Ivanhoe Mines Ltd.

Thank you for standing by. This is the conference operator. Welcome to the Ivanhoe Mines Q3 2021 Financial Results Conference Call. As a reminder, all participants are in listen-only mode and the conference is being recorded. After the presentation, management will be addressing questions sent in advance. Webcast participants also have the opportunity to type in their questions via the webcast. I would now like to turn the conference over to Bill Treneman, Vice President, Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Operator. It is my great pleasure to welcome you to Ivanhoe Mines' first ever quarterly earnings call. Today's call will feature a short presentation and brief overview from members of our senior management team. The presentation is available for viewing via the webcast. It is also available on our website at www.ivanhomines.com. Today's call will end with a question and answer session. You can submit a question at any time using the Q&A box on the webcast page. Before we begin, I would like to remind everyone that today's event will contain forward-looking statements. Details of the forward-looking statements are contained in our third quarter MD&A and news release, both of which were issued earlier today and available on our website or on CDAR. I will now turn the call over to our founder and co-chairman, Robert Friedland, for a few introductory comments. Please go ahead, Robert.

Thank you, Bill. For those of you joining this call from all over the world, I'm sitting in Singapore. It's late at night here, and I welcome all of you to this call on this important occasion for the thousands of people that have contributed to the development of Ivano Mines. The profits that we're announcing today and the initiation of commercial production is not in an individual mine, but in a mining district. This strata-bound, basin-scale copper system is the largest untested copper system in the world. So it's a very momentous occasion to announce that the first phase concentrator is at a schedule, under budget, and in production. We have members of our senior management team here. We'll be happy to take questions, and we'd remind you that we've been working for over 25 years, not only on this project, but our two other Tier 1 projects, Kapushi and Platte Reef, which we will also be touching on in this presentation. So with that introduction, I'll turn this over to Marna, our president, who's going to take you through the quarter-third results and beyond. Thank you.

Thank you so much, Robert. Matt, if we can just move to the slide that shows the highlights and what a journey this has been. And so we transition from renowned explorers to operators of what I believe is the most exciting copper discovery in the world. In only five years, we transformed Kukula into the impressive mine it is today. In no small part due to the 7,000 people on site each playing their part in making it possible to build this mine on budget, ahead of schedule, and let's not forget, during a pandemic. Rest assured, the same group of people intend to deliver similar results on our future expansions, power, and smelter projects. The quarterly highlights you see on your screen today is only the start of continuous growth and improvement we aim to achieve for decades to come. With Phase 1 commissioning now complete, and due to the impressive ramp-up performance, we feel confident to increase our guidance to between 92,500 and 100,000 tonnes of copper in concentrate for the 2021 financial year. In just a short few months, it is clear that Phase 1 will easily exceed design capacity, and the same will ring true for Phase 2. We have produced over 77,500 tons for the year and expect our C1 cash costs currently at $1.37 per pound to decrease over time as we bring further expansions online and hone our efficiencies. But more on our inaugural earnings later when David van Yerden, our CFO, and by the way, David, congratulations on your appointment, will take you through our results. If you can flick to the next slide, Matt. I would like to take a few minutes to focus on our ESG scorecard. Ivano is now only in its fourth year of publishing our sustainability metrics, and we have already seen a marked increase in our MSCI index rating, achieving an A rating with a target of becoming a leader in the near future. There is a myriad of inputs driving ESG performance, with health and safety being a key focus for Ivano. Our operational teams have put in a tremendous effort to embed a culture of zero harm, and we believe that every employee should return home safely every day, and our improved last-time injury-free hours is a testament to that. When it comes to CO2 emissions, It seems like divine intervention that we brought this copper mine into production when we did. We will also assign some visionary credit to our leader, Robert Friedland. It is clear that the world will need copper for everything from battery electric vehicles, EV charges, solar panels, wind turbines, grid overalls, to name a few. A lot of promises were made in Glasgow, and Ivanhoe will be happy to oblige in assisting world leaders in keeping their promises. I would like to remind everyone that copper from Kamaukukula is mined using clean, renewable hydropower. Earlier this year, Ivano completed the refurbishment of six turbines at the Magwandusha Power Plant in partnership with SNOW, the state-owned power utility in the DRC. This power plant is now generating 78 megawatts, enough power for our Phase 1 and Phase 2. But we have now also extended this partnership to include INGOT 2, Turbine 5, which will generate an additional 162 megawatts of power. This power will be sufficient for our future expansions as well as our smelter project. Today, the main source of emissions on the mine is the diesel fleet. And that is why we announced that we are exploring the use of battery electric or even fuel cell underground equipment. It is fantastic to see how much progress the equipment manufacturers are making in terms of electrifying mining fleet, and we plan to adopt the technology ahead of the curve. Thermal efficiency also heavily weighs into this decision, as 70% of the energy of a conventional diesel is wasted as heat, resulting in additional ventilation management and exhaust gases. We therefore already placed orders with Epiroc for battery electric underground fleet at Platte Reef, which will be delivered early next year, and we will transition Kamoa's fleet over time. This will allow us to use the lessons learned from Platrief, where the ramp-up will be a little bit slower, and then transition over to Kamoa, Kukula, and Diokost. Lastly, a comment on diversity. Ivano intends to publish targets for female employment across all levels in the organization. But in addition, we will continue to focus on minority groups and previously disadvantaged communities in line with the jurisdictions in which we operate. I will now hand over to David to take you through our inaugural earnings.

