. In nutrition, performance was particularly impacted by Gerber in the US. Gerber is a brand with great heritage, but it's been losing some of its relevance with consumers. We're working to address this. Prepared dishes and cooking aids was impacted by challenges within the frozen category. Despite this, we're seeing improved market share trends, particularly in frozen meals. Milk products and ice cream organic growth was positive, with price-led growth in ambient dairy and positive rig in coffee creamers. In confectionery, we took double-digit pricing to offset commodity inflation. We're now seeing an elasticity impact, which appears in rig. We expect this to settle as consumers and competitors adapt. And finally, in water, we saw broad-based growth, particularly with Maison Perrier and San Pellegrino brands. Now let's look at what sits below UTOP. On most lines, the change year on year is very limited, but I'll call out two factors. Net financing costs were slightly higher this period, reflecting a higher level of average net debt. The underlying tax rate was slightly lower than last year at 22%. This is consistent with our full year guidance. On the drivers of EPS, I've already talked about operating profit, interest and tax. On share buyback, we completed the programme in December, so there's still some benefit to EPS in H1 from the lower share count versus last year. However, this was more than offset by the significant adverse FX movement. On free cash flow, just a reminder that this is typically seasonally weaker in the first half, with much stronger cash generation in H2. On top of this normal seasonality, there were three main elements impacting cash flow this year. EBITDA was lower, reflecting the margin reduction as we invest for growth, and the FX headwind. On working capital, we had a higher negative impact in the first half of this year, mainly reflecting a higher cost of inventory. And these were partially offset by a reduction in capex. As normal, net debt increased in the first half due to the payment of the dividend in April. Partially offsetting this, our net debt balance benefited by 2.5 billion from the strengthening of the Swiss franc. Turning finally to guidance. We're maintaining our full year guidance despite increased headwinds since the beginning of this year. Organic sales growth is expected to improve compared to 2024, strengthening as we continue to deliver on our growth plans. The UTOP margin is expected to be at or above 16% as we invest for growth. And this includes the increased negative impact from tariffs currently in place and today's foreign exchange rates. While we're continuing to execute with focus, there is obviously macroeconomic and consumer uncertainty. As we navigate these headwinds, I want to be clear that we won't compromise on investing for the medium term. And with that, I'll hand back to Laurent to discuss our strategic progress.

