10/26/2023

speaker
Anders
Moderator / Conference Host

Thank you, and welcome to this presentation of PlanLog's Interim Report for the third quarter 2023. I'm here together with Leonor, our CEO, and Anneli Lindblom, our CFO. And as always, we have STR with us, today represented by Robin Rossman, Managing Director at STR. And Robin represents a leading independent research firm focused on the hotel market, and he will share STR's view on the market. And please remember that the views expressed by SKR are completely separate from Pandox and the presentation is offered only as a service to Pandox stakeholders. And Robin's presentation will be held after we have completed our earnings presentation, including the Q&A. Before we let Robin in, Leah and Anneli will present the business update with financial highlights for the third quarter 2023, followed by a Q&A session. With that, I hand over to Lia.

speaker
Leonor
CEO

Thank you, Anders. Good morning and welcome, everyone. I would like to stop this presentation with a couple of key investment highlights on Pandox. You see these eight points. We are active in travel and tourism, a global and highly dynamic industry with strong structural growth drivers. Travel and tourism is one of the largest industries in the world, accounting for almost 10% of global GDP and a substantial share of new jobs created. Two. We only invest in hotel properties. We are the largest listed pure hotel property owner in Europe and with a unique portfolio of high quality assets. Three. We are an active owner with deep hotel expertise. We work with all operational models and our focus on creating value across the value chain. The fourth point. With our turnover based leases, we have inflation protected revenue streams, which together with our minimum guaranteed rent, provide both upside and stability. Five. We have a high-quality project pipeline well underway. We expect this to accelerate our organic earnings and value growth, specifically through 2024 to 2026, with an additional plus 100 million in NOI per year, meaning all in all to generate some plus 300 million in additional income with full effect in 2026. Six. We have ambitious ESG targets, including a substantial climate transition program with high expected ROI. Seven, our property portfolio has an average valuation yield of approximately 6.1%, mainly with long leases and a goal of more than 14 years. And finally, the eighth point, we only have bank financing with strong and positive lending relationships and with low refinancing risk. And with more than 75% of our net debt being hedged, we also have a good overview of the positive yield spread in the short and medium term. Next page, please. We have a strong and well-diversified hotel property portfolio with 159 hotel properties with approximately 36,000 rooms in 15 countries and 90 cities, over the property market value of more than 71 billion krona, with an average yield of 6.1%. We are divided into two mutually supportive and reinforcing business segments, property management and operating activities. In property management, we lease hotel properties to strong, well-known operators under long revenue-based agreements often with a minimum guaranteed level and this segment makes up for some 83 percent of our property market value in the other segment operating activities we operate hotel ourselves in properties we own under different operating models and this segment makes up for some 17 percent of our property market value The focus of our portfolio is upper mid-market hotels with mostly domestic demand, which is the backbone of the hotel market, regardless of which phase of the hotel market cycle is in. We also have one of the strongest network of brands and partners in the hotel property industry. And this altogether ensures efficient operations and revenue management, which maximize our cash flow and property values, and continuous flow of business opportunities. A relatively large part of investments in property management is also shared with our tenants, which lowers our risk. Next page, please. Demand in the hotel market was good in the third quarter, and it has now reached a new stabilized level based on current demand mix and traditional seasonality. That said, international travel and larger meetings and conferences still had some way to go before having fully recovered compared with 2019. The good demand trend in the quarter led to a strong operational performance in both our segments, which lifted total NOI to a record level. Total NOI, net operating income, increased by a good 10% like for like. However, adjusted cash earnings decreased by 12% as net operating income could not compensate in full for the very quick and strong increase in the market rate and interest expense. But given our interest rate hedge of more than 70% and the assumption that market rates are leveling out, conditions are improving for growth in cash earnings in 2024. Our financial flexibility remains high with an LTV of 46.8% and the ICR of 2.8 based on the rolling four quarters. We have 100% bank financing, strong relationship, positive discussions on upcoming refinancing, and so our financing risk is low. And I would also like to reiterate the high-quality investment pipeline, which will improve our future growth outlook. Next page please. Here we see a comparison of the REVPAR level for our business segment, property management, from 2019 until today. The numbers are on a comparable basis. As you can see, REVPAR is currently trading above the corresponding period, 2019, with ADR continues to be the main driver with strong to very strong average price development in most of our markets. More on next page. Here we have a breakdown of the performance for a selection of countries, regions, and cities versus 2019. The first chart on the left tracks the year-to-date six-month performance to June, and the second on the right tracks the year-to-date performance year-to-date September, nine months. We show ADR on the vertical axis and occupancy on the horizontal axis. That's origin is the point corresponding to 2019 on both ADR and occupancy. And in the boxes, we indicate how much higher or lower REVPAR is compared with the corresponding period 2019. As you can see, the hotel market continued to improve in the third quarter, and year-to-date September, all markets except Helsinki traded above or even well above 2019 levels on rate, whereas the majority still remained below 2019 when it comes to occupancy. In terms of Revpar, from the second to the third quarter, the greatest relative improvements again took place in Germany. And Robin Rosman from SCR will talk more about the underlying trends in the European hotel market later in this call. But broadly speaking, Revpar in all our regional markets is trading above 2019, with UK and Norway region being the strongest months, closely followed by Sweden and Finland. Among the Nordic capital cities, Oslo is clearly the strongest, followed by Stockholm. Copenhagen recovered further in the third quarter and is now basically back on 2019 levels, whereas Helsinki continues to suffer from a lack of Asian and Russian demand. In these two cities, there has also been a strong inflow of new capacity, new hotel rooms in the past few years. And against this backdrop, the recovery in Copenhagen is particularly impressive. Overall new capacity that was planned before the pandemic has come to the market, but we see very little new capacity coming in in future years, supporting the RevPo development further. Next page please. Here on this page, we have listed some larger investment projects in our existing portfolio. Hotel Pomander opened on the 18th of September. after having been closed for an extensive renovation since the third quarter 2021. And the rest of the projects are expected to be completed during the second half of 2024 and in 2025. All in all, we expect them to generate some 300 million in additional net operating income per year with a full effect from 2026. Next page, please. In the third quarter, we also decided to invest approximately 320 million in climate transition related projects in operating activities. The main activity is the phasing out of oil and gas, but also upgrades of technical systems for energy optimization and investments in renewable energy solutions. This will enable us to fulfill the SBTI emission reduction targets for operating activities when completed. It's a three-year program, which will also generate a tangible cost savings. The SPTI targets are currently under review, and we expect to be able to communicate them within short. Next page, please. And with that, I hand over to Anneli Lindbrom, our CFO. ANNELI LINDBROM, Thank you, Lia.

