Trisura Group Ltd.

Good morning. Welcome to Trishura Group Limited's second quarter 2026 earnings conference call. On the call today are David Clare, Chief Executive Officer, and David Scotland, Chief Financial Officer. David Clare will begin by providing a business and strategic update, followed by David Scotland, who will discuss financial results for the period. Following formal comments, lines will be open for analyst questions. I'd like to remind participants that in today's comments, including in responding to questions and in discussing new initiatives related to financial and operating performance, forward-looking statements may be made, including forward-looking statements within the meaning of applicable Canadian and U.S. securities law. These statements reflect predictions of future events and trends and do not relate to historic events. They're subject to known and unknown risks and future events and results may differ materially from such statements. For further information on these risks and their potential impacts, Please see Treasurer's Filings with Securities Regulators. To ask a question during the Q&A session, you'll need to press star one one on your telephone. You will then hear an automated message advising your hand is raised. To withdraw your question, please press star one one again. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. Thank you. I'll now turn the call over to David Clare.

Thank you, operator. Good morning, everyone, and welcome. In Q2, we extended the consistent execution and momentum of recent quarters. We achieved a significant milestone, surpassing $1 billion in book value, reaching our 2027 target ahead of schedule, underscored by disciplined, profitable underwriting and strong growth in investment returns. Underwriting performance was robust, with a combined ratio below 85%, driving double-digit growth in earnings, while book value per share grew more than 20%, reaching over $21 per share. Our evolution continues as we write proportionally more primary lines business with attractive, durable margins as we expand in both established and emerging platforms. Primary lines, surety, corporate insurance, and warranty remain our foundation, growing 7% in the quarter. Surety underwriting income rose 44%, supported by a strong loss ratio of 17%. Growth continued across key segments. In Canada, investments made in new capabilities are bearing fruit, demonstrated by increased submission activity and larger limit contract surety opportunities. While in the U.S., we injected further capital in our Treasury-listed balance sheet to support underwriting across a more widely licensed platform. We added licenses in California, Minnesota, and Hawaii, and look forward to building our presence. Corporate insurance delivered solid growth and higher underwriting income. with premium accelerating and underwriting income up 60%. Our U.S. team is gaining traction, supported by a depth navigation of a competitive market in Canada where we continue to grow. Progress in U.S. corporate insurance follows our surety playbook, expanding in areas we know and attracting experienced talent, supported by a centralized head office. While still early, this platform is expected to contribute meaningfully to profitability and scale over time. Warranty net insurance revenue increased 19%, reflecting the earned premium impact of stronger GPW in prior periods. Business mix is expected to drive a slightly higher than historic combined ratio for the remainder of the year, while elevated claims experienced on select programs are expected to normalize. A consistent approach in U.S. programs has resulted in a strong contribution to our results. We achieved an 80% combined ratio, benefiting from steady performance and continued investment in infrastructure. Our scale, permanent capital, and diversification differentiate Trishura as a preferred partner for strong, profitability-focused MGAs. We have seen several recent opportunities to expand relationships in the U.S. to our Canadian platform, a unique advantage of our North American posture. Canadian fronting underwriting income was steady at about $5 million, Modestly higher than Q2 2025 despite pressure from the softening market and increased competition. We expect decreased premium this year on Canadian fronting but remain committed to the line and its potential to grow profitably over the long term. We have continued to onboard new partners, building a pipeline that we expect will support premium over the coming quarters. Trishura has scaled meaningfully and we believe the opportunity ahead is significant. We remain committed to the pursuit of profitable growth We are celebrating our 20th year at Trishura, and it is striking to achieve our goal of a billion dollars in equity on that anniversary. Decades of underwriting experience underpin our continued expansion, in both Canada and the U.S. and as our US platforms mature, we expect them to equal or exceed the earnings contribution of their Canadian counterparts. We continue to invest in our future, attracting senior management talent to our organization. This includes our new North American leader of corporate insurance, Derek Spafford, who joined us to spearhead growth and expansion of Appetite across North America. The opportunity to build our US presence and expand our share in Canada is significant. We are looking forward to the years ahead. Our AI pilot programs have shown strong adoption and promising results in multiple areas of the organization. Proof-of-concept initiatives in underwriting, actuarial, and surety are demonstrating efficiency gains with human oversight maintained throughout. We continue to build on this momentum as we work towards broader rollout. Our goals are clear, scaling profitably in primary lines, expanding deliberately in the U.S., and maintaining the discipline that has underpinned our track record. The structural tailwinds supporting surety remain intact as our practice establishes a larger presence across North America. Our U.S. corporate insurance platform is gaining traction. Q2 exceeded Q1 premium with momentum building. Primary lines continue to grow at attractive margins, and investment income is adding meaningfully to the quality and predictability of earnings. We believe we are well equipped to navigate cycles. The backdrop for surety is constructive, and despite softening trends in corporate insurance, Our specialty approach continues to generate opportunities to grow profitably. We are significant consumers of reinsurance and increasingly supportive markets create opportunities to optimize reinsurance programs, build partnerships, and expand our impact. Trishare's increasingly diversified earnings base, strong capital position, collaborative culture, and investment in technology and talent position us well for the next phase of growth. With that, I'd like to turn it over to David Scotland for a detailed review of financial results.