Thank you, Marta. We have been filing our quarterly results for a few years now, but with our first project now in production, we believed it was the right time to start with quarterly earnings scores. a practice we expect to continue with each quarter's results going forward. Since Q3 2021 is the first quarter since commercial production, I will focus on the results achieved in the quarter as opposed to comparing them to that of previous quarters. The comparisons of the three and nine months ending September 2021 to the same periods in 2020 is, of course, elaborated on in our MD&A. Next slide, please, Matt. Over the last few months, we have received a number of questions about how Kamoa Kokula's revenue and ultimate profit will flow into Ivano's statements of comprehensive income. We therefore decided that this is probably a good place to start the financial overview. The Kamoa Kokula project is a joint venture between Ivano Mines and Jijin Mining through their 49.5% share interest in Kamoa Holding that holds an 80% interest in the project. with the DRC government holding a direct 20% interest. Therefore, Kamoa Copper's results are consolidated into Kamoa Holding, and Ivano then recognizes its 49.5% share as a single line item on Ivano's statement of comprehensive income. Next slide, please. During its first quarter of commercial production, the Kamoa Kukula joint venture sold 41,400 shares and 90 tons of payable copper and recognized revenue of $343 million. The revenue is net of a $12 million reduction due to the remeasurement of contract receivables as at September 30th. This represents the effective mark-to-market of the August and September sales at a copper price of $1. $4.10 per pound, so additional upside is expected in Q4 if the copper price remains at current levels. Kamauakakula's cost of sales for Q3 2021 was $99 million in total and $1.08 per pound of payable copper sold. Our holding recorded finance costs of $52 million in Q3, which is principally the interest on shareholder loans from Ivano and Shijin, as well as... ...following commercial production. For this reason... Kamaua has an income tax expense equal to only 1% of the revenue and the remaining $44 million represents the profit attributable to the DRC government's 20% interest in the Kamaua Kukula project, leaving a profit of $84 million. The chart on the slide deck starts where the last slide ended, with Ivano's share of profit from the Kamau-Kukula joint venture of $41 million for the quarter. Additionally, Ivano earned interest income of $24 million from Kamau Holding in the third quarter for the share of the loans advanced to the joint venture. During the quarter, the company spent $9 million on the Kapushi project, $7 million on western forelands exploration and $7 million on general and administrative expenditure. Costs incurred at the Platte Reef project are deemed necessary to bring the project into commercial production and are therefore capitalized as development costs in property, plant and equipment. The $55 million gain on the fair valuation of financial liability in Q3 represents the change in the deemed fair value of the conversion feature attached to the $575 million 2.5% convertible senior notes, which Ivano closed in March of this year. The conversion feature is an embedded derivative financial liability. and the fair value changes principally due to the fluctuations in our share price. Ivano recognized finance costs of $10 million in Q3 relating to the interest on the convertible notes at the effective interest rate, which ultimately builds up to Ivano's profit for the three months ending September 2021 of $85 million. Next slide, please, Matt. The cash cost per pound of payable copper produced for delivery to China was $1.37 per pound for Kamoa Kokula's first quarter of commercial production. Costs for the quarter reflect the measured ramp-up of production at Kamoa Kokula to steady state and are expected to trend downward as the Phase II concentrated plant is commissioned and the mine's fixed operating costs are spread over increased copper production. Longer term, we are looking at projects like the smelter, which may improve cash costs by up to 15%. Cash cost is a non-GAAP measure, and the reconciliation from cost of sales to cash costs are provided on page 39 of our MD&A. We intend to provide all-in sustaining costs when Phase 2 commences. As the mine is newly commissioned, sustaining capital is limited, but mostly relating to the underground infrastructure and development. However... As we are in the process of ramping up the Kukula mine in anticipation of Phase 2, it is somewhat arbitrary to make the distinction between expansion and sustaining capital activities. In fact, today we are mining in excess of our Phase 1 mining rate, and we also have the 3.7 million ton mining stockpile to draw down on. Next slide, please. We have a strong balance sheet and are well positioned for further development of our projects. with $580 million in cash-in-cash equivalents on hand and consolidated working capital of $624 million. Our debt of $671 million relates mainly to the 2.5% convertible notes I mentioned earlier. However, these are only due in 2026 with possible earlier redemption. Our forecasted spend for the remainder of the year is $61 million on Platte Reef, Kapushi, continued exploration of the Western Forelands, and over-aids. I now hand over to Alex Pickard, our Vice President, Corporate Development, and Marna to provide a brief update on further developments at our projects.