speaker
Anneli Lindbrom
CFO

Good morning, everyone. We are happy to report a good set of numbers for this third quarter. And to be clear, we do have government grants in our comparison quarters, so please read the numbers carefully. This government grant refers to previous years, 2020 and 2021, and we did receive them last year with the final part in Q3 2022. like for like growth was good both in revenue and net operating income supported by a seasonally strong third with several active demand segments total revenue base camps increased to 421 million compared with 378 million last year operator activities counted to perform well in the third quarter in line with seasonality and good leisure demand during the summer months and a pickup in business demand in September. Adjusted for the government grant, cash earnings decreased by 12% in the third quarter due to the quick and strong increase in market rates, which puts interest expense higher compared with last year. Higher current tax also explains part of the lower cash earnings, since we are now in tax position in Sweden and in Norway. Next page, please. On this slide, we show the change in the main valuation parameters for the total property portfolio year to date. As expected, we have had positive contributions from investments and from acquisitions, but also from currency. We do have the main part of our hotel properties outside Sweden. All in all, 78% in foreign currencies and 44% in euros. Then two effects in the unrealized changes in value. We have the negative one from the higher average yields in the market with a negative effect of 3.5 billion. But we also have the strong cash flow due to the strong price development in the hotel market with a positive effect of 2.2 billion. Measured from the beginning of the year, the increase in average valuation yields was 34 percentage points for property management and 45 percentage points for operating activities. end of period the average valuation yields for investment properties was 5.92 percent and for our operating properties it was 6.95 percent next page please here we have the average yield the average interest on net on debt and EFRA NRV per share quarterly from just before the pandemic and up until today. When it comes to the yield, I just want to remind you that the changes in value recorded during and immediately after the pandemic were largely an effect of changing in cash flows. Cash flows were adjusted downwards during the pandemic. and then adjusted upwards when the recovery started after it, both in our internal and in the external valuations, while the yields were stable. However, in line with rising market interest rates, yields have moved higher since the fourth quarter 2022. Despite higher yields and higher market interest rates, EPRA NRV per share has increased and we have attainable and positive yield spread. Also, growth in IFRA NRV amounted to 4.9 percent measured on an annual basis and adjusted for paid dividends. Next page, please. As you can see, at the end of the third quarter, the LTV was 46.8 percent, and the ICR on a rolling 12-month basis was 2.8 times. The LTV remains at the lower end of our target range, while the ICR is resilient. Cash and unutilized credit facilities amounted to almost 3 billion at the end of the quarter. And please note that we have unclenched assets as an untapped reserve. Next page, please. And panels have just two sources of financing. We have equity and we have bank loans to secure the underlying properties. We have no market financing in foreign bonds and no external rating requirements. Given our business model, we'll focus on hotels and variable rent. This has proven to be the most efficient and predictable financing over time. On the right, we highlight our capital structure at the end of the period, and based on the closing price yesterday, Pandox is valued at the discount for EPRNV on approximately 51% at the moment. Next page, please. So for this year, we have been very active on refinancing with a total amount of 13,778,000,000. We have no maturities and refinance in the third quarter. The refinancing during the year have been made at longer duration, and our average debt repayment periods have increased year on year to 2.4 years. Looking ahead, we have some 8 billion of debt maturing within one year, of which the majority will be in Q2 and Q3 2034. We do have strong relations with our banks, and discussions on future refinancing are positive and are ongoing. Overall, credit margins are stable, and our refinancing risk is low. And I would also like to remind you that 76% of the net debt is hedged, which means that the effect from further increase in market rates is relatively low. Next page, please. And with that, I will have back to Leah for some final remarks.