Thanks, David. I'll now provide a walkthrough of financial results for the quarter, as well as provide some additional perspective on our evolving mix of business and our capital position. The second quarter represented another profitable quarter for Trishura and reflected continued progress in the evolution of our platform. Operating earnings per share was $0.76 for the quarter, up 10%, contributing to a solid operating return on equity of 16.7%, comfortably above our mid-teens target. Underwriting results were strong, net investment income continued to increase, and bulk value per share grew further in the quarter, up 20% year-over-year. While reported top-line growth was mixed, we believe the underlying momentum of the business remains healthy. Our primary lines businesses continue to generate attractive growth and underwriting profitability, while competitive conditions in Canadian fronting and timing-related factors and charity drove a modest decline in premium for the quarter. Net insurance revenue increased by 1%, reflecting the continued growth in primary lines of 6.6%, partially offset by contraction in Canadian fronting. In addition, year-over-year premium comparisons in surety were affected by an unusually strong prior year quarter that benefited from timing effects related to new distribution relationships. We are encouraged by the continued momentum in primary lines, which represent more than two-thirds of net premiums written over the last 12 months. Comprising surety, corporate insurance, and warranty, these businesses represent the historic foundation of Trashura and continue to be central to our long-term growth strategy and profitability. The mix of premiums continues to shift towards businesses that generate more profitability per dollar of premium and where we are investing the most for future growth. We expect our primary lines to achieve mid-teens growth in net insurance revenue for the full year. The unusually strong surety comparison that affected the second quarter is expected to normalize over the balance of the year, and we remain encouraged by opportunities in corporate insurance. Canadian fronting pressured premium growth in the quarter, however, we continue to believe fronting offers attractive long-term opportunities and maintain a healthy pipeline. Our surety business continues to benefit from momentum in both Canada and the U.S. Approximately 45% of our surety premium in 2026 is expected to be generated from our U.S. platform, and we continue to see strong partner engagement, with Tresura ranked among the top 30 U.S. surety writers. During the quarter, we contributed an additional $50 million USD in capital to our Treasury-listed balance sheet, building on the momentum of recent state licensing additions, including California, positioning the platform for further expansion. Given the size of the market opportunity, we expect to continue supporting the platform through disciplined and measured capital deployment over time. Importantly, the economics of our U.S. surety business are broadly consistent with those of our Canadian platform. While business mix differs modestly, returns remain attractive and we continue to see significant opportunity for profitable growth. Corporate insurance also continued to make progress in the quarter. While still relatively small, our US corporate insurance platform continues to build scale and we remain encouraged by its trajectory. We expect it to increasingly contribute to underwriting income and grow its relevance to our top line. Turning to profitability, our underwriting performance remains strong in the quarter, with a consolidated combined ratio of 84.9%. The loss ratio in the quarter remains solid and within our expectations, with modest decrease from prior year reflecting a lower loss ratio in surety and US programs. The expense ratio was consistent with the prior year and within expectations for the quarter. Underwriting income increased in the quarter, reflecting business growth and strong contributions from surety and corporate insurance. We are pleased with the quality of the business being written across the portfolio and our underwriting performance continues to support our mid-team's operating ROE objectives. Net investment income of $22 million increased by 18% in the quarter, driven by new cash deployment to the investment portfolio. Investment income is becoming an increasingly meaningful contributor to earnings as the business scales and provides additional diversification alongside our underwriting results. Our operating effective tax rate was 24.7% in the quarter, resulting from the composition of taxable income between Canada and the US. Overall, operating net income for the quarter grew 10.7% to $36.8 million, reflecting consistent profitable underwriting and growing net investment income. Non-operating results in the quarter primarily consisted of unrealized gains on the investment portfolio. Exited lines had an immaterial impact to net income in the quarter. Turning to capital, David highlighted earlier that our book value exceeded $1 billion during the quarter, achieving the objective we had previously established for the end of 2027, more than one year ahead of schedule. We are pleased with that achievement and view it as a reflection of the continued compounding of the business through profitable underwriting, disciplined capital allocation, and consistent execution over time. Book value has grown at an average rate of 26% for the last five years. As the organization scales, a larger capital base provides increasing flexibility to support organic growth initiatives, particularly across our U.S. primary lines, while creating additional opportunities to deploy capital in a disciplined manner. Our balance sheet remains conservatively positioned with debt to capital ratio of 16.5%, well below our long-term target of 25%, providing meaningful financial flexibility. The company remains well capitalized and with capacity to meet regulatory requirements and support growth. As we progress through 2026, we believe our diversified specialty platform, strong capital, and 20-year track record of disciplined underwriting position us well for the opportunities ahead. We remain focused on deploying capital thoughtfully, growing profitably, and compounding long-term shareholder value. David, I'll now turn things back over to you.