Thanks, Anna. We have clearly set out our strategy to accelerate performance and to transform for the future. To drive growth, we are accelerating our categories and improving our market share. We are doing that through implementing the Nestlé V2S circle, delivering efficiencies and investing to drive profitable growth. We are also simplifying our organization and digitally transforming our end-to-end processes. In doing this, we are leveraging Nestlé's scale, single ERP core, our enterprise data foundations, while expanding our AI platforms. This will further support us in improving execution. allowing us to run the business with greater agility and precision. As I will show on the next few slides, we are implementing this strategy and it is bringing results. Driving growth starts with generating the fuel for investment. We are on track for the 700 million Swiss francs in 2025 in our fuel for growth program. I told you that procurement was the most important source of efficiencies. In the first half, we generated half savings from rolling out AI tools to review invoices, from increased use of e-auctions, and from deploying global specifications catalogs. Looking ahead to the second half of the year and beyond, we will drive further procurement gains and start to deliver savings from operational efficiencies and improvements in commercial investments. Investing the Shul for Growth is not just about spending more on marketing. we are reinforcing our value proposition across four pillars. Unrivaled product superiority, unbeatable value, unmissable visibility, and unforgettable brand communications. Let me go through two examples. On product superiority, we are stepping up our focus on ensuring we have the best tasting products. we are bringing back discipline in how we test them with consumers. Across 22 to 24, we tested 60-40 taste preferences in less than a quarter of our top-selling products that account for half of our sales. By the end of this year, we will have tested two-thirds of these products, reaching 100% by this time next year. And of course, if we find products where we do not have taste preference, we will be acting quickly to correct that. To achieve unmissable visibility, we are enhancing product performance across online channels. The digital shelf score tracks availability, discoverability and attractiveness, three critical dimensions of execution enabling faster interventions and more consistent retail performance. Finally, all four pillars are being enabled and scaled through the use of data and technology, ensuring we drive precision, speed and measurable impact across the value chain. We have talked about how we will drive growth through accelerating our categories and improving our market share. and the different ways we are doing this. With our six global big bets, we are following a fewer, bigger, better approach, concentrating our resources behind a small number of innovations and rolling them out at scale much faster. In the past, we would typically take an innovation to a handful of markets over the first couple of years. This has changed. Across our six big bets, we had 65 market launches in the first half of this year. This is driving impact. In the first half of 2025, we have reached 200 million Swiss francs of sales with these six big bets. In parallel, we have taken targeted actions to improve underperforming businesses, focused around gaps in our for-use value proposition. The impact can be seen in the improvement of our market share trends. The aggregate growth gap to market for the 18 key underperforming business sales has reduced by a third, with most of the business sales improving their performance versus category. Take coffee-made creamers in the US as an example. We resolved capacity issues, adjusted pricing, increased innovation, and reset shelves. Distribution is up. consumer engagement is back and market share is improving. This is our value proposition in action and it's a blueprint we are applying across our business. Greater China is our second largest market after the US and we have a great business there. With a strong local presence, it continues to offer significant long-term potential. In recent years, we have grown the business through expanding distribution. The model has become challenged in a weaker economic environment. To deliver sustainable growth, we need a different approach. One of the first changes I made to the organization when I took over as CEO was to bring Greater China back under Zone AOA to drive greater alignment and strengthen governance. Following that move, we have also changed the leadership of the Greater China business. In March this year, I visited China to meet with our teams, our customers and our partners. The visit reaffirmed my belief that speed and agility are critical to win in this market. The new team will focus on driving growth through delivering our complete value proposition. We are confident in our ability to rebuild momentum and capture the potential of the market. Nestlé Health Sciences has built a leading position with a diverse portfolio of brands across VMS, active nutrition and medical nutrition. VMS is an attractive category with clear growth drivers. To us, the highest potential is at the premium end. Going forward, INVMS will focus on our global premium brands such as Garden of Life, Solgar, and Pure Encapsulations, where our capabilities in science, innovation, and brand building give us a distinct competitive edge. We have launched a strategic review of our mainstream and value VMS brands, including Nature's Bounty, Osteo Biflex, Puritan's Pride, and US Private Level. which may result in the divestment of these brands. All this is consistent with our approach across the group of focus and simplification and it will help us to accelerate our performance in this important high potential category. So in summary, we delivered a good performance in the half and our full year guidance is maintained despite increased headwinds. We have a clear strategy and we are focused on execution. We are taking the right actions today to strengthen our growth foundations for the future. And we remain confident in delivering our medium-term ambition. And now, let me hand over to David for the Q&A.

Thank you, Laurent. So now let's move to the Q&A session. As usual, can I please ask you to limit yourself to two questions in order that everybody gets a chance to ask their questions. We will take our first question from Guillaume Delmat from UBS. Please go ahead, Guillaume.

Thank you very much, David, and good morning, Laurent and Anna. Firstly, some very quick housekeeping. What is your guidance for COGS inflation for this year? Is it still very high single digits? And can you tell us how much it was in the first half of the year? And likewise, any quantification for the tariffs impact this year? And then my two questions. So first one on pricing, are you satisfied with your current prices or is there scope or maybe even a need to implement additional pricing actions over the coming months? And is it still only about coffee and confectionery, or are you starting also to see some pricing opportunities in other categories? I'm thinking in particular pet care, where we've had four consecutive quarters now of negative pricing. And then my second question, going back to Greater China, I'm curious to hear what prompted you, Laurent, to do this, what seems at least a strategy reset. And I guess why, at least from the outside, it seemed to be quite abrupt because it's not something that was flagged the Q1 trading update stage. So why acting so decisively now? And should we expect a stronger drag, at least at the organic sales growth and rig levels over the coming quarters from China as you're in the process of fixing and adapting the business? Thank you very much.