speaker
Leonor
CEO

Thank you, Anneli. We expect continued stable demand in the hotel market in the fourth quarter. There is a seasonal effect where demand normally starts to weaken in mid-December and picks up again in mid-January. We also expect some growth in the hotel market in 2024 based on a strong event calendar in Germany. and expectations for stable market conditions in our other markets. Generally speaking, hotel demand is dependent on economic activity and the main risk of geopolitical instability and its effects on economic activity and travel. That said, with a high quality portfolio, an active and value-oriented ownership model based on deep hotel expertise, a strong project pipeline and low financing risk, We are well prepared for value creation in any market scenario. Next page, please. And now we move over to Q&A. Operator, we are now ready for questions.

speaker
Operator
Conference Operator

If you wish to ask a question, please dial star 5 on your telephone keypad to enter the queue. If you wish to withdraw your question, please dial star 5 again on your telephone keypad. Please state your name and company. Please go ahead. Your line is now unmuted. Please go ahead.

speaker
Eduardo
Analyst, Green Street

Hi, this is Eduardo from Green Street. Can everyone hear me? Yes, we can. Good morning. Good morning. Three questions from me. On top of your maturity, so 8 billion kronas for next year, how much of your debt will reprice? So, you know, in terms of interest rate derivatives that you have.

speaker
Leonor
CEO

The interest rate derivatives, we have 76%, which is hedged on an average maturity of more than four years. When it comes to the refinancing, then of course, as you know, we have sort of continuous refinancing during the year or during the years. So most of our more than 14 billion or so have basically been repriced with a higher credit margin spread maybe already this year. So we expect this to be rather limited. And again, as you know, the credit margins were already increased during the pandemic. So most of the effect is already taken. And we actually dare to say that with our interest rate cost of 4.2 in after Q3, we expect this to be pretty constant for the rest of the year. And also with a moderate increase based on the today's interest market expectations, and then we moderate increase in next year as well.

speaker
Eduardo
Analyst, Green Street

Understood that. Thank you. And then another question for me regarding your current investments. So you mentioned 300 million of NOI on added through 2026. What is the yield on cost on that? It seems to me it's 16% based on your pre-approved investments. Is that correct, 16%?

speaker
Leonor
CEO

Well, we typically say that there are sort of investments we do in our own portfolio is between somewhere between 10 and 15, 10 and 12, 12 and 15. So a little bit depending, but yes.

speaker
Eduardo
Analyst, Green Street

Perfect. Thank you. And last question for me. Can you give a little bit of color around pre-booking trends for Q4 and maybe Q1 of 2024? How is it looking versus last year's?