Thanks, Dave. Operator, we now take questions.

As a reminder, if you'd like to ask a question at this time, please press star 11 on your telephone and wait for your name to be announced. To withdraw your question, please press star 11 again. Our first question comes from Doug Young with Desjardins. Your line is now open.

Hi, good morning. I'm just going to be So yeah, you dropped $50 million in the U.S. into the U.S. sub. Sounds like, you know, in the comments here, you're fairly bullish on the outlook for the U.S. surety and just the corporate build beyond what you've achieved already. So maybe just hoping you can dig a little bit into what drove the capital injection and what you're expecting in both of these two U.S. markets over the coming year. And if you have any examples of wins, you know, you can throw out, that would be helpful as well.

Thanks, Doug. I think it's fair to say we are encouraged and excited by the trajectory of that US business. A couple of factors drove the decision to increase capital or inject capital into that surety balance sheet specifically. First and foremost, we are seeing good momentum on the expansion of our licenses, which just builds the infrastructure backbone of our practice. The types of opportunities that we are eligible for in the market can be directly tied to the amount of capital in the balance sheet that we have in that US surety platform. So in some ways, what we're doing is balancing the opportunity and pipeline that we see with the types of credentials we want the team to have out in the market. The more capital that we have in that balance sheet, the more opportunities candidly we can see. And so the balance is making sure that we are funding that balance sheet responsibly and giving the team a good pipeline of opportunities to go out and pursue. I think as we talked about and as Dave referenced, we are seeing quite a good pipeline of opportunities for the remainder of the year. Dave reiterated our expectation that our full year mid-teens premium growth target for that surety platform is still intact, which will drive a healthy amount of growth in the latter half of the year. Anecdotally, and many more.