Thank you, David, and good day to everyone on the line. I will now take you through an operations update at Kamoa Kukula and the Western Foreland, and I will pass back to Marna to take you through our activities at Platte Reef and Kipushi. Next slide, please, Matt. At Kukula, we've achieved an exceptionally smooth ramp-up to steady-state production since we first commissioned the concentrator in May of this year. To date, we have produced over 77,500 tons of copper in concentrate, which has either been toll-treated to produce blister copper at the Lua Lava Copper Smelter nearby in Colwazy, or shipped by our off-takers for export to international markets. Given the exceptional ramp-up performance, we have steadily increased our guidance for the year, from the initial range of 80,000 to 95,000 tons to the current range of 92.5%, to 100,000 tons of copper in concentrate. We intend to provide full guidance to 2022, which will include our initial production forecast for phase two in January. While the concentrator has reached nameplate capacity, the Kamoa team is busy exploring several optimizations to maximize the capability of the plants, both in terms of ore throughput, but also copper recovery. As an example of this, during the quarter, we identified that the main bottleneck in the process was the concentrate filter capacity at the back end of the plant, particularly when floating or exceptionally high copper grades. To alleviate this, we installed well ahead of time the phase two filter press, which provides significant additional redundancy. Since eliminating this bottleneck, we have frequently achieved copper production in excess of 700 tons per day. which gives an idea of what is possible. Next slide, please. On phase two, as with the phase one build, we are well ahead of our schedule and on budget. Construction is more than 60% complete overall, with procurement effectively complete and almost all deliveries on site, which significantly reduces the risk of project delay. During the quarter, we tightened our guidance for first production from phase two, from Q3 to Q2 of next year. Phase two will double the plant capacity to an annualized rate of 400,000 tons of copper in concentrate, or potentially more, depending on optimization. This means that Kamoaka Cooler, within a year, will be one of the 10 largest copper mines in the world. Now, our attention has shifted to phase three. We are busy working on the design and engineering of phase three, but the early indications are that we will build a larger concentrator than phase one and phase two, located close to Kansoco, our second mine, located roughly 10 kilometers north of the existing Kukula mine and concentrator. We are planning for new access into the mining areas for phase three, starting with an expansion of Kansoco, as well as the opening up of the Kamoa deposits to the north. Phase three will be brought online in parallel with the Inga 2 power project mentioned by Mana, and will also include investment in a 500,000 tonne per annum direct to blister copper smelter to produce copper metal onsite at Kamoa Kukula and significantly reduce our unit costs. We will be providing further details on the plans for phase three by the second quarter of next year. Next slide, please. Moving now to the Western Foreland. We firmly believe that the DRC will play a pivotal role in supplying copper to meet the global transition to a low-carbon economy. And in addition to our world-class mine at Kamoa-Kakula, future discoveries in the Western Foreland copper basin will have truly global significance. Within the management team of Ivanhoe Mines, the Western Foreland is perhaps the project that we are most excited about, And we are confident that this ground is the most prospective in the world for copper exploration, as evidenced by the first discoveries we have made at Makoko and Keala. During the quarter, we've been focusing our efforts on completing critical exploration infrastructure to access the enlarged 2,500 square kilometer land package that Ivanhoe now controls between 90% and 100%. This includes a 70 kilometer access road that is nearing completion, to allow for drilling access to the licenses during both the wet and dry seasons. At the same time, we've nearly completed high-definition geochemical and geophysical surveys across the licenses, which will significantly inform our drill targeting in 2022. With that, I will hand back to Mana to discuss Plat Reef and Kipushi.