speaker
Leonor
CEO

Yeah. When you look at the booking compared to last year, in almost all our markets, it's above or well above what it looked like last year. And especially comforting is, for example, Brussels, which has been sort of laid out of the stock blocks. And as you know, we have a lot of our own operations in Brussels. So looking for the rest of the year and also in 2024, it's on a higher or much higher level than last year. And this goes for basically all our markets.

speaker
Eduardo
Analyst, Green Street

And how much higher, roughly, would you say? 10, 20, 30 percent higher?

speaker
Leonor
CEO

It depends which market, and then of course it depends on how much further you look. When it comes to Brussels, it's actually very comforting that you actually see the weekend travel picking up in quite a large extent. So basically same growth versus 2023. Perfect. Sorry, some growth.

speaker
Eduardo
Analyst, Green Street

Understood. Thank you.

speaker
Operator
Conference Operator

The next question comes from Frederick Stensved from ABG Sundal Collier. Please go ahead.

speaker
Frederick Stensved
Analyst, ABG Sundal Collier

Thank you, morning all.

speaker
Leonor
CEO

Good morning.

speaker
Frederick Stensved
Analyst, ABG Sundal Collier

My line broke up a bit earlier, so apologies if I ask things that have already been asked or that you have already touched upon. But if we start with the 320 million investment that you touched upon during the presentation, can you provide any sort of yield on cost figures And also, have you done sort of the same analysis for the property management portfolio? And can you share anything about that?

speaker
Leonor
CEO

Yeah, absolutely. When it comes to the 320 million, when it comes to our green investments, which will come over three years, we expect a double digit, a tangible double digit ROI on this one. This will come over three years. expected to be sort of finalized in 2027. And I will will basically cover all our size based targets for the operating activities segment, even though sort of the targets are set for 2030. When it comes to our property management, then of course, this is The levels of the targets are slightly lower and we are already underway with some of the investments, but we will come back. But it will most likely not be in the same investment absurd. But again, good investments, high quality investments, which will drive our efficiency and reduce our UI consumption, but also make more energy efficient.

speaker
Frederick Stensved
Analyst, ABG Sundal Collier

That's a clear fact. And just to follow up, in the property management portfolio, if you were to do similar activities, is that 100% for the account of you as the property owner or will that investment be shared with the tenant? Yeah.

speaker
Leonor
CEO

It's a question which is up on the table, and of course it's in both our interests that both the property owner and the tenant will reduce the energy consumption. So it most likely will be a shared investment, but it won't be in the same magnitude as we have in our own operations.

speaker
Frederick Stensved
Analyst, ABG Sundal Collier

alright perfect thanks and then secondly maybe a detailed question but the new lease agreement in Copenhagen that you signed during the quarter can you share any figures on sort of what the NOI contribution was when it was in the operator segment and anything about the terms in the lease agreement

speaker
Leonor
CEO

go into the specific terms on this call uh other than again remember this was a hotel we took over in in uh beginning of 2020 we we have done some investments we are continuing to do some investments and this will be a good good uh lease going forward when we sign with strawberry um again in the middle of copenhagen so with and the market expectations there it's uh It's a good lease in line with what you would expect from a downtown Copenhagen renovated property.

speaker
Frederick Stensved
Analyst, ABG Sundal Collier

Understood. That's fair. Thank you. That's all from me.

speaker
Operator
Conference Operator

The next question comes from Albin Sandberg from Kepler-Tjuvriaks. Please go ahead.

speaker
Albin Sandberg
Analyst, Kepler-Tjuvriaks

Hi there. I just had one more question, and that was on the paid tax line. You're referring to tax losses carried forward, as I understand, not available in Sweden and Norway, I guess, and also some interest rate deductibility items. But is Q3 paid tax? rate as a percentage of your underlying income representative for you know an annualized level of of uh fund docs um i don't know if you want to guide forward or on a rolling 12 point basis okay we can play so that if you look at the tax for the year today that's the normal level you could say to give you some kind of of guidance

speaker
Anneli Lindbrom
CFO

at least for this year but it's kind of complex and you know within with the sort of the different countries we're in do have a lot of different tax issues so it's a bit hard to predict but I guess that's the level we have today in the year-to-date figures which will give you some guidance.