Thanks, Guillaume. And let me start with the last question, and then I will hand over to Anna for the Cox piece. China is a very, very important market for us, second largest. And since I took over the CEO role, I've taken action to bring back China into the broader Nestle organization, having China as part of Zone A, getting the attention, the support, and the focus it requires. So that has been the first move. The second move has been, and just happening right now, a new leadership appointed for a new phase of the development in China. And with the new leadership in place and with the oversight of ZoneAOA, we realized that our model was probably too much focused on building up distribution and commercially driven. And maybe that's, by the way, the way china works primarily into a period where and very much like the government agenda by the way to support the consumption to support the demand the need to rebalance The model is not to shift from one side to the other, but rebalance the model and having more investment in the consumer demand, in the consumer pool. So this is what's happening. It's an adjustment. This will have an impact in the next quarters, but controlled. And I'm confident that we will see a strong performance from China. Once adjustment has been made, we got the right leadership, we got the right organization, we got the right structure, we got the right brands, we got the scale and the determination to grow China and the market share position is in the right place. So I think it's to be read more as an adjustment that we had to make and which we are making right now. Maybe one word on the pricing. Are we satisfied with the pricing? Well, you know, we face an unprecedented scenario that two of our major commodities have reached historical highs. And we are not talking 10% to 20% increase. We are talking double, triple historical levels. So we obviously had to take action. We had to take action. Being the leaders in the industry quickly, it's a good idea to recover the cost anyway. but also to send a signal to the markets. So I'm happy, satisfied with the way this has been implemented as we managed, especially in Europe, to do that without major hiccups and the pricing is getting implemented. Will we need We might need a little bit more, but most of it is already done and will be seen reflected in the next quarters. And let me hand over now to Anna for the Cox part.

And just before I turn to Cox, just to build a little bit on China, just a little bit of market context maybe. The overall market is quite flat given consumer demand is depressed and it's a deflationary environment. So you've got a market environment before you start that is negative. And then what we've seen is some stock correction on top. And it's this underlying negative market environment that's going to take us a while to build, or up to a year, to build the consumer pull to really outperform that underlying negative environment. Now on COGS, so we said at the full year that our COGS guidance was high single digit and that on top of that we had then the benefit of efficiencies that would offset that. The billion plus that Francois has always talked about delivering year on year plus the benefit of fuel for growth. And that was how we framed our COGS guidance at that time. That is actually unchanged for the full year. In the first half, we saw slightly lower COGS inflation. That's really about the timing of these commodity costs coming through. We saw a bit of a FX benefit against that, but that's really a phasing issue. For the year, you'll still see the underlying input cost inflation coming through, and you'll see those efficiencies that we're driving that will offset it. And on tariffs, small impact in H1, and that's really because we worked hard to mitigate the impact. As I look at the full year, I think about tariffs as a couple of tens of basis points impact for the group.

Thank you. Thanks, Guillaume. We'll take our next question from Victoria Petula from Bank of America. Go ahead, Victoria.

Thank you, David. Thank you, Lauren and Dan. My first question is a continuation of Guillaume's one. On A and P, if I interpreted your comments correctly, you're talking about kind of flat and PS percent of sales at 8.6%. And previously, my understanding was that you expected to kind of to go to 9% of sales towards the end of the year, and hence ANPS percent of sales to be higher in the second half of the year. Could you comment on that? Maybe I just misinterpreted that. And my second question, looking outside of two very inflationary categories, which are coffee and confectionery, and also putting aside VMS and China, in other categories, what we're seeing right now is underlying category growth significantly below the comments you provided during your capital markets day or investor seminar in November. When do you think there is a path towards meet single digit 3 to 4% underlying category growth in such categories as, for example, pet care or prepared dishes and cooking aids? Or should we think about it differently given the current market environment, what you are seeing on the consumer side of things. Thank you very much.

Thank you, Victoria. On the ANP, I just would like to highlight that the strategy is at play. It works. We are achieving efficiencies end-to-end across our Fuel for Growth program. and have started to redeploy strongly, 50 basis points more than last year in a challenging market environment with inflationary pressures. So we are doing what we said we would do. And we see the impact. We have Q2 at 3%. So we are talking the 3 to 5, where we are at 3% in Q2, despite the hiccup in China. And while we were comparing with the strongest quarter last year. So, you know, I think in relative terms, the momentum is there. Q2 better than Q1, better than Q4. And the strategy is at play and the strategy works. On the investments for H2, we are determined to keep investing. This is part of the model. We just flagged that as we are getting increasingly efficient, effective investments, through the way we invest the investment will be there as planned just reflecting the percentage of sales might be more around the 8.6% for the full year than maybe the 9% everyone was we are flagging towards the end of the period but in the spirit and the quality and the quantity of investment that will be very much in line with what we indicated so it's more a reflection of the fact that we are getting increasingly effective in the way we spend and the way we invest. Investments will be there and they are showing impact in the way the brands are reacting and our capacity to improve our market share position. On the underlying calorie growth, we see, interestingly enough, a bit of improvement in terms of the calorie growth on average. So it's not that we are distant from what we indicated that the capital market day, we are pretty much in line. And the good news is that we are catching up and we are improving our market share position months after months as the strategy works and as our investment in the core. investments in the growth platforms, investment in innovation big bets, and our efforts to improve our underperformers is paying off. So that's what I would like to highlight in broad terms, and I can complement in more detail.