So, Alex, I might want to argue with you. I think I'm more excited about Plat Reef. I do understand the sizzle at Western Forelands and very excited about that too. But at Platte Reef, there's a lot happening. We've added a lot of depth to our management team and we are now in full execution, planning to start production in 2024, which seems like tomorrow with the way time's flying. Our stream financing announced earlier this year is in its final stages and should be completed soon. And this together with our project financing facility that we will conclude after this stream will source the funding for our first phase mine. Our definitive feasibility study will be published early in 2022. But we have a number of very exciting developments at our Plateau project to announce and we plan to update the market in the next couple of weeks. So watch this space. If we can move over to Kapushi. I personally have been spending a lot of time in Congo over the past couple of months now that we can travel again, and our discussions with Jekamins have advanced significantly, and I'm confident that we should be in a position to reach agreement on a development path in short order. The feasibility study for Kapushi is also essentially complete, and it will be published once we reach consensus. We are also currently capacitating our Kapushi team with additional manpower and planning critical path procurement so we can hit the ground running and bring this mine into production within 24 months once we reach agreement with our partners. We've also initiated discussions with financiers for third-party financing. I must say, with zinc prices at record highs, the time has come to restore this mine to its former glory. Next slide. This brings us to the final section of today's presentation. We've been receiving a lot of questions from investors and analysts about our future cash flows and capital allocation philosophy, so we thought we would give you a bit of a taste as to what our current thinking is. It is clear from our recent modeling, supported by current copper prices, that Kamoa Kukula will generate more than sufficient cash flows to fund all future expansions that we are currently planning. This includes the completion of phase two, phase three, the power project, as well as the smelter. There will be future cash flows to the shareholders of Kamoa, which is ourselves, Sujin and the DRC government, through shareholder loan repayments and through ultimately paying dividends. If current market conditions prevail, it is expected that there will be sufficient cash flows to commence with shareholder loan repayments from Kamoa Kokula as soon as After Phase 2 is fully commissioned in 2022. This will flow directly into the Treasury of Ivano. So if we can move over to the next slide. David already mentioned our strong cash position of $580 million earlier in the presentation. This will be augmented with the cash flows received from Kamau Kakula that I just mentioned, and will help to maintain our strong balance sheet and fund our highly accretive growth projects. At both Platrief and Kapushi, we plan to fund the projects with third-party funding, so that be it streams, project finance facilities, or prepayments. And that will be in combination with our current cash resources. But it is our intention to reward our shareholders with a dividend from cash surpluses after funding our Tier 1 growth projects that's already in the pipeline. So I will now ask Bill Treneman to moderate today's Q&A session. Over to you, Bill.

Thank you, Marna. Now, and I would like to thank all the shareholders and investors who have submitted questions via the webcast. We've tried to assemble them and group them together as best as we can. We may not have time to get to everyone's question, and we encourage you to reach out to any one of our team for follow-up in case we don't have time to answer your question today. So without further ado, we'll move to the first questions, and they come from Andrew Mikachuk of BMNO Capital Markets. And the first one we'll ask David to answer. And the question is, can you provide some additional commentary on the $1.37 per pound C1 cash cost during the ramp-up quarter and how these will compare to those budgeted in the mine plan? As an addition to that question, it says, which cost components would you expect to have the most savings potential as you build a steady operating track record over the next quarters? David, please.

Thank you, Bill and Andrew. Given it's our first operating quarter, we are very encouraged by the cash cost of $1.37 per pound, considering that the mine was ramping up below our targeted throughput and efficiency. The $1.37 cash cost per pound was lower than the cash cost budgeted by the mine site team. And general and administrative expenditure is an obvious component where we would expect to see a saving fairly quickly as fixed operating costs are spread over increased copper production. As mentioned during the presentation, the smelter project is expected to result in a significant cost saving in both logistics and other realization costs in the longer term. but we also see some room for savings on logistics in the interim.

Thanks, David. Andrew has a second question that, while we have you on the line, I'll ask. Is the Phase 2 startup expected to have a pre-commercial period in Q2 2022, similar to the Phase 1 startup in 2021, or will this immediately start contributing to the joint venture earnings?

Andrew, we expect the phase two to immediately start to contribute to Kokomoa Kokula's joint venture earnings once the second concentrated plant starts to produce copper and concentrate. But this question is also a good opportunity to highlight the really quick ramp-up we've experienced with phase one, where first ore was introduced into the concentrated plant on May the 20th, and initial commercial production was declared on July 1st. which I think is exceptional.