Yeah, I think it's been a little while since you kind of embarked on going up market in Canada, and it sounds like you're gaining some momentum, sorry, in the surety market by going up market in the surety market. Can you talk, I think you've got some new distribution partners. Can you talk a bit about the momentum that you're seeing on that side and the opportunity from going up market in Canada in the surety side?

Yeah, this is an exciting time. Development for Trishura. It's been probably 18 months or so since we started talking about this initiative to grow into that larger limit space. It does take a while to credentialize yourself in the market and earn those opportunities. But what we're seeing very definitively this year is a stepped function change in the types of submissions we're receiving. So opportunities to compete for business on that larger limit space. I think from an update perspective or from a progress perspective, we're very happy to see that development and it's justifying and credentializing the investments we made in the team. The outlook for the surety industry in Canada is kind of exciting right now. There's a lot of commitments being made at the federal level and some other government levels for infrastructure spent. We think in the next few years, those Those likely disproportionately benefit that larger end of the market. And so we're keen to build our presence there.

And then the last one for me, just obviously there's softening going on in the corporate side. Can you talk a bit about what you're seeing? Because you were able to grow in the corporate insurance and part of that, I would assume, is in the U.S., but it seems like you were able even to grow in the Canadian corporate insurance market despite the softening environment. Can you talk a bit about what you're seeing there and any signs that you're starting to see maybe more rational activity in the corporate market and potential kind of prices kind of stabilizing and potentially going up?

I would say in our part of the market, Doug, which tends to be the more specialized risks in that corporate insurance market, you see a little bit less dramatic moves in prices. We see competitive pressure in the market, but the moves that you see, let's say, in the commoditized or broad P&C market are not as material in that specialty line space. So that's the first thing that I would say. I think you're right that our ability to grow in this line is a combination of a really strong opportunity and trajectory in our US platform. And that opportunity is market agnostic. We're simply building share in a market that we know and are excited to build. It's been supported by pretty strong execution of our Canadian team and especially line space. So I wouldn't say this is a function of a change in trajectory of the market or a change in the pricing environment of the market. What you're seeing here is a bit of a benefit of the specialty focus that the team has that is now being amplified by just more scale in the U.S. I mean, anecdotally, I think you and I have talked about this in the past. Q1 was our biggest quarter previously for that U.S. corporate insurance platform. Q2 exceeded that. June was our biggest month yet in that practice, so the momentum is building. So it's a unique position that Trishura has because not only are we building sort of within our expertise in a Canadian specialty market, we've got an opportunity to replicate that geographically, which is, I'll say, less impacted by the timing nuances of any cycle.

Appreciate the call, thank you.

Our next question comes from Bart Czarski with RBC Capital Markets.

Great, thanks, and good morning, everyone. Just sticking with surety, you know, congrats on the California license. I think now you're fully licensed, at least definitely in the major states. So could you talk us through about the ramp time in that state specifically, and then maybe more broadly, like now that you have Licenses in pretty much all states. Does that change conversations on the ground with clients? Thanks.

Thanks, Bart. I think, first off, we are very excited to have received California, and this is maybe a bit ahead of where we expected. You are smart to ask about the ramp-up and the roll-out post-receiving our license. There's a process that we go through to file our rates, which is happening right now. That can be a few months. of Process. I expect you're not really going to see the direct impact from California until sometime next year, but it does change the conversation. This is a real catalyst for us to go out and talk to our distribution partners. You've now lapped a few months, if not quarters, of having some of those larger licenses in places like Florida and Texas. As you say, at 48 licenses, we would view this as a very fully licensed platform, which is why you see the confidence for us in putting capital into the entity. We continue to bring on new brokerage partners and we continue to bring on new opportunities in that surety space. These are just great points of conversation to increase excitement in that part of the market. We think that surety opportunity in the US remains very, very significant. And now finally, we can hopefully stop talking about Licenses and which states we're waiting on each month and focus on building the business.