Not much to add. I mean, maybe just to clarify on the A&P point, what we'd said to you at the foot of the air was that we would be ramping up through the year to be at 9% by the end of the year, and that meant on average we'd be about 50 basis points more, so about 8.6 for the year. So actually, the fact that we're already at 8.6% at H1 is we're investing faster than we thought we were going to be going into this year. And that's because you've got plans that we feel confident of. So I think that's really good. We're still ramping up to the 9% in intensity terms. So the activity is still ramping up. But because we're starting to see those efficiencies flow through from fuel for growth, the actual reported number for the second half will be similar to the first because you've got sort of 30 basis points or so of efficiencies coming from fuel for growth. So good progress, actually, I think, on the AMP point. I think that's the only build I've got.

Great, thank you. Thanks, Victoria. The next question comes from Warren Ackerman at Barclays. Please go ahead, Warren.

Yeah, good morning, Lauren, Anna, David. I've also got one housekeeping and two questions. The housekeeping one, there's lots of market share numbers thrown out in the deck today, but can you tell us what percentage of your portfolio globally is holding or winning share? That's the housekeeping. And then my two questions are, firstly, for Anna, on free cash flow, Anna, It's kind of halved in the first half, so around $2 billion. You've got working capital build. I hear your point about its H2 phase, but it's hard not to conclude it's pretty poor in H1, and it's certainly not helping your deleveraging when your balance sheet is already stretched. I mean, the free cash flow is not going to cover the dividend, which obviously long-term is not sustainable. So can you maybe just dive into free cash flow a little bit? What's happening – to improve the fundamental free cash flow of the company and could you maybe give us an idea of what the free cash flow could be for this year and any kind of expectations on some of the key drivers of working capital and capex would be useful. And then the second question is really on the VMS strategic review, maybe for Laurent. What is the revenue weight of the non-strategic brands we're talking about and maybe could you tell us what the EVIT contribution and what the book value of the business is. I'm just trying to figure out, like, you know, how material is this? I mean, you've obviously spent $6 billion buying Bountiful. It looks like you're reversing pretty much all of that except for Solgar. And are you looking at straight divestment, or would you be open to maybe a partnership or any other kind of imaginative solutions? Thank you.

Hi, Warren. Lots of questions in one or two. On the market shares, it's great to see that we have significantly improved our position in the last one year. We covered a large part of the gap that we had to our categories. And we see that through the growth platform. We see that also in a very spectacular way on the performance. Out of the 18, we got already two in green territory on an MET basis, on a moving annual basis, which are Biscuits Brazil and Soluble Coffee Europe. So those are big chunks and quite competitive business sales. And we got also Milo in ASEAN moving to also green territory in a large part. of those business sales are on an improving path. How many of the business sales are stable or improving? That's a bit more than half. So things are really moving in the right direction from a market share standpoint. On the free cash flow, I will let Anna answer, but I will maybe continue with the VMS piece. So what we will do is really focus on where we believe is the space where we can win and where we can create value. And that's essentially the premium side of it with Garden of Life, with Solga, with Pure Encapsulations. All of this in NSE Health Science territory, which is critical, which is strategic for us. When you think of healthy aging, healthy longevity, when you think of weight management, affordable nutrition, women's health, there are huge opportunities going forward. Our biggest play there is NSE Health Science. So that remains absolutely core. We just want to make sure that we focus, and the focus is the name of the game. focus on where we can win, where we can create value. The size of the business, which will be in the review, is a bit more than 1 billion, 1.2 billion at low single-digit profit. And on the free cash flow,