Thanks, David. Now I'm going to turn the floor over to Robert to answer a question from Oris Wakadau of Scotiabank. And the question is somewhat of a three-part series. It's, does Ivanhoe Mines plan to develop all three projects in their portfolio, Kamoa Expansions, Platte Reef, and Kapushi, concurrently? Assuming Kamoa expansions are the top priority, is Platte Reef or Kapushi likely to be the second project under development? And does the company have the bandwidth and financing ability to be constructing all three projects at once? Over to you, Robert, please.

Well, thank you. Look, Kamoa and Kukula are a Tier 1 mine. That's where Barrett came from, a Tier 1 mine in Nevada. BHP came from a Tier 1 mine at Broken Hill. So we definitely intend to build a major mining company off of these Tier 1 assets, and we definitely have the bandwidth to develop all three projects. In fact, they're very well advanced. The Cappucci mine, we've completely redeveloped the underground in the last five years. Everything you see there is new underground, so we're limited to a dedicated team studying stoping at some of the richest base metals ore in the world. at a 45% sink equivalent with silver credits, germanium credits, and copper credits. It's one of the highest grade ore bodies on this planet. So building a concentrator with the underground already developed is a relatively straightforward task for a dedicated management team. I'd remind you in the Congo we have hydroelectric power and we don't have any snow and we don't have any ice. So we have natural advantages and we have a population of close to 90 million people to choose from in the management team. So Kapushi is a kind of a dream mine, and we can definitely develop it with a dedicated management team. Pierre, our chief technical officer, used to run that mine. He knows it like the back of his hand, and that's ready to go. Platte Reef has also been under development for some 25 years. The number one shaft has already been sunk. It's a very short drift into extremely high-grade platinum, palladium, rhodium, copper, nickel, and gold ores. So the small mine, as long as it's financed, we're building a concentrator. Definitely our separate team that's resident at the mine site and in South Africa is quite ready to do that. So we have an independent Congolese unit. There was a lot of cross-pollinization between Kamo Kakula and Kapushi. They're both in the Katanga province. But South Africa is a separate, deep, experienced management team with a lot of the underground development already underway and with separate financing facilities. So yes, we will develop all three of these mines. We slowed down two of them at the beginning of the COVID-19 panic. I went to the PDAC almost two years ago when the first cases of COVID-19 broke out in Canada. And you all remember, it was quite a scary period. So we decided to tighten our belt and sprint to production at Como Cucula as quickly as possible. And as the world knows, we brought this mine in production ahead of schedule and under budget. And you can't really find that anywhere else in the global mining industry. I could give you a long list of the copper mines that either won't get built or are already many years late. But we have enough analysts on this call to make that list themselves. It's sort of a pink unicorn to bring a mine on schedule, let alone ahead of schedule, and on budget, let alone under budget. And that's a testament to the fact that the greatest projects attract the best people. So we've got people from all over the mining industry at all levels applying to come join our organization because they see that we're going to build a world-class major mining company. Kamoka Kula has reserves to last for more than 50 years, and the same is true of Platte Reef. So these are absolutely the very top of Tier 1 resources. I would remind you that the Platte Reef Project is the world's largest precious metals development and also has an enormous nickel and copper sulfide resource, which is very important to the electric metals requirements of the planet. So, yes, we're going to bring all of these in production. They're all opening soon at a theater near you.

Excellent. Thanks, Robert. Now I'm going to turn the floor over to Alex Picard to answer a question from Sam Crittenden of RBC Capital Markets. And the question is, Alex, can you give some more color to the planned Kamoa on-site smelter in terms of your approach to sizing, capex, and timing?

Okay. Thanks, Bill, and thanks, Sam, for the question. Look, I think the first thing to say on the smelter is that we will be awarding the basic engineering for the smelter imminently. And it is a project that we're excited about for a couple of reasons. You know, first of all, I think there's a great impact on the economics for Kamoa Kukula overall, and David touched on that, but also in terms of our green credentials. You know, we think it's fantastic to operate a smelter on hydropower in the DRC instead of, say, a smelter in Asia running on coal power. But also... In terms of what we're shipping and what we put on the roads, we can effectively halve the number of trucks that we are sending. So we think from a CO2 point of view, there's also a huge benefit. In terms of the sizing of the smelter, I think people will have picked up in our press releases that we've increased the sizing from the sort of 400,000 tons of blister copper capacity we were looking at before up to around 500,000 tons of blister copper. And I think that's partly a reflection of how much we've accelerated phase one, phase two, and we will look to accelerate phase three. So that 500,000 tons will accommodate the bulk of the phase one, two, and three concentrates, but also leaving some concentrate left over to send to the Lua Lava copper smelter where we have a successful partnership. In terms of the CAPEX, I think our previous guidance was somewhere in the region of $600 million, but that was a slightly smaller smelter. So I would say that it will be a little bit higher, but not materially higher, but we will come out with more information on that. And in terms of the overall timing, obviously with the basic engineering, we're looking to move this project ahead as fast as possible. In terms of the actual execution timeline to engineer and build the smelter, it's somewhere in the region of three years. But crucially, we will tie it in with the startup of the new power generation at Inga 2 Dam. And so we will come back to the market with firmer timing on when that will be possible. Thank you.