speaker
Albin Sandberg
Analyst, Kepler-Tjuvriaks

That's very helpful so thanks for that and also just as a follow-up on the previous question there if I understood you correctly, that you felt that the majority of your debt had been repriced with, let's say, current bank margin terms. Was that correct?

speaker
Anneli Lindbrom
CFO

Yes. I mean, we did have some new terms during the pandemic. We were sort of quite early into the new levels.

speaker
Albin Sandberg
Analyst, Kepler-Tjuvriaks

Okay. Great. Thank you very much.

speaker
Operator
Conference Operator

There are no more questions at this time. So I hand the conference back to the speakers for any closing comments.

speaker
Anders
Moderator / Conference Host

Now it's time for Robin. So with warm hand, I will hand over to you. And please remember that Robin's presentation is totally separate and independent from Pandocs. And it is arranged as a service to Pandoc stakeholders. And we are very, very, very grateful for your contribution, Robin. So please go ahead.

speaker
Robin Rossman
Managing Director, STR

thank you uh very much uh and so i'll start on the um cover page that says european hotel performance update uh and as mentioned just there um we're not giving any investment advice but we're giving an overview of market performance um and uh what i'll cover through today is is just a european overview uh starting on the next page on page 18 at the bottom just a bit of a global picture looking at occupancy year to date to September. And in the smaller bubble there, comparing to 2019, you can see up at the top, Europe, the highest occupancy across the world with 70% of rooms sold September year to date, which is just 4% behind 2019 levels. So almost fully recovered from an occupancy perspective, but not 100% recovered yet. More on that in a bit. And then moving on to the next slide, you can see that from a rate perspective, as you will know, certainly if you've done any traveling yourself, rates are definitely more than recovered. Europe sitting at 157 equivalent dollars, and that's even with a strong dollar. The percentage change is on a constant currency basis, though. So 27% higher than 2019 levels. And that is, uh, if you ignore, uh, some of the economies with much higher inflation or currency devaluations, the highest of any established, um, hotel market or region around the world. Uh, so, uh, moving away from absolute total numbers onto the, um, versus 2019 and onto the next page. And just looking at the trend of change in occupancy in the teal and change in rate in the blue and change in REVPAR in the little purple circle versus 2022. So this is looking at momentum versus last year and momentum going forward. And you can see the beginning of the year still had a lot of exceptional growth due to some soft comparables in the first quarter of 2020. which still has some strong COVID impact. And as you can see, as we head through to the summer months, last year was an absolute record for hotel performance across Europe. And so the comparables were very strong. And even despite those record comparables last year, we had an even better year across Europe this year with Red Paws still rising six, seven percent occupancy, slightly higher, and rates around six percent of that growth. I think the encouraging thing, and we'll talk a bit more about this as we go forward, is that what we saw last year around this time was business demand started to come back, but it didn't bounce back as strongly as leisure demand. As we head into the fourth quarter this year, we're seeing that, obviously, that the leisure demand means those comparables are very difficult. But as we've gone into the key business months, we can see that business demand is now recovering and continues to recover. So we've seen RevPod jump up to that 9% growth. And so sort of just foreshadowing what's to come, we do think that the fourth quarter will be stronger than the third quarter on a comparable to 22-year basis. So moving on to the next slide, slide 21, and just give some more data to back that up here you can see occupancy versus 2019 levels by day of the week across Europe and it is those primarily leisure driven nights of Sunday Friday Saturday that are the most recovered just one or two percentage points below 2019 levels and it's the midweek nights that are the four five or six percent below 2019 levels And it's there that we expect that continued occupancy recovery can be achieved. And moving on to the next slide, slide 22, you know, one of the reasons, there's sort of two main reasons for that slow recovery. It's international business travel, and it's also group demand. And here you can see group demand is still trending 15 to 25% below 2019 levels. And there is definitely still potential for that to come back given many events have a very long lead time You know 18 months or more in some cases So moving on to the next slide just giving a picture of performance across some of the major European capitals And you can see if just starting from the further western side most of those cities are 90% plus recovered so I feel all green and And as you head further east into the Central and Eastern European, a little less recovered. So those markets that have benefited a little less from tourism, and in particular American inbound tourism, which has really boosted the performance of markets like Rome, Paris, Dublin, the UK, and Greece. So those are the highest recovered cities underpinned by that exceptional pent-up American demand, some 40% higher than 2019 levels. And that's driven