Sure. So free cash flow in H1, as you say, is lower. Now, seasonally, H1 is always a lower half for us because of the timing of both the seasonality of our business and also when our dividend payment occurs. That said, you're right, it is lower, and the drivers of that is, firstly, as you know, we've got a lower margin in some FX headwinds in the first half. Secondly, working capital has been an outflow, and I'll come back to that. And then thirdly, we've had a benefit from the reduced CapEx investment as we've come off of the big step-up investment that we did post-COVID. So really the thing that has flattened our cash flow or reduced our cash flow a little bit in the first half is working capital. A couple of things going on there. Commodity costs are feeding through to working capital. And so that's why you see it a little bit higher in the first half. And also we've taken some actions to manage tariffs. That's one of the reasons that you're seeing a small impact from tariffs in the first half. And you'll see that work through. As you know, I'm very focused on working capital and we are as a group really managing our cash flow, but working capital is one of the big levers of that. So you'll see us working to reduce consistently the volumes of our inventory. and really tackle that working capital number, although commodity prices a little bit will be what they will be. And in terms of the full year cash flow, I think we said it when we guided at the beginning of the year, that cash flow would be a little bit lower this year because we wouldn't see the levels of working capital improvement that we saw previously. but still on track to deliver good cash flow this year. And a little bit subject to commodity movements and how they move around.

Great. Thank you, Warren. The next question comes from Callum Elliott at Bernstein. Please go ahead, Callum.

Perfect. Thank you very much for the question. Firstly, I wanted to circle back on China, if that's okay. So really what I want to focus on is what are you actually doing? You talk a little bit about demand generation. You also talk about strengthening the value proposition. You spoke to Guillaume about strengthening the consumer pull. But you've highlighted in the press release that you expect this to hurt growth over the next 12 months. So my question is, how does strengthening the consumer pull impact growth in a negative way. What are you actually going to do? Are you talking about price cuts? Are you talking about exiting categories? Are you talking about exiting channels given all the comments about distribution? Just looking for a little bit more color on what you're actually doing in China. And then my second question is on the really fascinating chart you provided on gross margin by category. But I think coffee really stands out as being quite challenging for three or four years now on that chart, which is especially interesting in the context of the very good elasticity performance that we've seen in the first half of the year on coffee. So my question is, do you think there are lessons for you in that positive elasticity and whether you could maybe be more aggressive on pricing in coffee going forwards? Thank you.

Yeah, on the first question on China, to give you the full picture, as we had a model more focused on building of distribution and in the context that Anna described of the slowing down of the demand and in the efficient environment, we ended up with, and that's our assessment, as we had a new leadership that we had a bit too much stock in the trade. Not massive, but a little bit too much, and that has an impact on the way we manage pricing, promotional activities, and freshness. So, hence the willingness to rebalance. Of course, distribution is very, very important in a China context, but we need, and again, that's silver lining in China. We need to activate more the consumer side. We need more consumer pool. We need to strengthen our value propositions. And this is what we have started to do, normalizing also the levels of stocks in the trade and moving from a push model to a pull model. That's to make it simple. What we'll be doing, nothing dramatic, but an adjustment that is necessary and that will position us well to win in the China context for the long term. On the... Oh, coffee.

So... We've seen really good elasticity on coffee because it's deeply established in consumer behaviour and you see us taking price at the moment and you see rigged momentum continuing and I think that is very comforting. I think a couple of things on coffee, looking forward you'll see us continue to do what we've done actually across all of the other categories which is to innovate into those right consumer price points at the right margin levels. and continue to take price appropriately whilst maintaining medium-term consumer penetration. So you'll see us do that. But also, if coffee commodity prices stay where they are today, we'll of course get a bit of a benefit in margin terms as we move through 2026. This is not a 2025 benefit associated with some of those lower input costs coming through.

Thank you, Callum. The next question comes from Olivier Nicolai at Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead, Olivier.

Hi. Good morning, Laurent and David. Just a couple of questions on my side, no housekeeping. Could you please give us an update on the pet food trends globally and then more specifically for the U.S. if you are concerned about the increased competition in U.S. pet food and the lack of pricing in the category? due to the lack of input costs in inflation. That's the first question.