Great. Thanks, Alex. While you're on the phone, we have some questions from Dalton Barreto of Canaccord Genuity, and they're probably best answered by you. So the first one is, given the mining productivity to date, the smooth ramp-up of the mill, and the optimization work to date, Do you anticipate phase one being able to operate above design capacity? If so, by how much?

I think we touched on it. Sorry, Alex. So, yes, we do anticipate it to – definitely anticipate it to operate above design capacity. Our team is also currently working on a number of optimization initiatives, and in the short term, up to 15% additional throughput is planned, and even more in the long term.

Thanks, Myrna. The second part of Dalton's question is, is there a possibility you could commission Phase 2 in the early part of Q2, and what is the critical path item to achieve this?

Definitely, that is our current objective. The critical path is running through the electrical installation, and in particular the last delivery of the electrical components to site. Everything's currently on the African continent, so we don't really foresee an issue or delay, so planning for a report of Q2.

Thank you. And the third part is, The question is, given what you've learned from phase one, do you anticipate phase two being able to operate above design levels as well?

Most definitely. There's no reason to believe that it will be any different from phase one. In fact, we have implemented our lessons learned on phase one into our design and implementation of phase two, and we envision an even smoother ramp-up than phase one.

Great. Last but not least from Dalton is, with the on-site operations going so well, how is the logistics chain to and from the port working?

It's going well. I wouldn't say it's without hiccup. We've had a few issues at the Durban port, especially with a lot of demand on freight. on sea going to the U.S. and shortage coming to Africa, but luckily we had all our procurement items procured well ahead of time, so that's been delivered to site, and we don't foresee any impact on our schedule as a result of it.

Thank you, Myrna. We have a question for Robert, and it's from Lawson Winder of Bank of America. Robert, the question is, given the exploration plan for the Western Foreland in 2022, when do you anticipate you'll have an initial resource, and will it include existing deposits like Makoko and Kiela? So either to Robert or to Alex.

I don't hear Robert, so I'll take that one. So, look, I mean... No, no, I'm back.