Got it. Super helpful. Thanks, David. And then maybe zooming out a bit, a bit more strategically, like as you focus on primary lines and you're seeing longer term attractive growth opportunities there, how should we think about the strategic fit, if you will, of the US programs and Canadian fronting businesses to your business over the medium to long term?

I think these practices continue to be really great avenues for us to show up in the market in a different way and provide solutions to our partners. So one of the reasons we focus on and have built the business in the way that we have is there's a complementary mix of business across these platforms. We're able to touch brokers in different ways in Canada with our Canadian fronting practice. We're able to provide solutions to a really broad swath of the market in the US. One of the reasons you hear us highlighting and talking about primary lines maybe disproportionately in the last couple of quarters is we like to remind people that the majority of the business and the historic success of the business has come from there. It doesn't in any way reduce the excitement or importance we have of these other lines of business, but we should highlight sort of the majority of the growth, profitability, people and capital continue to be in those primary lines. We're building What I would say is a more durable, more exciting platform now that has really great components of market participation across now surety, corporate insurance, warranty, supplemented by these diverse platforms in Canadian fronting and US programs. As you can see, when these programs or when these parts of the business run well and stably, they are really great contributors to not only the bottom line, but our presence and narrative in the market.

That makes a lot of sense. Thanks, David.

Our next question comes from Tom McKinnon with BMO Capital.

Yeah, thanks. Good morning. Following on a little bit on that conversation, generally with respect to Canadian fronting, I mean, it's kind of not primary, but it is a good contributor to underwriting income. Thank you for joining us today. Two things here. What do you see for net insurance revenue going forward for Canadian fronting? And more importantly, do you think the combined ratio will stay at this 77% level that we're seeing in the second quarter, despite what you've noted as being probably a bit more competitive marketplace? Thanks.

Thanks, Tom. I appreciate the question. I think... It's important to note that despite maybe some top line volatility in Canadian fronting, we remain very committed to that line and expect quite a few opportunities to come out of that. Anecdotally, we continue to onboard new opportunities in this space. You've actually seen us nuance or adjust retention across the Canadian fronting portfolio, which is why you see maybe a bit better underwriting income. I think pragmatically, if you look to the rest of the year, some of that pressure in gross premium written may pressure underwriting income. But I don't expect in the long term that trend to continue. I think the amount of opportunities, the amount of touchpoints that we have in the market here is going to continue to be a platform that adds that underwriting income. I think the comparison you make to something like a corporate insurance or a warranty specifically in the quarter Those types of comparisons may evolve over time. Corporate insurance is growing its net underwrite income by about 60% this quarter, so I think that trajectory will continue. But I don't in any way want to imply that a reduction in top line and Canadian fronting reduces our excitement for the trajectory and potential of that business over time.

Great, thanks.

Our next question comes from Jeff Fenwick with ATB Cormark Capital Markets.

Good morning. I wanted to start off asking about the growth in the corporate lines in the US and maybe you could speak to one of the primary gating factors there around that growth ramp. You know, surety was certainly a very heavy lift. It seems like it's a little more straightforward with respect to a corporate lines practice. Is it about building broker relationships primarily? Is there some time and effort around administrative side of things? Or is it more just about taking a cautious approach as you build that footprint? Help us understand that.