Yeah. We strongly believe in the fundamentals of the category. We are still in adjustment mode after such a spike in consumption that everyone forgets during the COVID and post-COVID period, which is in the base. This is what we compare with today. And the calorie is still growing, though at a slower pace. But if you look at the long-term fundamentals, U.S. and way beyond U.S. There is a massive potential to grow. Population is aging. There are less babies, unfortunately, and more pets, fortunately, for pet food business. Population globally is becoming more urban, which goes also well with pet adoption. We see, by the way, pet adoption continuing. Maybe this is the multi-pet ownership, which is a little bit under pressure in the U.S. and the opportunity to premiumize through science-based nutrition offering is there. You know that we are running out, for instance, our Life Clear, the cat allergy offering that we got in the pro plan and now Purina one. Just one example of the opportunity that we got going forward to increase pet adoption and grow the category. And calorific coverage is a massive opportunity in Asia, in Latin, in most markets, actually, including the U.S., where it's around 80%, so still some potential to grow. So the fundamentals, we should never forget the fundamentals. The fundamentals are extremely solid. And yes, you're right, there is little pricing because there is little input cost inflation. So we got Interestingly enough, coffee and cocoa much impacted, but pet care very little impacted, if any impact. And as we got more capacity, like the rest of the industry, by the way, we can promote again, and that has an impact also on the pricing dynamics. But fundamentally, the calorie is healthy, and you will see the calorie returning to healthy levels of growth. If there is so much interest in the calories, so many investments, it's because it's fundamentally healthy, offers tremendous potential for growth going forward.

And two thoughts.

Just a quick question, slightly perhaps more personal, but you celebrated your birthday recently. What kind of free insurance you could give to investors who want you to be CEO of Nestlé for the long term and will be on 65?

Nutrition, you mean?

No, on your age. On my age.

Look, it's a question that has been coming a few times. It's a question that I had with the board. Being a board member, there is no limit. 65 is not a limit, provided the board wants me to stay, which seems to be the case. And if conditions permit it, I'm there for the medium-long term. Very clear, thank you.

Thank you, Olivier. The next question comes from Jeremy Fialco from HSBC. Your line's open, Jeremy.

Hi, good morning. So just a couple of questions from me. So I think the first thing will be very useful is just to get some clarity on the moving parts for a rig in the second huff and the extent to which you could be confident that that will be positive in the second half. And then the second thing, I know it's a little bit far out, but just on 2026 margins, clearly you're, you know, you're sort of 16 and a half H. You're going to be somewhere in the, you know, the upper part of the 15s in NIC2. So that seems to be implying some sort of a drag as we get into next year. Or actually, do you think there is scope for the margins to sort of sequentially, you know, that will be a bit of a nadir, then the sort of the cost of the pricing will get more relevant as we get into the early part of next year. But I think it's just an interesting question given the sort of dynamics that you're painting today.

Thanks. Let me start and I will hand over to Anna. All our strategy is geared towards pricing. driving growth in all its components and RIG is part of it. Our investment in the core business, our investment in growth platforms, our drive, the six big bets that are off to a good start is exactly geared towards that. And then we operate in the context, which is the context. But every element of our strategy is focused towards that, to gain the consumer, to drive the demand, increase penetration, increase intensity, and by the way, the calories are responding. The resiliency of coffee is very, very impressive. And yes, we got some elasticity in confectionery, but as expected, and as the rest of the industry. So I think it's quite remarkable, and especially If you take into account the comps on the one hand and the impact of China to see the momentum in the organic growth in all its components. Let me hand over to Anna for the rest of the question.

Sure. So we don't guide on rig, but just the moving parts as you think about H1 and H2. As we look forward to the second half, of course, we would expect some of the consumer reaction associated with the confectionery price increases to settle down. So in a number of our big markets, we moved ahead of our competitors. They've then followed. The consumer has to react to that new pricing. And all of that just takes some weeks and months just to play through. So we should see that come through in the second half. Secondly, we've just been talking about pet care. We're now lapping the more normal promo environment. And we have the capacity online, coming online now, that allows us to bring innovation back into this category, which drives rig growth. So that is helpful to us. And there's also a piece around comps. We are lapping some quite high comps in Q2, less so as we move into the second half. So those are just some of the moving pieces. as well as all of those actions that Laurent has laid out that we're really driving to focus on improving our share position, driving those big bets, and really growing our categories. So we would be looking to drive rig over the medium term. In terms of 2026 margins, again, it's too early to get into 2026 margins, but there are a few moving parts that should shape how you think about it. Firstly, as you see, we're perpetually taking action to improve our margins through innovating into the consumer need at the right margin level and through adjusting our prices where appropriate against that consumer opportunity. And that will continue to help us from a margin perspective. Now, if you look at where commodity costs are today, particularly on green coffee, and a little bit on cocoa, they've come down. And that, if they stay at this level, will start to give us a benefit as we move through 2026. Of course, we don't know what other commodity costs will do yet, but just, you know, as I look at where we are today, that should be helpful as we move into 2026. And of course, you see the work that we're doing on cost efficiency and what we've laid out with Fuel for Growth. There is absolutely no let up there. And we're very focused on driving those efficiencies again, which should be helpful to margin.