I'm back. I'll take... Since I love Lawson, I'll try to answer that question. Look, this is a 400-square-kilometer joint venture in a copper-bearing basin that's at least 3,000 square kilometers. All of it has the same geology. So this is oil field geology. These are strata-bound systems that were constrained by one supergiant geological event throughout the entire basin. It's just like the Witwaterrand Basin for gold. Ultimately, you know, hosts hundreds of gold mines in the Witwaterrand Basin. There's just enormous potential to find additional animals in this jungle. I mean, if you look at these pictures, due to the curvature of the earth, you can only see 26 kilometers. a ship disappears at sea at a distance of 26 kilometers due to the curvature of the Earth. But just going to the south, this license of the Western Forelands is something like six times longer than the distance that you can see to the horizon, or 150, 175 kilometers. In addition, we may be acquiring additional ground in the basin. So, In this jungle, there's all kinds of animals. You know, you have a kamoa, which might be a zebra, or you see a kukula, which would be a lion. And when you go out in the jungle, you can find, you know, hairy aardvarks, and you can find anteaters, and you can find elephants. And what we're looking for, of course, are blue whales or brontosaurus. So I wouldn't worry too much about Makoko or Keala. Keala is very close to our northern concentrator. It's very high-grade. The Bonanza Zone is ridiculously high-grade. You've got a billion or two dollars and a couple of million tons of rock. So there are potential for extremely high-grade, structurally controlled copper deposits like the Bonanza Zone. And there's potential to find more Cuculas. or maybe even something better. So I wouldn't really worry too much about quantifying Makoko or Keola other than they represent proof that the basin is pregnant with copper. The step out distance from Kukula to Makoko is a distance of 25 or 30 kilometers. I can't think of any incident in my 40 years in mining where a mining company has done a 25 or 30 kilometer step out and encountered exactly the same type of mineralization as they encountered when they started. So the scale of the mineral exploration potential will be realized over decades. You know, you can find mines here faster than you can build them. And we're responding in sort of a legendary buildup of copper Because, first of all, we don't have ice and snow. We're not in the Cordillera in British Columbia at high elevation. We're on basically flat land. We can operate year-round, 365 days a year. You have to start by building a road system through all this land. We've just built a 65-kilometer initial spine road going into this completely untested terrain. And so there's a big sort of military logistical campaign underway just to open the place up. You don't really want to drive 65 or 70 kilometers from an exploration camp back to Kukula, for example. So we're going to be establishing remote camps. And so it's a very serious military-grade effort, and we're really there to hunt very big game. The list of financial entities and major mining companies... that have approached us to get involved in this asset would compromise, you know, almost everybody you could think of has expressed interest because there really is no place on planet Earth where we can go out and find these kinds of copper assets. That's simply a fact. The Copper Belt east of Colwazy was the largest producing copper zone on planet Earth until Chile got invented in the 1970s. But these giant porphyry coppers chew up enormous volumes of rock and enormous volumes of electricity per unit of copper produced. And so when you look at their global warming gas per unit of copper produced, they're horrendous. I mean, a lot of the grid in Chile, for example, is burning coal. So they're coal-burning mines. And so as COP26 has happened, and people are worried about scope at one and two emissions, let alone scope three, Our scope three should be negative because our copper is powering the energy transformation. What we're doing here is absolutely critical to the world's attempt to directly address the global warming gas problem. That puts a lot of responsibility on those of us on this call because this is a legendary scaled effort. And I really wouldn't want to comment on an anteater or a small anaconda snake, or a zebra. We are really out there to find really large deposits and to understand the basin. We have some 20 years in this geological environment, and I would say, by way of a clue, that there are about four factors that have to come together to create a cuckoo. We know what those four factors are. If you get three of them, you'll get something like a makoko. Makoko would have been the biggest copper mine in the British Empire if we went back 100 years. It would be a Tier 1 deposit, but it's just not as big as Kukula because at Kukula we have all four elements of our secret sauce. So in surveying the basin and identifying the sub-basins where the right four factors exist... we think we have a head start on looking for some really, really large deposits. And so you have, in a sense, you have three or four mining companies in one here. You have a cash generation machine that is gonna grow faster than anybody else in the mining industry. There is no gold mine in the world that can scale as fast as this copper mine can. There's no copper mine in the world that can scale as fast as this copper mine can because of the very low capital intensity After all, we have about $1.75 billion of copper sitting in the surface that we've already mined that hasn't even gone through the concentrator yet. And the capital cost to build that mine that you see, there was only $1.3 billion. So this is a mine that can bend over and pick itself up off the floor by pulling on its bootstraps. And our responsibility is to set the highest ESG standard humanly obtainable. And that's why we're putting so much effort into hiring women today. and hiring local people and training young people based on their aptitude for work so that we set a very, very, very high ESG bar. Because we think copper mines that can produce copper with less global warming gas than anyone else will have a commodity that will trade at a big premium to a normal copper mine that is generating a lot of global warming gas. And we think companies that set a very high ESG bar will attract capital at a lower cost and in larger quantities than you would in a traditional mining company. So Ivano Mines is a redesign of the mining industry from a clean slate. Everything was consciously thought through. The team, the technical team, is very broad and very deep. And the cultural change, for those that come and visit us, you'll see that it's quite an improvement on the traditional mining industry. Very efficient. very passionate people, similar to a Silicon Valley culture, people that know they're making history and are proud of doing it. So we invite you all to continue on this journey with us because the best is yet ahead of us. This is just our first earning call. There'll be many more in the future, and there'll be a lot more news to disclose. So, Lawson, I look forward to the time that you can come to Indaba Maybe we'll jump in a helicopter and fly over the western forelands and give you an idea of the incredible scale of the geologic endowment we have ahead of us to explore on behalf of the Congolese people and all of our stakeholders. Thank you.

Thank you, Robert. We are coming up to one hour, and we're running out of time very quickly, so we'll take one last question. It comes in from Farouk Ahmed of Raymond James. And it's a question that I'll turn over to Alex and Marna to address. And it really relates well to what Robert said about Kamoa Kakula's outstanding ESG credentials. The question is, how will carbon emissions from Platte Reef and Kapushi compare to Kamoa Kakula? And the second part of that question is, how will you plan to manage carbon emissions across your asset portfolio?