It's funny, Jeff. Sadly, and I hate to say this, surety from a licensing and build perspective was almost a bit simpler than corporate insurance because what we're doing in corporate insurance is across multiple product lines. from a state licensing perspective, we've achieved quite a wide set of licensing given the history and infrastructure we have in our U.S. balance sheets. But what we don't have and what you've seen us building over the last few years is our rate filings and our process there. So a lot of that product development work is getting done. In many cases, it's a lot more complete today than it was That's why you're seeing the momentum build in that practice. As you say, once that product development work gets behind us, it becomes a process of building relationships with brokers, bringing on sort of the right broker relationships to build in the long term. And all this is tempered candidly by sort of a cautious approach in building a business. Anytime we're building something, especially in a new geography or new space, The first couple of years, we are not pressuring people to chase premium. We want to make sure that we build things profitably. So I know it's probably not the answer you expected, that this was a more complex build than Surety, but given the number of products we offer there, there's a lot of regulatory filing to get through on the product development side. We, for the most part, are through most of that. There's a few more products we'd like to get out there and now can focus on building that broker relationship and the onboarding of premium.

Thank you. And then you did say, you know, calling out surpassing that billion dollar mark in terms of total book value of the business. And we've spoken in the past about improving your ratings, improving your size category. And sometimes that's by segment. Sometimes that's by regional balance sheet. But is there are there opportunities here to open a wider set of clientele as you as you gain this kind of scale?

Yeah, I think anytime, Jeff, that we see the business increasing in relevance and scale, there's opportunities for us to do more. The formal hurdles that you talked about in terms of rating or size category, those are going to continue being impactful and important. I think the next significant one in the US is US $750 million will bump us up another size category. So you're starting to approach that. The other area where this is more impactful Maybe strategically or internally at Trishura is this increased amount of capital and balance sheet size allows us to expand the business in exciting ways, right? We're talking about optimizing retention across the portfolios. We're talking about larger limit opportunities and surety. We're talking about moving up market in corporate insurance. None of that is really possible at the smaller balance sheet side. And so not only is exciting from a Let's say a milestone or a mark in the sand for us to pass that billion dollar mark. It's a tangible demonstration of the more significant size of the entity, which is now being expressed through broader product offerings, being able to show up in a more significant way in the markets that we play. So it's a great narrative and great story for Trishura. And candidly, we're just so proud of the team for achieving this as far ahead of Target as they have.

Okay, thanks for that cover. That's all I had.

Our next question comes from Mario Mendonca with TD Securities.

Good morning. Help me reconcile two comments you made in your opening remarks. You suggested that the appropriate ROE or the target ROE is something in the mid-teens. Reconcile that with the idea that you're approaching 17 today with a balance sheet that I think So if you're approaching 17 today, but you're sitting on a lot of excess capital or excess premium capacity, why wouldn't the sort of long-term expected ROE for this company be something in the high teens, if not like 20%?

Mario, I think it's a great question and it talks a lot to sort of timing and timeframe of when those ROEs are achieved. I think you've highlighted a really interesting lever for us to pull on this platform in that a good amount of capital today is what I'll call under-premiumed. And if that capital was to earn the type of returns that we've demonstrated in deployed capital across the rest of the platform, There's quite an accretive impact on that ROE, which you've seen us achieve in the past, right? As you referenced, we've been in the high teens before on an ROE basis. I think what you're hearing from us is a pragmatic and conservative view of the path to building to what that level of ROE could be, and that in the intervening years, we need to make sure that we're investing for that build. So what you're highlighting, I think, is the North Star of of the management team here and everyone who works to build Trishura, which is we want to increase and optimize that level of ROE. To do that in the short term, we think making these investments are going to drive a little bit of dilution to that ROE, which in the long term, as you say, should drive something a bit better.

When I think about There's two competing interests as you sit at your desk, David, and think about this company. I can see sort of two competing interests for me. One would be strive the ROE higher as you grow the premiums into the capital base. The second would be just continue to add a bunch more capital to grow the business over the long term. So you've got those two competing interests. The question is this, over the next, say, three years, which one wins out? Continuing to add more capital to fuel long-term growth or sort of harvest this capital and drive the ROE higher. My impression from listening to you over the last year or two is you're predisposed to growing this business. Is that right?