that super performance. So just moving on to the next slide, slide 24, and just going back to rates again, you can see that even though The rate growth has slowed. It has been above CPI for most of the year and is kind of tracking back at CPI levels. So when you move on to the next slide, slide 25, we're looking at average rates both on a real basis, so adjusted for inflation in the dark blue, and then the higher little blue bar at the top takes it up to what it is in nominal inflation. And so just starting really in the summer months, you can see July and August, even though this year the growth wasn't that significant, that is because we achieved a lot of that growth in the prior year. And it's still those summer months that have the highest growth on a nominal basis, you know, 30% and more. And in the business months, that isn't as high. But as I said, I think that the The demand is there to support the stability and the growth there going forward. So just moving on to the next slide, slide 26, you can see similar analysis to what we did with occupancy earlier on. This is rate by day of the week. And it is those leisure days of Sunday, Friday, Saturday that have had the highest growth. It's sort of around 30% or more. And the business days in the mid-20s, Moving on to the next slide, slide 27, a good rate growth across all the European cities, most in excess of 2019 levels. But again, it is those ones that benefited from that inbound international demand from U.S. travelers in particular that had the most exceptional rate growth. Paris, some 54% above 2019 levels. Rome, 59%. Edinburgh, 41%. So whilst the averages might indicate that Europe has become very highly priced from a rate perspective, really that is accentuated in some of these cities. And there is potential in many of the others for further growth. And so on that note, I do just want to go on to the next slide and just give you a long-term picture of rate growth versus broader economic inflation using CPI as the index here. And so even though compared to 2019, as I showed earlier, hotel roommates are well above broader inflation and have grown in real terms. If you go all the way back to 2008 and 9, such a very long period in Europe after the global financial crisis and then the European financial crisis that it did take a while for hotel roommates to come back. And so on a very long-term basis, you know, roommates are not overpriced versus broader economic inflation. Uh, so moving onto the next slide, uh, and just touching on some of the business on the books, uh, what you can see here is, um, on the, from the 16th of October. So literally just, um, last week, looking forward 90 days, this essentially gives you a picture of the last quarter. across some of the major markets in Europe. And you can see that in almost all markets, we've got business on the books that exceeds what we had same time last year. So this backs up what I was mentioning earlier, that we do think that Q4 will, based on the business on the books, be relatively strong and prove on 2022 levels. And moving on to the next slide, And kind of just wrapping it all up, you know, in terms of where this growth will be both in the remainder of this year and as we sort of look forward into the long term. You know, coming out of the global financial crisis, it was definitely leisure and it was definitely luxury that drove the highest performance. So luxury and economy were the two that drove the highest performance. What we've seen this year versus 2022 is... I guess unsurprisingly, when rates at the top end of the market grow that significantly, they have less room to grow, and that's what we've seen this year. We've seen that luxury has still grown, but overall rate growth has been lower, and rare part growth has been about 15%, whereas in the middle of the market, from upper upscale down to midscale, it's been 20% above. And then economy, which also benefited from a stronger rebound earlier, has been lower at around that 17% mark. I think this is a good foreshadowing of what we'll expect to see going into next year. Luxury ready at peak performance, and given there's likely to be not as much pent-up American demand coming through, we think that that will stabilize and that it'll be the middle of the market that will drive for forward performance across Europe next year. And so with that, I will say thank you very much, and I'll hand back to the Pandoc team.

speaker
Leonor
CEO

Thank you, Robin, for this Magnificent Hotel Market Update. Thank you all for participating in this call. Our next event is the Pandocs Hotel Market Day on the 21st of November, and the theme will be the hotel market in a multisphere work, which focus on current geopolitical shifts and their effect on hotel demand, the hotel guest expectations on hotel product, and also trends in the hotel transaction market. And you can find more information about this on our web page. Please also save the date for our full year report Q4 2023, which is published on the 9th of February 2024. And with that, thank you again for your interest in PAMDOCS. We wish you a nice end to 2023. Make the best of it and goodbye.

Disclaimer

This conference call transcript was computer generated and almost certianly contains errors. This transcript is provided for information purposes only.EarningsCall, LLC makes no representation about the accuracy of the aforementioned transcript, and you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the information provided by the transcript.

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