Thanks, Bill. Perhaps I'll start with Kipushi, and then, you know, maybe Mauna's best place to talk about some of the renewable initiatives that we're looking at with PlatReef. So, I mean, with Kipushi, look, I think from a kind of unit of zinc per... Sorry, CO2 emissions per unit of zinc point of view, it can be even better than Kamauka Kula because it also runs 100% on hydropower. And if you think of what actually consumes the power... You know, at Kamoa Kukula, we're mining, let's say, 6% rock, and we're turning it into a concentrate of 55%. So, you know, that's a factor, let's call it an energy factor of 9 or 10. At Kipushi, we're mining 35% zinc, and we're turning it into a concentrate of 55%. So the same energy factor is probably less than 2 in terms of what you actually have to do to turn that into a marketable product. So from Kipushi's point of view, you know, I think the... CO2 emissions are fantastic in terms of the units of zinc that we will produce. Perhaps I'll pass over to Mana to talk about PlatReef.

Okay, thanks Alex. I think PlatReef is probably the more complicated project in terms of carbon emissions just because of its location in South Africa that's still S-com and coal dependent. And we are most definitely exploring solar solutions, and that's part of the studies that our team is currently conducting. Earlier this year, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that companies can now generate up to 100 megawatts of power for use in its own projects, and we plan on fully utilizing that allocation in the future once we get up and running. But the ethos in Ivano is such that we are doing everything to ensure that we start chipping away at our carbon emissions. And that's why, as I've discussed earlier, we're starting with electric fleet at Platte Reef and planning to use electric fleet throughout the mine. So every bit helps. And I think it's just showing that we take it seriously, incorporating it into our design parameters. And that we've incorporated across the group into all our designs for smelters. We ensure that we use best world practice in terms of emission standards. And that will be continually our focus to ensure that whatever we do across the chain, Scope 1, Scope 2, Scope 3, we try and reduce our emissions.

Thank you, Myrna and Alex. Robert, I'd like to now turn it over to you for some closing remarks before we hand it back to the operator at Tikka. to conclude today's conference call. Thank you.

For those interested in the green world, I thought we should add that one of our associated companies has built the largest vanadium redox batteries. They're grid-scale batteries. Our customer was the China State Electrical Grid, and we are now coming out with a third-generation battery. That's vrbenergy.com. And adding a grid scale battery here in the Congo will eliminate any issues with momentary interruptions of power in the grid. They kick in instantaneously in a few billionths of a second. And you can also add an infinite amount of solar to the hydro we have. Because once you have a battery, you can charge that battery with our hydroelectric power. You can also charge that battery with solar. And that will apply in South Africa. South Africa has a huge vanadium endowment. We've been identifying the lowest cost sources of vanadium pentoxide in the world. But the future in South Africa lies in putting up solar and then building a big grid-scale battery. And then you just get off the grid because ESCOM is a bit of a disaster burning coal. So if you want a green mine, you've got to build a grid-scale battery. And you put that in the capital cost. About 60% of the capital cost of that battery is the vanadium. The vanadium never wears out and it never catches on fire. unlike a lithium-ion battery. So the future is solar and grid-scale batteries producing these metals at the bottom of the cost curve. You've got to have an ore body with very broad shoulders, but Plat Reef is incredible. Just the rhodium credit alone has got more precious metal than most gold mines. So it'll be a deeply negative-cost nickel mine or a deeply negative-cost palladium or platinum mine when you use the magic of by-product accounting. Copper gold mines are better than having just one mine, but having five or six payable metals at Plat Reef makes it the very top of tier one, the very top of tier one. And we need sulfide copper, we need sulfide nickel, we need platinum and palladium, we need them for hydrogen fuel cells. And so it's going to be, in the end, a very green mine, and we're very focused on doing exactly that. All you really need to do is throw up the solar, which is cheap, and put up a battery solution and you're there. So with that, I welcome you all to this call. We are distributing Moderna and Pfizer vaccines to our labor force now. We've really got a world-class medical effort there. We think it's safer to go to our mine site than it is to run around downtown Toronto. So we are looking forward to welcoming visitors, and I think people that have been here to this site two or three years ago are going to be astonished at what they see when they land in that new Colwazy Airport and drive on a new highway past these 220 KV lines up to this Tier 1 mine development. And we look forward to welcoming you all there, and we thank all of our shareholders who are having such a good experience sticking with us, and we caution that the best is yet to come. Thank you very much.

Thank you, operator. I'd like to turn it over to you now, please.

Sure. Thank you. This concludes today's conference call. You may disconnect your lines. Thank you for participating, and have a pleasant day.

Bye-bye.