Okay. Thanks very much.

Thank you. The next question comes from Celine Panutti from J.P. Morgan. Please go ahead, Celine.

Yes, good morning. Thank you for taking my question. So first one, you mentioned there was an increasing macro headwind you were flagging. Can you go through maybe the key regions where you are seeing this increased headwind? That's my first question.

Yeah, so maybe talking about the consumer sentiment because I think this is what matters the most. And it's not completely new. We come from 24 where we had already subdued the consumer environment. So it's more of the same with a bit more uncertainties in North America. We see, of course, the ripple effect on LATAM, which is much connected to it. And we see remittances that for the first time in years have declined. And this is pure consumption. We see Europe surprisingly resilient, although we got consumers seeking value and looking for promotions, logically, given the context. And when it comes to Asia, to focus maybe on the two main geographies, we see a bit better India and China, which is a bit under pressure when it comes to consumption for the reasons that Anna flagged earlier.

Thank you. And then maybe coming back to North America, can you talk about your market share position in two categories? Obviously, you're doing quite well in creamers, but can you talk about the competitive performance there?

Yeah, I think globally speaking, the momentum is back and performance is improving. You saw the creamers. We got solid positions in pet care. Coffee is also in a good place. We see improvement in the food part of the business. Where we got some challenges is the nutrition part with Gerber, but we are on top of it, addressing it with an end-to-end perspective. So globally speaking, I would say we got much more competitive North America in all its, in most its components, maybe exception would be the nutrition piece.

Thank you.

Just to North America, are you expecting more, are you seeing big retailers, how do you feel about the stock levels and, you know, how you think that the retailer behavior is evolving?

Stock level is okay. We would have flagged if we would have any issue there. And on the retail environment, super competitive, obviously. We see fragmentation of the channels. We see the dynamic behind e-commerce, and we are, of course, on top of it. So that drives retailers' behaviors. They are demanding. They are aggressive and competitive. But we play well in that context. And from discussion, recent discussion with key ones, there is real willingness to partner with Nestlé to accelerate growth. Those are fresh from the oven discussion that we had with Nestlé. some of the key ones, so that's the good news that there is the shared vision that more is possible and that working together we can achieve more.

And at Q1, the only area where we flagged that we sold a little bit more was Nespresso. And we haven't seen that on wine because there's just so much good demand for the Nespresso brand. So we did flag that as an area where we thought we might see some stock reduction in Q2. We didn't. And that's due to the great momentum that we've got in the brand at the moment.

Thank you, Celine. We have time for one last question, which we will take from David Hayes at Jefferies. Please go ahead, David.

Thanks, David. Good morning, all. There are two from us. Firstly, just on the margin guidance, I know before you were talking about direct impacts of tariffs, that has been dropped as wording. So is that just a reference to FX? or are there other indirect tariff impacts that are still not included in the guidance, or is that now fully taking into account all factors as you guide today? And then secondly, just going back to the free cash flow, from a working capital perspective, reverse factoring or vendor financing was up $1.5 billion, I think, last year. Is that something that you've still got capacity to continue to increase to help or is that actually something which maybe is slightly coming down because of the big increase that you saw during 2024 to help working capital metrics? Thank you.

So on the guidance wording, so at Q1 we talked about the direct impact of tariffs, meaning the tariffs that were hitting us as opposed to FX and any potential consumer slowdown that could possibly come as a result of a changed economic environment because of tariffs. So what we've guided on today to be super clear is, again, the effects that we see today, so current sort of spot prices, and the tariffs that are currently enacted. What we're not guiding on because we don't know what will happen in the future is any future change in tariffs or, frankly, any change in consumer environment. So that's how we think about guidance. And in terms of cash flow, The big opportunity for us is managing the group better, you know, getting much tighter around the amount of stocks that we have and where we have it as we manage our global supply chain. And I'm very focused on that because that is not just about cash. I mean, it is about cash, but it's also about freshness, agility, and ability to deliver for the customer. So that's my number one focus. We do at the edge use some factoring and vendor financing, but in the overall context of the group, it's relatively small and isn't materially changing.

Thank you.

Thank you, David. Thank you, everyone. That brings today's call to a close. Thanks for your interest and your questions. We look forward to meeting with many of you over the coming weeks. Wish you a good summer and we'll hear you again at the Q3 call in October, if not before that. Many thanks.