I think it's fair, Mario. Our historic posture in Trishura has always been to pursue growth and grow the platform. And candidly, what surprised me in the time that I've been here has been the magnitude of opportunities that The impact of pursuing those opportunities obviously delays or nuances the types of ROEs that you achieve. So I would always rather be in a scenario where we've got exciting opportunities to invest in than a scenario where I'm optimizing in a perfect way an ROE because I haven't got great things to invest in. My hope and my expectation for this platform is that the building component of The nascent platforms that we've invested in is generally behind us. So if you think about corporate insurance or surety, both of those platforms have a lot of the infrastructure established already. So that investment phase seems to be behind us. The question is, what's the opportunity set that we have in front of us from a premium standpoint? And what's the efficient frontier of pre-funding that opportunity set and optimizing ROE? That's always the balance. Thank you so much for joining us. I think the nuance around the edges is optimizing it for now means in the long term we make investments today that pay off in a few years.

So bottom line, growth is the priority with the proviso that the ROE always stays at least mid-teens. That's maybe a nice, simple way to think of it.

That's it. Profitable growth is our priority.

As a reminder, if you'd like to ask a question at this time, please press star 1 1 on your touch tone phone. Our next question comes from Jamie Gloin with NBCCM.

Yeah, thanks. Just wanted to clarify or just get a clear picture on the on the US balance sheets. Can you with the latest drop in what what is the level of the US surety balance sheet? Also, what is the level of the What are the next thresholds that would get you into a different snack bracket in terms of the markets that you want to compete in?

The U.S. balance sheet today is $150 million U.S. dedicated to surety. The corporate insurance practice actually writes or benefits from the established program's balance sheet, so we don't separate that one out. Candidly, every dollar of capital that we drop into that US surety balance sheet just gives us more opportunity to write in that US entity. There's no set thresholds formally in the marketplace. I think what you're going to see, James, is as our opportunities from a premium perspective increase, we're going to keep investing and dropping capital into that platform.

Really importantly,

From my perspective, the accretion or dilution of that drop down in capital going forward starts to get better for us because as you can see, most of the capital that we've dropped into this entity has been either internally generated or leveraged capacity, which drives a lot better return on that capital in time as it earns. So there's no set target from a balance sheet size perspective that US surety entity. I will just say, and I'm sure some of the guys on my surety team are listening, The bigger, the better in time, as long as we can justify the premium. And we think that we have a lot of that capital now, either in-house or at levers that we can pull very, very quickly.

Yeah. Okay. Understood on that. Second question would just be on the, let's go on the investment income, you know, healthy growth this quarter. Maybe you can talk about what the outlook for that investment income line is going forward, how the yields look, is there more opportunity to continue to optimize that as the balance sheet in both the specialty business and the U.S. businesses grow?

It's been a great story watching the growth in that investment income line and the contribution to earnings. I think we're fortunate in that we, as a North American platform, are benefiting from some relatively more attractive yields in the US market than Canada. So we still continue to think that despite our, I'll say, relatively high level of book yields, deployed yields are still very attractive right now. I think outlook for this investment income line continues to be pretty exciting, mostly because the majority of our growth is coming from these primary lines, which tends to contribute more directly to the investment income portfolio. Outside of those types of trends, the only item I would highlight is we are probably disproportionately allocated to an investment grade bond portfolio. I think our allocations to things like equities Alternatives or non-fixed income is quite low versus most. So the only discussion or change you could see in the future is at what stage would it be appropriate to normalize that? And if we did, could we expect a better set of returns? That's a discussion that we approach very, very cautiously because as we've sort of demonstrated, the types of returns that we can achieve with this conservative portfolio with where yields are right now are quite strong.

Great, thank you. Thanks, Jim.

That concludes today's question and answer session. I'd like to turn the call back to David Clare for closing remarks.

Thank you very much, everyone, for joining today, and thank you for many of what I know our team are on joining the call today. We're very, very proud to be celebrating both our 20th anniversary and this milestone of a billion dollars, and we're looking forward to continuing to progress and evolve with you. Thank you.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.